National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 7 Measuring Intersex/DSD Populations
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

References

Adair, C. (2019). Licensing Citizenship: Anti-Blackness, Identification Documents, and Transgender Studies. American Quarterly, 71(2), 569-594.

Alexander, A. C., Bolzendahl, C., and Wängnerud, L. (2021). Beyond the binary: new approaches to measuring gender in political science research. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 4(1), 7-9.

Almasri, J., Zaiem, F., Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R., Tamhane, S.U., Iqbal, A.M., Prokop, L.J., Speiser, P., Baskin, L., Bancos I., and Murad, M.H. (2018). Genital reconstructive surgery in females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 103(11), 4089-4096.

Alpert, A.B., Ruddick, R., and Manzano, C. (2021). Rethinking sex-assigned-at-birth questions. BMJ, 373: n1261. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1261.

Amaya, A., (2020). Adapting how we ask about the gender of our survey respondents. Pew Research Center. Available: https://medium.com/pew-research-center-decoded/adapting-how-we-ask-about-the-gender-of-our-survey-respondents-77b0cb7367c0.

American Medical Association. (2021). AMA announced policies adopted on final day of Special Meeting. American Medical Association Press Release, June 16, 2021. https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-announced-policies-adopted-final-day-special-meeting.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Fifth edition.

Annandale, E., and Hunt, K. (1990). Masculinity, femininity and sex: an exploration of their relative contribution to explaining gender differences in health. Sociology of Health & Illness, 12(1), 24-46.

Antonio, M., Lau, F., Davison, K., Devor, A., Queen, R., and Courtney, K. (2022). Toward an inclusive digital health system for sexual and gender minorities in Canada. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 29(2, February), 379-384. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab183.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Aragon, S.R., Poteat, V.P., Espelage, D.L., and Koenig, B.W. (2014). The Influence of Peer Victimization on Educational Outcomes for LGBTQ and Non-LGBTQ High School Students. The Journal of LGBT Youth, 11(1), 1-19.

Ashley, F. (2021). Recommendations for institutional and governmental management of gender information. New York University Review of Law & Social Change, 44(4), 489-528.

Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. (2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions Resource Manual. Available: https://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/.

Aultman, B. (2014). Cisgender. Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1(1-2), 61-62. Available: doi: 10.1215/23289252-2399614.

Austin, S.B., Conron, K., Patel, A., and Freedner, N. (2007). Making sense of sexual orientation measures: Findings from a cognitive processing study with adolescents on health survey questions. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3(1), 55-65. Available: doi: 10.1300/j463v03n01_07. PMID: 18029316.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Standard for Sex, Gender, Variations ofS ex Characteristics and Sexual Orientation Variables. Available: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/standard-sex-gender-variations-sex-characteristics-and-sexual-orientation-variables/latest-release.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020). 2021 Census topics and data release plan. Available: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/research/2021-census-topics-and-data-release-plan#topics-included-in-the-2021-census.

Babu, R., and Shah, U. (2021). Gender identity disorder (GID) in adolescents and adults with differences of sex development (DSD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 17(1), 39-47.

Badgett, M. (Ed.). (2009). Best Practices for Asking Questions about Sexual Orientation on Surveys. The Williams Institute, University of California at Los Angeles. Available: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/706057d5.

Bajko, M.S. (2021). California to collect LGBTQ violent death data under bill signed by Newsom. Bay Area Reporter (September 16). Available: https://www.ebar.com/news/latest_news/308938.

Baker, K.E., Streed, C.G., and Durso, L.E. (2021). Ensuring that LGBTQI+ people count—Collecting data on sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status. New England Journal of Medicine, 384, 1184-1186. Available: DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2032447.

Barsigian, L.L., Hammack, P.L., Morrow, Q.J., Wilson, B.D.M., and Russell, S.T. (2020). Narratives of gender, sexuality, and community in three generations of genderqueer sexual minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000384.

Bates, N., García Trejo, Y.A. and Vines, M. (2019). Are sexual minorities hard-to-survey? Insights from the 2020 Census Barriers, Attitudes, and Motivators Study (CBAMS) Survey. Journal of Official Statistics, 35(4), 709-729. Available: https://doi.org/10.2478/jos-2019-0030.

Bauer, G.R., Braimoh, J., Scheim, A.I., and Dharma, C. (2017). Transgender-inclusive measures of sex/gender for population surveys: Mixed-methods evaluation and recommendations. PloS One, 12(5), e0178043. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178043.

Beemyn, G. (2015). Coloring Outside the Lines of Gender and Sexuality: The Struggle of Nonbinary Students to Be Recognized. The Educational Forum, 79, 4, 359-361.

Beimer, P.B., Groves, R.M., Lyberg, L.E., Mathiowetz, N.A., and Sudman, S. (1991). Measurement Errors in Surveys. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Beischel, W.J., Schudson, Z.C., and van Anders, S.M. (2021). Visualizing gender/sex diversity via sexual configurations theory. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000449.

Bem, S.L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 42(2), 155.

Bi, S., Cook, S.C., and Chin, M.H. (2021). Improving the care of LGBTQ people of color: Lessons from the voices of patients. AFT Health Care, 2(2), 22-30, 40. Available: https://www.aft.org/hc/fall2021/bi_cook_chin.

Bird, C.E., and Rieker, P.P. (1999). Gender matters: An integrated model for understanding men’s and women’s health. Social Science and Medicine, 48(6), 745-755.

Blackless, M., Charuvastra, A., Derryck, A., Fausto-Sterling, A., Lauzanne, K., and Lee, E. (2000). How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology, 12(2), 151-166.

Bonvicini, K.A. (2017). LGBT healthcare disparities: What progress have we made? Patient Education and Counseling, 100(12), 2357-2361.

Brinkley-Rubinstein, L., Peterson, M., Zaller, N.D., and Wohl, D.A. (2019). Best practices for identifying men who have sex with men for corrections-based pre-exposure prophylaxis provision. Health & Justice, 7. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-019-0088-7.

Brooks, H., Llewellyn, D., Nadarzynski, T., Castilho Pelloso, F., De Souza Guilherme, F., Pollard, A., and Jones, C.J. (2018). British Journal of General Practice, 68(668), e187-e196. Available: DOI: 10.3399/bjgp18X694841.

Burgess, C., Kauth, M.R., Klemt, C., Shanawani, H., and Shipherd, J.C. (2019). Evolving Sex and Gender in Electronic Health Records. Federal practitioner: for the health care professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS, 36(6), 271-277.

BusinessTech Staff. (2021). New ID system planned for South Africa. Available: https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/534602/new-id-system-planned-for-south-africa/.

Caceres, B.A., Streed, Jr., C.G., Corliss, H.L., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Matthews, P.A., Mukherjee, M., Poteat, T., Rosendale, N., Ross, L.M., and on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Hypertension; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Stroke Council. (2020). Assessing and addressing cardiovascular health in LGBTQ adults: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 142(19), e321-e332. Available: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000914.

Cahill, S., Singal, R., Grasso, C., King, D., Mayer, K., Baker, K., and Makadon, H. (2014). Do ask, do tell: High levels of acceptability by patients of routine collection of sexual orientation and gender identity data in four diverse American community health centers. PLOS One, 9(9), 1-8.

California Legislative Assembly. (2021). AB-1094 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection Pilot Project. Chapter 177. Reg. Sess. 2021-2022. Available: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1094.

California Legislative Assembly. (2015). AB-959 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Disparities Reduction Act. Chapter 565. Reg. Sess. 2015-2016. Available: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB959.

Callis, A.S. (2014). Bisexual, pansexual, queer: Non-binary identities and the sexual borderlands. Sexualities. 17(1-2), 63-80. Available: doi:10.1177/1363460713511094.

Campanelli, P.C., Martin, E.A., and Rothgeb, J.M. (1991). The use of respondent and interviewer debriefing studies as a way to study response error in survey data. The Statistician, 40(3), 253-264. Available: https://doi.org/10.2307/2348278.

Cassels, S., Pearson, C.R., Walters, K.L., Simoni, J.M., and Morris, M. (2010). Sexual partner concurrency and sexual risk among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender American Indian/Alaska Natives. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 12, 1-7. Available: PMID: 20051930. ISSN: 1537-4521.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Center for American Progress. (2021). Key Issues Facing People with Intersex Traits. Available: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/key-issues-facing-people-intersex-traits/.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System LLCP 2020 Codebook Report. Available: www.cdc.gov/brfss/annual_data/2020/pdf/codebook20_llcp-v2-508.pdf.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Innovation Center. (2021). Innovation Center Strategy Refresh. Available at: https://innovation.cms.gov/strategic-direction-whitepaper.

Chin, M.H. (2021). New Horizons - Addressing healthcare disparities in endocrine disease: bias, science, and patient care. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Available: doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab229.

Chin, M.H. (2020). Advancing health equity in patient safety: A reckoning, challenge, and opportunity. BMJ Quality and Safety. Available: doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2020-012599.

Clayton, J.A. (2018). Applying the new SABV (sex as a biological variable) policy to research and clinical care. Physiology and Behavior, 187(1), 2-5.

Clayton, J.A., and Tannenbaum, C. (2016). Reporting sex, gender, or both in clinical research? JAMA, 316(18): 1863-1864. Available: doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16405.

Cohen, D. (2011). The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 20(1), 51-140.

Coleman, E. (1987). Assessment of sexual orientation. Journal of Homosexuality, 14(1-2), 9-24. Available: doi: 10.1300/J082v14n01_02.

Conference of European Statisticians. (2017). In-Depth Review of Measuring Gender Identity. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Available: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/In-depth%20review%20of%20Measuring%20Gender%20Identity%20for%20bureau.pdf.

Connolly, M., and Jacobs, B. (2020). Counting American Indians and Alaska Natives in the US Census. Statistical Journal of the IAOS, 36, 201-210.

Conron, K.J., and O’Neill, K.K. (2021). Food Insufficiency among Transgender Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Williams Institute. Available: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/trans-food-insufficiency-covid/.

Conron, K.J., Scott, G., Stowell, G.S., and Landers, S.J. (2012). Transgender Health in Massachusetts: Results from a Household Probability Sample of Adults. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 118-122.

Converse, J.M., and Presser, S. (1989). Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Standardized Questionnaire. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Cook, S.C., Gunter, K.E., and Lopez, F.Y. (2017). Establishing effective health care partnerships with sexual and gender minority patients: Recommendations for obstetrician gynecologists. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 35(5), 397-407.

Cooper, K.C., Wilson, B.D.M., and Choi, S.K. (2017). Los Angeles County LGBTQ Youth Preparedness Scan. Williams Institute. Available: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LACo-Youth-Prepare-Scan-Feb-2017.pdf.

Council of Europe Commissioner of Human Rights. (2015). Human Rights and Intersex People. Council of Europe Commissioner of Human Rights Issue Paper F-67075. Available: https://rm.coe.int/16806da5d4.

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8. Available: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8.

Crenshaw, K. (2017). On Intersectionality: Essential Writings. New York: The New Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Cronin, R.M., Jerome, R.N., Mapes, B., Andrade, R., Johnston, R., Ayala, J., Schlundt, D., Bonnet, K., Kripalani, S., Goggins, K., Wallston, K.A., Couper, M.P., Elliott, M.R., Harris, P., Begale, M., Munoz, F., Lopez-Class, M., Cella, D., Condon, D., AuYoung, M., Mazor, K.M., Mikita, S., Manganiello, M., Borselli, N., Fowler, S., Rutter, J.L., Denny, J.C., Karlson, E.W., Ahmedani, B.K., and O’Donnell, C. (2019). Development of the Initial Surveys for the All of Us Research Program. Epidemiology, 30(4), 597-608.

Dahlhamer, J.M., Galinsky, A.M., and Joestl, S.S. (2019). Asking about sexual identity on the National Health Interview Survey: Does mode matter? Journal of Official Statistics, 35(4), 807-833. Available: doi: 10.2478/jos-2019-0034. PMID: 32565608; PMCID: PMC7304855.

Dahlhamer, J.M., Galinsky, A.M., Joestl, S.S., and Ward, B.W. (2014). Sexual orientation in the 2013 National Health Interview Survey: A quality assessment. Vital Health Statistics, 2(169), 1-32.

Davern, M., Bautista, R., Freese, J., Morgan, S.L., and Smith, T.W. (2021). General Social Surveys, 1972-2021 cross-section. Davern, M. (Principal Investigator). Chicago, IL: NORC at the University of Chicago. Available: gssdataexplorer.norc.org.

Davis, G. (2015). Contesting intersex: The dubious diagnosis. New York: New York University Press.

Davis, J.L. (2019). Refusing (Mis)recognition: Navigating multiple marginalization in the U.S. Two-Spirit movement. Review of International American Studies, 1, 65-86. Available: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=901658.

DeMaio, T.J., Bates, N., and O’Connell, M. (2013). Exploring measurement error in reporting of same-sex couples. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(SI): 145-158.

DeMeester, R.H., Lopez, F.Y., Moore, J.E., Cook, S.C., and Chin, M.H. (2016). A model of organizational context and shared decision making: Application to LGBT racial and ethnic minority patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31, 651-662. Available: doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3608-3.

Desimone, L.M., and La Floch, K.C. (2004). Are we asking the right questions? Using cognitive interviews to improve surveys in education research. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26(1), 1-22.

Devun, L. (2021). The Shape of Sex: Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance. New York: Columbia University Press.

Deutsch, M.B., and Buchholz, D. (2015). Electronic health records and transgender patients—practical recommendations for the collection of gender identity data. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(6), 843-847. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-3148-7.

Diamond, L.M. (2003). What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. Psychological Review, 110(1), 173-192. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.173.

Dillbary, J.S., and Edwards, G. (2019). An Empirical Analysis of Sexual Orientation Discrimination. The University of Chicago Law Review, 86(1), 1-76. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554392.

Dorak, M.T., and Karpuzoglu, E. (2012). Gender differences in cancer susceptibility: An inadequately addressed issue. Frontiers in Genetics, 28. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2012.00268.

Drydakis, N. (2022). Sexual orientation and earnings: A meta-analysis 2012–2020. Journal Population Economics, 35, 409-440. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-021-00862-1.

Dy, C.J., LaMont, L.E., Ton, Q.V., and Lane, J.M. (2011). Sex and gender considerations in male patients with osteoporosis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 469(7): 1906-1912. Available: doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-1849-3.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Ecker, J., Aubry, T., and Sylvestre, J. (2019). A review of the literature on LGBTQ adults who experience homelessness. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(3), 297-323. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1413277.

Eisenberg, M.E., Kelly, E.D., McRee, A.L., Brady, S.S., and Barnes, A.J. (2019). Homelessness experiences and gender identity in a population-based sample of adolescents. Preventive medicine reports, 16, 100986. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100986.

Eliason, M.J., and Streed, C.G. (2017). Choosing “something else” as a sexual identity: Evaluating response options on the National Health Interview Survey. LGBT Health, 4(5), 376-379. Available: doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2016.0206.

Ellis, R., Virgile, M., Holzberg, J.L., Nelson, D.V., Edgar, J., Phipps, P., and Kaplan, T. (2018). Assessing the Feasibility of Asking About Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Current Population Survey: Results from Cognitive Interviews. Research and Methodology Directorate, Center for Survey Measurement Study Series (Survey Methodology #2018-06), U.S. Census Bureau. Available: http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2018/adrm/rsm2018-06.pdf.

Epps, G. (2018). How birth certificates are being weaponized against trans people. The Atlantic (June 8). Available: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/06/how-birth-certificates-are-being-weaponized-once-again/562361/.

Erhardt, C.L. (1962). Race or color on vital records: Why confidential? American Journal of Public Health, 52(4), 666-670.

Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology. (2021). Why Do Federal Agencies Ask About Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity on Surveys? Available: https://nces.ed.gov/FCSM/pdf/FCSM_21_01_062221.pdf.

Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology. (2020). Updates on Terminology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Survey Measures. FCSM-20-03 (August 2020). Available: https://nces.ed.gov/FCSM/pdf/FCSM_SOGI_Terminology_FY20_Report_FINAL.pdf.

Federal Interagency Working Group on Improving Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys. (2016a). Current Measures of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys. August White Paper. Available: https://nces.ed.gov/FCSM/pdf/buda5.pdf.

Federal Interagency Working Group on Improving Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys. (2016b). Evaluations of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Survey Measures: What Have We Learned? September White Paper. Available: https://nces.ed.gov/FCSM/pdf/Evaluations_of_SOGI_Questions_20160923.pdf.

Federal Interagency Working Group on Improving Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys. (2016c). Toward a Research Agenda for Measuring Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys: Findings, Recommendations, and Next Steps. October White Paper. Available: https://nces.ed.gov/FCSM/pdf/SOGI_Research_Agenda_Final_Report_20161020.pdf.

Fenton, K.A, Johnson, A.M., McManus, S., and Erens, B. (2001). Measuring sexual behaviour: methodological challenges in survey research. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 77(2), 84-92. Available: doi: 10.1136/sti.77.2.84.

The Fenway Institute/InterACT. (2020). Intersex Data Collection: Your Guide to Question Design. Available: https://interactadvocates.org/intersex-data-collection/.

Fieland, K.C., Walters, K.L., and Simoni, J.M. (2007). Determinants of health among two-spirit American Indians and Alaska Natives. In I.H. Meyer and M.E. Northridge (Eds.) The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations (pp. 268-300). Springer: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Fielding, S. (2020). US Trans and non-binary people hit by voting barriers. The Guardian, June 16.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Finlayson, C. (2021). Sex Designation for Individuals with DSD. Public Workshop for the Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. (July 19), Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Flatt, J.D., Cicero, E., Kittle, K.R., and Brennan-Ing, M. (2022). Recommendations for advancing research with sexual and gender minority older adults, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(1), 1-9. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab127.

Flores, A.R., Herman, J.L., Gates, G.J., and Brown, T.N.T. (2016). How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States? Williams Institute. Available: http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-theUnited-States.pdf.

Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. and Hudson, R. (2018). Shifting social context in the lives of LGBTQ older adults. Public Policy & Aging Report, 28(1), 24-28.

Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I., and Kim, H.-J. (2015). Count me in: Response to sexual orientation measures among older adults. Research on Aging, 37(5), 464-480. Available: doi:10.1177/0164027514542109.

Frohard-Dourlent, H., Dobson, S., Clark, B.A., Doull, M., and Saewyc, E.M. (2017). “I would have preferred more options”: Accounting for non-binary youth in health research. Nursing inquiry, 24(1). Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12150.

Galupo, M.P., Davis, K.S., Grynkiewicz, A.L., and Mitchell, R.C. (2014). Conceptualization of sexual orientation identity among sexual minorities: Patterns across sexual and gender identity. Journal of Bisexuality, 14(3-4), 433-456. Available: doi: 10.1080/15299716.2014.933466.

Galupo, M.P., Ramirez, J.L., and Pulice-Farrow, L. (2017). “Regardless of their gender”: Descriptions of sexual identity among bisexual, pansexual, and queer identified individuals. Journal of Bisexuality, 17(1), 108-124. Available: DOI: 10.1080/15299716.2016.1228491.

Gender Identity in U.S. Surveillance. (2014). Best Practices for Asking Questions to Identify Transgender and Other Gender Minority Respondents on Population-Based Surveys. J.L. Herman (Ed.). Los Angeles: The Williams Institute. Available: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Survey-Measures-Trans-GenIUSS-Sep-2014.pdf.

Glick, J.L., Lopez, A., Pollock, M., and Theall, K.P. (2019). “Housing insecurity seems to almost go hand in hand with being trans”: Housing stress among transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in New Orleans. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 96(5), 751-759. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00384-y.

Glick, J.L., Theall, K., Andrinopoulos, K., and Kendall, C. (2018). For data’s sake: dilemmas in the measurement of gender minorities. Culture, health & sexuality, 20(12), 1362-1377. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1437220.

Goldberg, S.K., Rothblum, E.D., Russell, S.T., and Meyer, I.H. (2020). Exploring the Q in LGBTQ: Demographic characteristic and sexuality of queer people in a U.S. representative sample of sexual minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(1), 101-112. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000359.

Gonzales, G., and Henning-Smith, C. (2017). Barriers to care among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. The Milbank Quarterly, 95(4), 726-748. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12297.

González Cabrera, C. (2021). Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities. Human Rights Watch Dispatches (July 22). Available: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/22/argentinarecognizes-non-binary-identities.

Grant, D., Jans, M., Park, R., Ponce, N., Kil, J., Gates, G., Wilson, B.D.M., and Herman, J.L. (2015). Putting the “T” in LGBT: A pilot test of questions to identify transgender people in the California Health Interview Survey. The American Association of Public Opinion Researchers Annual Meeting, Hollywood, Florida. Available: http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2015/files/234234.pdf?msclkid=9ac120d8ab3f11ecb1142b298434c890.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Grasso, C., Goldhammer, H., Thompson, J., and Keuroghlian, A.S. (2021). Optimizing gender-affirming medical care through anatomical inventories, clinical decision support, and population health management in electronic health record systems. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 28(11), 2531-2535. Available: doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocab080.

Grimstad, F., Kremen, J., Streed, Jr., C.R., and Dalke, K. (2021). The health care of adults with differences in sex development or intersex traits is changing: Time to prepare clinicians and health systems. LGBT Health, 8, 7. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2021.0018.

Groves, R.M., Fowler, F.J., Couper, M.P., Lepkowski, J.M., Singer, E., and Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey Methodology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Guyan, K. (2022). Straightwashing: The cleaning and analysis of queer data. In Queer Data: Using Gender, Sex and Sexuality Data for Action. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic Bloomsbury Publishing.

Haas, A.P., Lane, A.D., Blosnich, J.R., Butcher, B.A., and Mortali, M.G. (2019). Collecting sexual orientation and gender identity information at death. American Journal of Public Health, 109(2), 255-259. Available: doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304829.

Haider, A., Adler, R.R., Schneider, E., Leitz, T.U., Ranjit, A., Ta, C., Levine, A., Harfouch, O., Pelaez, D., Kodadek, L., Vail, L., Snyder, C., German, D., Peterson, S., Schuur, J.D., and Lau, B.D. (2018). Assessment of patient-centered approaches to collect sexual orientation and gender identity information in the emergency department: The EQUALITY Study JAMA Network Open, 1, e186506. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30646332/.

Hahn, R.A., Wetterhall, S.F., and Gay, G.A. (2002). The recording of demographic information on death certificates: A national survey of funeral directors. Public Health Reports, 117 (1), 37-43. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/117.1.37.

Hall, J., Jao, L., Di Placido, C., and Manikis, R. (2021). “Deep questions for a Saturday morning”: An investigation of the Australian and Canadian general public’s definitions of gender. Social Science Quarterly, 102(4), 1866-1881.

Hankivsky, O., Springer, K.W., and Hunting, G. (2018). Beyond sex and gender difference in funding and reporting of health research. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 3, 6. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-018-0050-6.

Harawa, N.T., Brewer, R., Buckman, V., Ramani, S., Khanna, A., Fujimoto, K., and Schneider, J.A. (2018). HIV, sexually transmitted infection, and substance use continuum of care interventions among criminal justice-involved Black men who have sex with men: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 108, e1_e9. Available: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304698.

Harper, G.W., and Schneider, M. (2003). Oppression and discrimination among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people and communities: A challenge for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 243-252. Available: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023906620085.

Harris, K.M., Halpern, C.T., Whitsel, E., Hussey, J., Tabor, J., Entzel, P., and Udry, J.R. (2009). The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health: Research design. Available: https://addhealth.cpc.unc.edu//documentation/study-design.

Hart, C.G., Saperstein, A., Magliozzi, D., and Westbrook, L. (2019). Gender and health: Beyond binary categorical measurement. Journal of health and social behavior, 60(1), 101-118.

Heidari, S., Babor, T.F., De Castro, P., Tort, S., and Curno, M. (2016). Sex and Gender Equity in Research: rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 1(2). Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-016-0007-6.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Ho, F., and Mussap, A.J. (2019). The Gender Identity Scale: Adapting the Gender Unicorn to measure gender identity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(2), 217-231. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000322.

Holbrook, A., Ik, C.Y., and Johnson, T. (2006). The impact of question and respondent characteristics on comprehension and mapping difficulties. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70, 565-595.

Holzberg, J., Ellis, R., Kaplan, R., Virgile, M., and Edgar, J. (2019). Can they and will they? Exploring proxy response of sexual orientation and gender identity in the Current Population Survey. Journal of Official Statistics, 35(4), 885-911. Available: https://doi.org/10.2478/jos-2019-0037.

Holzer, L. (2018). Non-binary gender registration models in Europe: Report on third gender marker or no gender marker options. ILGA-Europe. Available: https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/ilga-europe-reports-and-other-materials/non-binary-gender-registration-models-europe.

Indian Health Service. (2020). Trans and Gender-Affirming care in IHS/Tribal/Urban Facilities: 2020 Strategic Vision and Action Plan. Available: https://www.npaihb.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Trans-and-Gender-Affirming-Care-2020-Strategic-Vision-and-Action-Plan_vClickable-v2.pdf.

InterACT. (n.d.). InterACT Statement on Intersex Terminology. Available: https://interactadvocates.org/interact-statement-on-intersex-terminology/.

Interagency Technical Working Group on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Items in the Household Pulse Survey. (2021). Report and Recommendations. U.S. Office of Management. Available: https://omb.report/icr/202106-0607-003/doc/112605500.

Irvine, A., and Canfield, A. (2016). The overrepresentation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning, gender nonconforming and transgender youth within the child welfare to juvenile justice crossover population. Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 24(2), Article 2. Available: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/jgspl/vol24/iss2/2.

Ivankovich, M.B., Leichliter, J.S., and Douglas, J.M. (2013). Measurement of sexual health in the U.S.: An inventory of nationally representative surveys and surveillance systems. Public Health Reports, 128(2 supp), 62-72. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00333549131282S107.

Jacobs, S.E., Thomas, W., and Lang, S. (1997). Navajo cultural constructions of gender and sexuality. In Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality (pp. 156-173). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

James, S.E., Herman, J.L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., and Anafi, M. (2016). The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.

Jans, M., Grant, D., Park, R., Kil, J., Viana, J., Zahnd, E., Wilson, B.D.M., and Herman, J.L. (2015). Using verbal paradata monitoring and behavior coding to pilot test gender identity questions in the California Health Interview Survey: The role of qualitative and quantitative feedback. Available: http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2015/files/234238.pdf.

Jaroszewski, S., Lottridge, D., Haimson, O.L. and Quehl, K. (2018). “Genderfluid” or “attack helicopter”: responsible HCI research practice with non-binary gender variation in online communities, proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, Canada. Available: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3173881.

Jenkins, T.M., and Short, S.E. (2017). Negotiating intersex: A case for revising the theory of social diagnosis. Social Science & Medicine, 175, 91-98. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.047.

Jesdale, B.M. (2021a). Influence of Imputed Sex of Birth on Gender Minority Populations in the Household Pulse Survey (The AGENID=2 Memo). National LGBT Cancer Network. Available: https://cancer-network.org/resources/counting-gender-minority-populations-in-the-household-pulse-survey/

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Jesdale, B.M. (2021b). Sources of missing sexual orientation and gender identity data in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 61(2), 281-290. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.02.027.

Johfre, S.S., and Saperstein, A. (2019). Racial and gender identities. In State of the Union: The Poverty and Inequality Report (Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, Ed.). Special issue, Pathways. Available: https://inequality.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Pathways_SOTU_2019_RaceGender.pdf.

Johns, M.M., Lowry, R., Andrzejewski, J., Barrios, L.C., Demissie, Z., McManus, T., Rasberry, C.N., Robin, L., and Underwood, J.M. (2019). Transgender identity and experiences of violence victimization, substance use, suicide risk, and sexual risk behaviors among high school students—19 states and large urban school districts, 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68, 67-71. Available: doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3.

Johnson, E.K., Rosoklija, I., Finlayson, C., Chen, D., Yerkes, E.G., Madona, M.B., Holl, J.L., Baratz, A.B., David, G., and Cheng, E.Y. (2017). Attitudes towards “disorders of sex development” nomenclature among affected individuals. Journal of Pediatric Urology. 13(6), e601-e608. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28545802/.

Jones, J. (2021). LGBT identification rises to 5.6% in latest US estimate. Gallup. Available: https://news.gallup.com/poll/329708/lgbt-identification-rises-latest-estimate.aspx.

Jourian, T.J. (2015). Evolving nature of sexual orientation and gender identity. New Directions for Student Services, 2015(152), 11-23. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/SS.20142.

Karkazis, K. (2008). Fixing sex: Intersex, medical authority, and lived experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Kelley, A., Piccione, C., Fisher, A., Matt, K., Andreini, M., and Bingham, D. (2019). Survey Development: Community Involvement in the Design and Implementation Process. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 25, S77-S83. Available: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001016.

Kenagy, G.P. (2005). Transgender health: Findings from two needs assessment studies in Philadelphia. Health & Social Work, 30(1), 19-26.

Keuroghlian, A. (2021). Electronic health records as an equity tool for LGBTQIA+ people. Nature Medicine, 27, 2071-2073.

Kidd, K.M., Sequeira, G.M., Douglas, C., Paglisotti, T., Inwards-Breland, D.J., Miller, E., and Coulter, R.W.S. (2021). Prevalence of gender-diverse youth in an urban school district. Pediatrics, 147(6). Available: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-049823.

Kim, Y.S., and Kim, N. (2018). Sex-Gender Differences in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 24, 544-558. Available: https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm18082.

Knauper, B., Belli, R.F., Hill, D.H., and Herzog, A.R. (1997). Question difficulty and respondents’ cognitive ability: The effect on data quality. Journal of Official Statistics, 13, 181-199.

Knutson, D., Koch, J.M., Arthur, T., Mitchell, T.A., and Martyr, M.A. (2016). “Trans broken arm”: Health care stories from transgender people in rural areas. Journal of Research on Women and Gender, 7(1), pp. 30-46.

Krosnick, J. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, pp. 537-567.

Krosnick, J.A., and Alwin, D. (1987). An evaluation of a cognitive theory of response-order effects in survey measurement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51(2), 201-219.

Krueger, R.A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kuhne, S., Kroh, M., and Richter, D. (2019). Comparing self-reported and partnership-inferred sexual orientation in household surveys. Journal of Official Statistics, 35(4), 777-805.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

LaFleur, G. (2021). Trans Historical: Gender Plurality Before the Modern. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Lagos, D. (2018). Looking at population health beyond “male” and “female”: Implications of transgender identity and gender nonconformity for population health. Demography, 55(6), 2097-2117. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0714-3.

Lassiter, J.M. (2014). Extracting dirt from water: A strengths-based approach to religion for African American same-gender-loving men. Journal of Religion and Health, 53, 178-189. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9668-8.

Lau, J.S., Kline-Simon, A., Sterling, S., Hojilla, J.C., and Hartman, L. (2021). Screening for Gender Identity in Adolescent Well Visits: Is It Feasible and Acceptable? Journal of Adolescent Health, 68, 6, pp. 1089-1095. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.031.

Laumann, E., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., and Michaels, S. (1994). The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lee, P.A., Houk, C.P., Ahmed, S.F., and Hughes, I.A., and International Consensus Conference on Intersex organized by the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. (2006). Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. Pediatrics, 118(2), e488-e500.

Lee, S., Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I., McClain, C., Kim, H.-J., and Suzer-Gurtekin, Z.T. (2018). Are sexual minorities less likely to participate in surveys? An examination of proxy nonresponse measures and associated biases with sexual orientation in a population-based health survey. Field Method, 30(3), 208-224. Available: doi: 10.1177/1525822X18777736.

Lindqvist, A., Sendén. M.G., and Renström E.A. (2021). What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender, Psychology & Sexuality, 12(4), 332-344. Available: DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844.

Lombardi, E., and Banik, S. (2016). The utility of the two-step gender measure within trans and cis populations. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13(3), 288-296.

Lowry, R., Johns, M.M., Gordon, A.R., Austin, S.B., Robin, L.E., and Kann, L.K. (2018). Nonconforming gender expression and associated mental distress and substance use among high school students. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11), 1020-1028.

Magliozzi, D., Saperstein, A., and Westbrook, L. (2016). Scaling up: Representing gender diversity in survey research. Socius. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023116664352.

Maier, M.B. (2019). Parental gender designations on children’s birth certificates: The need for a modifiable form. DePaul Journal of Women, Gender and Law, 8, 1.

Malatino, H., and Stoltzfus-Brown, L. (2020). Best Practices for Gender Inclusion in Research. Available: https://covidupdates.la.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Gender-Inclusion-in-Research.pdf.

Mallory, C., and Sears, B. (2016). Evidence of Housing Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: An Analysis of Complaints Filed with State Enforcement Agencies, 2008-2014. Williams Institute. Available: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbt-housing-discrimination-us/.

Marksamer, J., and Tobin, H.J. (2014). Standing with LGBT Prisoners: An Advocate’s Guide to Ending Abuse and Combating Imprisonment. Report of the National Center for Transgender Equality, Washington, D.C. Available: https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/JailPrisons_Resource_FINAL.pdf.

Martinez, M., Henderson, A., Luck, J., and Davis, M.C. (2017). Cognitive Pretesting of the NCVS Survey Supplement Victimization Survey. U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Survey Measurement. Available: https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2017/adrm/rsm2017-03.html.

Matsuno, E., and Budge, S.L. (2017). Non-binary/genderqueer identities: A critical review of the literature. Current Sexual Health Reports, 9, 116-120.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Mays, V.M., and Cochran, S.D. (2019). Challenges and opportunities for modernizing the national violent death reporting system. American Journal of Public Health, 109(2), 192-194. Available: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304891.

McCall, G.J. (2003). The me and the not-me: Positive and negative poles of identity. In P.J. Burke, T.J. Owens, R.T. Sherpe, and P.A. Thoits (Eds.), Advances in Identity Theory and Research (pp. 11-25). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

McDonnell, D., Goldman, A., and Koumjian, K. (2020). Asking Sexual Orientation and Identity Questions in a Respectful and Inclusive Way. Available: https://harderco.com/asking-sexual-orientation-and-identity-questions-in-a-respectful-and-inclusive-way/.

Medeiros, M., Forest, B., and Ohberg, P. (2020). The case for non-binary gender questions in surveys, PS: Political Science & Politics, 53(1): 128-35.

Medicare and Medicaid Programs. (2015). Electronic Health Record Incentive Program-Stage 3 and Modifications to Meaningful Use in 2015 Through 2017. (October 16, 2015). Rule 80 FR 62761, 62761-62955. Available: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/10/16/2015-25595/medicare-and-medicaid-programs-electronic-healthrecord-incentive-program-stage-3-and-modifications.

Melendez, R.M., Exner, T.A., Ehrhardt, A.A., Dodge, B., Remien, R.H., Rotheram-Borus, J.J., Lightfoot, M., Hong, D., and the National Institute of Mental Health Healthy Living Project Team. (2006). Health and health care among male-to-female transgender persons who are HIV positive. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 1034-1037. Available: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.042010.

Meyer, I.H., Luo, F., Wilson, B.D.M., and Stone, D.M. (2019). Sexual orientation enumeration in state antibullying statutes in the United States: Associations with bullying, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts among youth. LGBT Health, 6(1), 9-14. Available: http://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0194.

Meyer, I.H., Marken, S., Auter, Z., Wilson, B.D.M., and Conron, K. (2019). Asking About Sexual Orientation in a National General Population Survey: Do Expanded Response Options Improve Survey Performance with Sexual Minority Respondents? Annual Meeting of the American Association of Public Opinion Researchers, May 16-19, Toronto, Canada.

Meyer, I., Flores, A., Stemple, L., Romero, A., Wilson, B.D.M., and Herman, J. (2016). Incarceration rates and traits of sexual minorities in the United States: National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), 267-273. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27997242/.

Meyer, I.H., Rossano, L., Ellis, J.M., and Bradford, J. (2002). A brief telephone interview to identify lesbian and bisexual women in random digit dialing sampling. The Journal of Sex Research, 39(2), 139-144. Available: DOI: 10.1080/00224490209552133.

Meyerowitz, J.J. (2002). How sex changed: A history of transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Michaels, S., Milesi, C., Stern, M., Viox, M.H., Morrison, H., Guerino, P., Dragon, C.N., and Haffer, S.C. (2017). Improving measures of sexual and gender identity in English and Spanish to identify LGBT older adults in surveys. LGBT Health, 4(6), 412-418. Available: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0168.

Miller, K. (2001). Cognitive testing of the NHANES sexual orientation questions. QBank. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/qbank.

Miller, L.R., and Grollman, E.A. (2015). The social costs of gender nonconformity for transgender adults: Implications for discrimination and health. Sociological Forum, 30(3), 809-831.

Miller, L., Leeth, E.A., Johnson, E.K., Rosoklija, I., Chen, D., Aufox, S.A., and Finlayson, C. (2018). Attitudes toward ‘disorders of sex development’ nomenclature among physicians, genetic counselors, and mental health clinicians. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 14(5), 418 e411-418 e417. Available: doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.08.009.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Miller, K., and Ryan, J.M. (2011). Design, development and testing of the NHIS sexual identity question. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Miller, K., Willson, S., and Ryan, V. (2021). An Initial Cognitive Evaluation of a 2-Step Gender Identity Measure. National Center for Health Statistics, Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory. Available: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/QBank/Report.aspx?1219.

Montañez, A. (2017). Beyond XX and XY. Scientific American, 317(3), 50-51. Available: doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0917-50.

Moore, M. (2018). Collecting qualitative data on less visible and marginalized populations. In Other, Please Specify: _______ : Queer Methods in Sociology, D. Compton, R. Meadow, and K. Schilt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Morris, B.J. (2009). History of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Social Movements. Available: https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/history.

Morrison, T., Dinno, A., and Salmon, T. (2021). The erasure of intersex, transgender, nonbinary, and agender experiences through misuse of sex and gender in health research. American Journal of Epidemiology, 190(12), 2712-2717. Available: doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab221.

Mortality Disparities in American Communities. (2017). Mortality Disparities in American Communities Analysis File Reference Manual, Version 1.0 (May 30, 2017). https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/about/about-the-bureau/adrm/MDAC/MDAC%20Reference%20Manual%20V1_6_21_17.pdf.

Mulkey, N., Streed, Jr., C.G., and Chubak, B.M. (2021). A call to update standard of care for children with differences in sex development. AMA Journal of Ethics, 23(7), E550-E556.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

National Center for Health Statistics. (2021). 2020 National Health Interview Survey: Codebook for sample adult file. Available: https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHIS/2020/adult-codebook.pdf.

National Center for Health Statistics. (2016). The validity of race and Hispanic-origin reporting on death certificates in the United States: An update. Vital and Health Statistics Reports, Series 2, Number 172. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_172.pdf.

National Center for Health Statistics. (2003a). Medical Examiners’ and Coroners’ Handbook on Death Registration and Fetal Death Reporting. (2003 Revision). DHHS Publication Number (PHS) 2003-1110. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/hb_me.pdf.

National Center for Health Statistics. (2003b). Physician’s Handbook on Medical Certification on Death. (2003 Revision). DHHS Publication Number (PHS) 2003-1108. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/hb_cod.pdf.

National Congress of American Indians. (2021). Data Disaggregation and the Asterisk Nation. NCAI Policy Research Center. https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/research-data/data.

National Institutes of Health. (2015). Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in NIH-funded Research. Companion Reference to Notice Number NOT-OD-15-102. Available: https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/NOT-OD-15-102_Guidance.pdf.

National Longitudinal Mortality Study. (2014). Variable Reference Manual for the National Longitudinal Mortality Study Extract and Analysis Files Version 4.0 (July 1, 2014). U.S. Census Bureau: Washington, DC. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/about/about-the-bureau/adrm/MDAC/NLMS%20Reference%20Manual%20Version.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

National Public Radio, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2017). Discrimination in America: Experiences and Views of LGBTQ Americans. Available: https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/surveys_and_polls/2017/rwjf441734.

National Research Council. (2009). Vital Statistics: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Newberry, L. (2019). These L.A. parents don’t want to assign a gender to their baby, so the government did it for them. Los Angeles Times, September 25. Available: https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-09-24/gender-neutral-non-binary-baby.

Office of Management and Budget. (1997). Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register, 62, 210, 58782-58790.

Office of National Statistics. (2021). Sex and Gender Identity Question Development for Census 2021. Available: https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/censustransformationprogramme/questiondevelopment/sexandgenderidentityquestiondevelopmentforcensus2021.

Office of National Statistics. (2016). Sexual Identity Guidance and Project: Guidance for Users of Statistics and Organisations that Wish to Collect Data on Sexual Identity. Available: https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/sexualidentityguidanceandprojectdocumentation.

O’Hara, M.E. (2016). Nation’s First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC. NBC News (December 29). Available: https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nation-s-first-known-intersex-birth-certificate-issued-nyc-n701186.

Olson, K. (2010). An examination of questionnaire evaluation by expert reviewers. Field Methods, 22(4), 295-318. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X10379795.

O’Neill, K., Wilson, B.D.M., and Herman, J.L. (2020). Homeless Shelter Access among Transgender Adults Findings from the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute.

Ongena, Y., and Dijkstra, W. (2006). Methods of behavior coding survey interviews. Journal of Official Statistics, 22(3), 419-451.

Ortman, J., Bates, N., Brown, A., and Sawyer, R.C. (2017). Optimizing Self and Proxy Response to Survey Questions on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. Presentation at the 2017 Population Association of America Conference. Chicago, IL, USA.

Pachankis, J.E., and Bränström, R. (2018). Hidden from happiness: Structural stigma, sexual orientation concealment, and life satisfaction across 28 countries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(5), 403-415. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000299.

Pachankis, J.E., Mahon, C.P., Jackson, S.D., Fetzner, B.K., and Bränström, R. (2020). Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(10), 831-871. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000271.

Patterson, J.G., Jabson, J.M., and Bowen, D.J. (2017). Measuring sexual and gender minority populations in health surveillance. LGBT Health, 4(2), 82-105. Available: DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2016.0026.

Peek, M.E., Lopez, F.Y., Williams, H.S., Xu, L.J., McNulty, M.C., Acree, M.E., and Schneider, J.A. (2016). Development of a conceptual framework for understanding shared decision making among African-American LGBT patients and their clinicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(6), 677-687.

Pember, M.A. (2016). ‘Two-Spirit’ Tradition Far from Ubiquitous among Tribes. rewire news group. Available: https://rewirenewsgroup.com/article/2016/10/13/Two-Spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes/.

Pryzgoda, J., and Chrisler, J.C. (2000). Definitions of gender and sex: The subtleties of meaning. Sex Roles, 43(7/8), 553-569.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Presser, S., Couper, M.P., Lessler, J.T., Martin, E., Martin, J., Rothgeb, J.M., and Singer, E. (2004). Methods for testing and evaluating survey questions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1(68), 109-130.

Pruden, H., and Edmo, S. (2016). Two-Spirit people: Sex, gender & sexuality in historic and contemporary native America. National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center. Available: https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf.

Puckett, J.A., Brown, N.C., Dunn, T., Mustanski, B., and Newcomb, M.E. (2020). Perspectives from transgender and gender diverse people on how to ask about gender. LGBT Health, 7(6), 305-311.

Quinan, C.L., and Bresser, N. (2020). Gender at the border: Global responses to gender-diverse subjectivities and nonbinary registration practices. Global Perspectives, 1(1).

Reis, E. (2021). How intersex erasure sustained the sex and gender binary: A history. Public Workshop for the Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. (July 19). Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Reis, E. (2012). Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Reisner, S.L., Conron, K.J., Scout, Baker, K., Herman, J.L., Lombardi, E., Greytak, E.A., Gill, A.M., and Matthews, A.K. (2015). “Counting” transgender and gender-nonconforming adults in health research: Recommendations from the Gender Identity in US Surveillance Group. Transgender Studies Quarterly, 2, 34-57.

Reisner, S.L., Conron, K.J., Tardiff, L.A., Jarvi, S., Gordon, A.R., and Austin, S.B. (2014). Monitoring the health of transgender and other gender minority populations: Validity of natal sex and gender identity survey items in a U.S. national cohort of young adults. BMC Public Health, 14, 1224. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1224.

Reisner, S.L., and Hughto, J.M.W. (2019). Comparing the health of non-binary and binary transgender adults in a statewide non-probability sample. PLoS ONE, 14(8), e0221583. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221583.

Remafedi, G., Resnick, M., Blum, R., and Harris, L. (1992). Demography of sexual orientation in adolescents. Pediatrics, 89(4), 714-721. Available: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.4.714.

Reuters. (2021). U.S. Issues First Passport with ‘X’ Gender Marker. Reuters Press Service (October 27). Available: https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-issues-first-passportwith-x-gender-marker-2021-10-27/.

Reuters. (2019). Nonbinary? Intersex? 11 U.S. States Issuing Third Gender IDs. Reuters Press Service (January 31). Available: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-us-lgbt-lawmaking/nonbinary-intersex-11-u-s-states-issuing-third-gender-ids-idUSKCN1PP2N7.

Richards, C., Bouman, W.P., and Barker, M.-J. (2017). Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders. London, UK: Palgrave McMillan.

Ridolfo, H., Miller, K., and Maitland, A. (2012). Measuring sexual identity using survey questionnaires: How valid are our measures? Sexuality Research & Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC, 9(2), 113-124. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-011-0074-x.

Robinson, M. (2020). Two-Spirit identity in a time of gender fluidity. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(12), 1675-1690.

Romero, A.P., Goldberg, S.K., and Vasquez, L.A. (2020). LGBT People and Housing Affordability, Discrimination, and Homelessness. Williams Institute. Available: https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cb5b8zj/qt3cb5b8zj.pdf.

Rosenwohl-Mack, A., Tamar-Mattis, S., Baratz, A.B., Dalke, K.B., Ittelson, A., Zieselman, K., and Flatt, J.D. (2020). A national study on the physical and mental health of intersex adults in the U.S. PLoS One, 15(10), e0240088.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Rothblum, E.D., Krueger, E.A., Kittle, K.R., and Meyer, I.H. (2020). Asexual and non-asexual respondents from a U.S. population-based study of sexual minorities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 757-767. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01485-0.

Ruben, M.A., Blosnich, J.R., Dichter, M.E., Luscri, L., and Shipherd, J.C. (2017). Will veterans answer sexual orientation and gender identity questions? Medical Care, 55(Suppl 9 Suppl 2). S85-S89. Available: doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000744.

Rubin, G. (1984). Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, C.S. Vance, Ed., pp. 267-319. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Rullo, J.E., Foxen, J.L., Griffin, J.M., Geske, J.R., Gonzalez, C.A., Faubion, S.S., and van Ryn, M. (2018). Patient acceptance of sexual orientation and gender identity questions on intake forms in outpatient clinics: a pragmatic randomized multisite trial. Health Services Research, 53(5), 3790-3808. Available: doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12843.

Russomanno, J., and Jabson Tree, J.M. (2020). Food insecurity and food pantry use among transgender and gender non-conforming people in the Southeast United States. BMC Public Health, 20, 590. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08684-8.

Saewyc, E.M., Bauer, G.R., Skay, C.L., Bearinger, L.H., Resnick, M.D., Reis, E., and Murphy A. (2004). Measuring sexual orientation in adolescent health surveys: Evaluation of eight school-based surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(4), 345.e1-15. Available: doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.002.

Sahota, P. (2007). Research Regulation in American Indian/Alaska Native Communities: Policy and Practice Considerations NCAI Policy Research Center. Available: https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Research_Regulation_in_AI_AN_Communities_-_Policy_and_Practice.pdf.

San Francisco Human Services Agency. (2020). Collection of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data: FY19-20 Annual Report. Available: https://www.sfhsa.org/sites/default/files/Report_SOGI%20FY19-20.pdf.

Sanderson, M., and S. Immerwahr. (2019). New York City Community Health Survey: SOGI Measurement. PowerPoint presented at SOGI Measurement Interagency Workgroup, Washington, DC, on June 4, 2019.

Saperstein, A. (2022). Stability of Two-Step Sex and Gender Responses in U.S. Panel Data. Population Association of America Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.

Saperstein, A., and Westbrook, L. (2021). Categorical and gradational: Alternative survey measures of sex and gender. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 4(1), 11-30.

Saperstein, A., Westbrook, L., Magliozzi, D., and Hart, C. (2019). Alternative Gender Measures Survey: User’s Guide and Codebook. Stanford, CA: Clayman Institute for Gender Research. Available: https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/109542/version/V1/view.

Sausa, L.A., Sevelius, J., Keatley, J., Iñiguez, J.R., and Reyes, M. (2009). Policy Recommendations for Inclusive Data Collection of Trans People in HIV Prevention, Care & Services. Center of Excellence for Transgender HIV Prevention: University of California, San Francisco. Available: https://prevention.ucsf.edu/transhealth/education/data-recs-long.

Scheim, A.I., and Bauer, G.R. (2014). Sex and gender diversity among transgender persons in Ontario, Canada: Results from a respondent-driven sampling survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 52, 1, 1-14. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.893553.

Schilt, K., and Bratter, J. (2015). From multiracial to transgender? Assessing attitudes toward expanding gender options on the US census. Transgender Studies Quarterly, 2(1), 77-100.

Schudson, Z.C., Beischel, W.J., and van Anders, S.M. (2019). Individual variation in gender/sex category definitions. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(4), 448-460. Available: https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000346.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Scotland’s Census. (2021). Scotland’s Census 2022 Question Set. Available: https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/scotland-s-census-2022-question-set/.

Sell, R.L. (1997). Defining and measuring sexual orientation: A review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 643-658. Available: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024528427013.

Sell, R.L., and Krims, E.I. (2021). Structural Transphobia, Homophobia, and Biphobia in Public Health Practice: The Example of COVID-19 Surveillance. American Journal of Public Health, 111(9), 1620-1626. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111944/.

Sexual Minority Assessment Research Team. (2009). Best Practices for Asking Questions About Sexual Orientation on Surveys. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. Available: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/smart-so-survey/.

Shannon, M. (2021). The labour market outcomes of transgender individuals. Labour Economics. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102006.

Shteyler, V.M. (2021). Medicolegal issues related to legal sex designations. Public Workshop for the Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. (July 19). Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Shteyler, V.M., Clarke, J.A., and Adashi, E.Y. (2020). Failed assignments—Rethinking sex designations on birth certificates. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(25). 2399-2401. Available: Available: DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2025974.

Smet, M.-E., Scott, F.P., and McLennan, A.C. (2020). Discordant fetal sex on NIPT and ultrasound. Prenatal Diagnosis, 40(11), 1353-1365. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.5676.

Smith, T. W., and Son, J. (2019). Transgender and alternative gender measurement on the 2018 General Social Survey (GSS Methodology Report No. 129). Chicago, IL: NORC at the University of Chicago.

Smith, T., and Son, J. (2011). An Analysis of Panel Attrition and Panel Change on the 2006-2008 General Social Survey Panel. GSS Methodological Report No. 118. Available: http://gss.norc.org/Documents/reports/methodological-reports/MR118.pdf.

Snorton, C.R. (2017). Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Springer, K.W., Stellman, J.M., and Jordan-Young, R.M. (2012). Beyond a catalogue of differences: A theoretical frame and good practice guidelines for researching sex/gender in human health. Social Science & Medicine, 74(11), 1817-1824.

Stall, R., Dodge, B., Bauermeister, J.A., Poteat, T., and Beyrer, C. (2020). LGBTQ Health Research: Theory, Methods, Practice. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

State Health Access Data Assistance Center. (2021). Collection of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data: Considerations for Medicaid and spotlight on Oregon. State Health & Value Strategies Issue Brief. Available: https://www.shvs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SOGI-Data-Collection-in-Medicaid_SHVS-Issue-Brief_Revised.pdf.

Statistics Canada. (2021). 2021 Census Fact Sheets: Updated Content for the 2021 Census of Population: Family and Demographic Concepts, and Activities of Daily Living. Available: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/98-200001/982000012020001-eng.pdf.

Statistics Canada. (2020). Measurement of Sexual Orientation at Statistics Canada. UNECE Virtual Meetings on Gender Statistics (October 14). Available: https://unece.org/filead-min/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.30/2020/mtg3/prokopenko_canada_eng.pdf.

Stats NZ. (2021). Statistical Standard for Gender, Sex, and Variations of Sex Characteristics. Available: https://www.stats.govt.nz/methods/statistical-standard-for-gender-sex-and-variations-of-sex-characteristics.

Stats NZ. (2019). Statistical Standard for Sexual Identity. Available: https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/News/Sexual-identity-standard.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Steiger, D., Heaton, L., Behm, J., MacAllum, C., and Stroop, J. (2017). Improving the Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity among Youth. American Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Meeting, (May 18-21), New Orleans, LA.

Streed, Jr., C.G., Beach, L.B., Caceres, B.A., Dowshen, N.L., Moreau, K.L., Mukherjee, M., Poteat, T., Radix, A., Reisner, S.L., Singh, V., and on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Hypertension; and Stroke Council. (2021). Assessing and Addressing Cardiovascular Health in People Who Are Transgender and Gender Diverse: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 144(6), e136-e148. Available: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001003.

Streed, C.G., Grasso, C., and Mayer, K.H. (2020). Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection: Clinical and public health importance. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 991-993.

Streed, C.G., McCarthy, E.P., and Haas, J.S. (2018). Self-reported physical and mental health of gender nonconforming transgender adults in the United States. LGBT Health, 443-448. Available: doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2017.0275.

Stryker, S. (2008). Transgender History. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press.

Stuhlsatz, M.A.M., Buck Bracey, Z.E., and Donovan, B.M. (2020). Investigating conflation of sex and gender language in student writing about genetics. Science & Education, 29, 1567-1594. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00177-9.

Suen, L.W., Lunn, M.R., Seveliusn J.M., Flentje, A., Capriotti, M.R., Lubensky, M.E., Hunt, C., Weber, S., Bahati. M., Rescate, A., Dastur, Z., and Obedin-Maliver, J. (2022). Do ask, tell, and show: Contextual factors affecting sexual orientation and gender identity disclosure for sexual and gender minority people. LGBT Health. Available: doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2021.0159.

Suen, L.W., Lunn, M.R., Katuzny, K., Finn, S., Duncan, L., Sevelius, J., Flentje, A., Capriotti, M.R., Lubensky, M.E., Hunt, C., Weber, S., Bibbins-Domingo, K., and Obedin-Maliver, J. (2020). What sexual and gender minority people want researchers to know about sexual orientation and gender identity questions: A qualitative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 2301–2318. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01810-y.

Tamar-Mattis, S., Gamarel, K.E., Kantor, A., Baratz, A., Tamar-Mattis, A., and Operario, D. (2018). Identifying and counting individuals with differences of sex development conditions in population health research. LGBT Health, 5(5), 320-324. Available: doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0180.

Tate, C.C., Ledbetter, J.N., and Youssef, C.P. (2013). A two-question method for assessing gender categories in the social and medical sciences. Journal of Sex Research, 50(8), 767-776. Available: 10.1080/00224499.2012.690110.

Therrell, B.L., Jr., Berenbaum, S.A., Manter-Kapanke, V., Simmank, J., Korman, K., Prentice, L., Gonzalez, J., and Gunn, S. (1998). Results of screening 1.9 million Texas newborns for 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Pediatrics, 101(4 Pt 1), 583.

Thorne, N., Yip, A.K., Bouman, W.P., Marshall, E., and Arcelus, J. (2019). The terminology of identities between, outside and beyond the gender binary - A systematic review. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2-3), 138-154. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1640654.

Tolman, D.L., Diamond, L.M., Bauermeister, J.A., George, W.H., Pfaus, J.G., and Ward, L.M. (Eds.). (2014). APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Tomlinson, Y., and Baruch, M. (2013). Framing Questions on Intersectionality. U.S. Human Rights Network. Available: https://ushrnetwork.org/uploads/Resources/framing_questions_on_intersectionality_1.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Tordoff, D.M., Morgan, J., Dombrowski, J.C., Golden, M.R., and Barbee, L.A. (2019). Increased ascertainment of transgender and non-binary patients using a 2-step versus 1-step gender identity intake question in an STD clinic setting. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 46(4), 254-259. Available: https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000952.

Traglia, M., Bseiso D., Gusev, A., Adviento, B., Park, D.S., Mefford, J.A., Zaitlen. N., and Weiss, L.A. (2017). Genetic Mechanisms leading to sex differences across common diseases and anthropometric traits. Genetics, 205(2), 979-992. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.116.193623.

Truman, J., Morgan, R., Gilbert, T., and Vaghela, P. (2019). Measuring sexual orientation and gender identity in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Journal of Official Statistics, 35(4), 835-858. Available: 10.2478/jos-2019-0035.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2019). In-Depth Review of Measuring Gender Identity. Conference of European Statisticians, 67th plenary session. Available: https://unece.org/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2019/ECE_CES_2019_19-G1910227E.pdf.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Household Pulse Survey, Detailed Tables, Weeks 34-39. Available: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey/data.html.

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2021). Protections Against Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity. Available: https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/protections-against-employment-discriminationbased-sexual-orientation-or-gender.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services-Office of Minority Health. (2013). National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care. Document Citation 78 FR 58539. Document Number 2013-231-64. Available: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/09/24/2013-23164/national-standards-for-culturally-and-linguistically-appropriate-services-clas-in-health-and-health.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care. Office of Minority Health. Available: https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/clas.

U.S. Department of Justice. (2015). Protecting the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex (LGBTI) Individuals. Civil Rights Division. Available: https://www.ada.gov/hiv/lgbti_brochure.html.

U.S. Department of State. (2021). Need a Passport: Selecting Your Gender Marker. Available: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/need-passport/selecting-your-gender-marker.html.

van Anders, S.M. (2015). Beyond sexual orientation: Integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1177-1213. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8.

Vela, M.B., Erondu, A.I., Smith, N.A., Peek, M.E., Woodruff, J.N., and Chin, M.H. (2022). Eliminating explicit and implicit biases in health care: Evidence and research needs. Annual Review of Public Health. Available: doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620-103528.

Vivienne, S., Hanckel, B., Byron, P., Robards, B., and Churchill, B. (2021). The social life of data: Strategies for categorizing fluid and multiple genders. Journal of Gender Studies, 1-15. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.2000852.

Walters, K.L., Evans-Campbell, T., Simoni, J.M., Ronquillo, T., and Bhuyan, R. (2006). “My spirit in my heart”: Identity experiences and challenges among two-spirit American Indian women. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 10(1-2), 125-49. Available: PMID: 16873218. ISSN: 1089-4160.

Webb, M.C., Chaney, J.D., Chen, W.W., Dodd, V.J., Huang, I-C., and Sanders, S. (2015). Assessing specific sexual behavior: Instrument development and validation techniques. Journal of Education and Social Science, 2(2), 1-11.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

West, B.T., and McCabe, S.E. (2021). Choices matter: How response options for survey questions about sexual identity affect population estimates of its association with alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. Field Methods, 33(4), 335-354. Available: doi: 10.1177/1525822X21998516.

West, C., and Zimmerman, D.H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125-151. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002.

Westbrook, L., and Saperstein, A. (2015). New categories are not enough: Rethinking the measurement of sex and gender in social surveys. Gender & Society, 29(4), 534-560.

Wilber, S. (2013). Guidelines for Managing Information Related to the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression of Children in Child Welfare Systems. Available: https://cssr.berkeley.edu/cwscmsreports/documents/Information%20Guidelines%20P4.pdf.

Wilber, S., and Canfield, A. (2019). SOGIE Data Collection in Public Systems of Care: A Practice Guide For Santa Clara County. Available: https://www.nclrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Final-SCC-SOGIE-Data-Collection-Practice-Guide-8.8.19.pdf.

Willis, G.B. (2005). Cognitive Interviewing: A Tool for Improving Questionnaire Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Wilson, A. (1996). How we find ourselves: Identity development and Two-Spirit people. Harvard Educational Review, 66(2), 303-317.

Wilson, B.D.M., Choi, S.K., Harper, G.W., Lightfoot, M., Russell, S., and Meyer, I.H. (2020). Homelessness Among LGBT Adults in the U.S. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute.

Wilson, B.D.M., Choi, S.K., Herman, J.L., Becker, T., and Conron, K.J. (2017). Characteristics and Mental Health of Gender Nonconforming Adolescents in California: Findings from the 2015-2016 California Health Interview Survey. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.

Wilson, B.D.M., Cooper, K. Kastanis, A. and Choi, S.K. (2016). Surveying LGBTQ Youth in Foster Care: Lessons from Los Angeles. Available: http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/TWI_Methods-Report-2016.pdf.

Wilson, B.D.M., Cooper, K., Kastanis, A., and Nezhad, S. (2014). Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Foster Care: Assessing Disproportionality and Disparities in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute. Available: https://escholarship.org/content/qt6mg3n153/qt6mg3n153.pdf.

Wilson, B.D.M., Gordon, A.R., Mallory, C., Choi, S.K., Badgett, M.V.L., and LBQ Women’s Report Team. (2021). Health and Socioeconomic Well-Being of LBQ Women in the U.S. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute.

Wilson, B.D.M., Jordan, S.P., Meyer, I.H., Flores, A.R., Stemple, L., and Herman, J.L. (2017). Disproportionality and disparities among sexual minority youth in custody. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 1547-1561. Available: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0632-5.

Wilson, B.D.M., and Kastanis, A.A. (2015). Sexual and gender minority disproportionality and disparities in child welfare: A population-based study. Children and Youth Services Review, 58(C), 11-17.

Wilson, B.D.M., and Meyer, I.H. (2021). Nonbinary LGBTQ Adults in the United States. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute.

Wilson, B.D.M., O’Neill, K.K., and Vasquez, L.A. (2021). LGBT renters and eviction risk. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute.

Wipfler, A.J.N. (2016). Identity crisis: The limitations of expanding government recognition of gender identity and the possibility of genderless identity documents. Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, 39, 491-554.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

Wolff, M., Wells, B., Ventura-DiPersia, C., Renson, A., and Grov, C. (2017). Measuring Sexual Orientation: A review and critique of U.S. data collection efforts and implications for health policy. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5), 507-531. Available: doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1255872.

Wylie, S.A., Corliss, H.L., Boulanger, V., Prokop, L.A., and Austin, S.B. (2010). Socially assigned gender nonconformity: A brief measure for use in surveillance and investigation of health disparities. Sex Roles, 63(3-4), 264-276.

Yan, T., and Tourangeau, R. (2008). Fast times and easy questions: The effects of age, experience, and question complexity on web survey response times. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 51-68.

Zaller, N.D., Neher, T.L., Presley, M., Horton, H., Marshall, S.A., Zielinski, M.J., and Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. (2020). Barriers to linking high-risk jail detainees to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. PLoS ONE, 15(4), e0231951. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231951.

Zucker, K.J. (2017). Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. Sexual Health, 14(5), 404-411. Available. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH17067.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 151
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 152
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 153
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 154
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 155
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 156
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 157
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 158
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 159
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 160
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 161
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 162
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 163
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 164
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 165
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 166
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 167
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 168
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 169
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 170
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 171
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26424.
×
Page 172
Next: Appendix A: Measures Evaluated by the Committee »
Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation Get This Book
×
 Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation
Buy Paperback | $30.00 Buy Ebook | $24.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are key indicators of the demographic diversity in the United States. Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. This is turn affects sexual orientation, because it is defined on the basis of the relationship between a person's own sex or gender and that of their actual or preferred partners. Sex, gender, and sexual orientation are core aspects of identity that shape opportunities, experiences with discrimination, and outcomes through the life course; therefore, it is crucial that measures of these concepts accurately capture their complexity.

Recognition of the diversity within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other sexual and gender minorities - the LGBTQI+ population - has also led to a reexamination of how the concepts of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are measured. Better measurement will improve the ability to identify sexual and gender minority populations and understand the challenges they face. LGBTQI+ people continue to experience disparate and inequitable treatment, including harassment, discrimination, and violence, which in turn affects outcomes in many areas of everyday life, including health and access to health care services, economic and educational attainment, and family and social support. Though knowledge of these disparities has increased significantly over the past decade, glaring gaps remain, often driven by a lack of reliable data.

Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation recommends that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopt new practices for collecting data on sex, gender, and sexual orientation - including collecting gender data by default, and not conflating gender with sex as a biological variable. The report recommends standardized language to be used in survey questions that ask about a respondent's sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Better measurements will improve data quality, as well as the NIH's ability to identify LGBTQI+ populations and understand the challenges they face.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!