Infusing Advanced Manufacturing into Undergraduate Engineering Education (2023)

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Infusing Advanced Manufacturing into Undergraduate Engineering Education Committee on Strengthening the Talent for National Defense: Infusing Advanced Manufacturing in Engineering Education National Materials and Manufacturing Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences National Academy of Engineering Consensus Study Report 

NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by Contract HQ003421C0044 with the Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any agency or organization that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-69573-2 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-69573-2 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26773 Copies of this publication are available free of charge from National Materials and Manufacturing Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This publication is available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2023 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academies Press and the graphical logos for each are all trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Infusing Advanced Manufacturing into Undergraduate Engineering Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi. org/10.17226/26773. 

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. 

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task. Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies. Rapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be supported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are considered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert consultations are reviewed by the institution before release. For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo. 

COMMITTEE ON STRENGTHENING THE TALENT FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE: INFUSING ADVANCED MANUFACTURING IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION MAXINE L. SAVITZ (NAE), Honeywell Inc. (retired), Co-Chair ROBERT F. SPROULL (NAE), Oracle Laboratories (retired), Co-Chair STEPHANIE G. ADAMS, The University of Texas at Dallas (through October 2022) S. KEITH HARGROVE, Tuskegee University KATHRYN W. JABLOKOW, The Pennsylvania State University DON A. KINARD, Lockheed Martin SUNDAR KRISHNAMURTY, University of Massachusetts THOMAS R. KURFESS (NAE), Georgia Institute of Technology CHINEDUM OKWUDIRE, University of Michigan DAVID PAREKH, SRI International Staff ARUL MOZHI, Senior Program Officer, Study Co-Director ELIZABETH T. CADY, Senior Program Officer, Study Co-Director ERIK SVEDBERG, Senior Program Officer NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer JOE PALMER, Senior Project Assistant MICHELLE SCHWALBE, Director, National Materials and Manufacturing Board GURU MADHAVAN, NAE Senior Program Director and Norman R. Augustine Scholar Consultant ROBERT POOL, Consulting Writer v 

NATIONAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING BOARD THERESA KOTANCHECK, Evolved Analytics, LLC, Chair JOHN KLIER, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Vice Chair KEVIN ANDERSON (NAE), Brunswick Corporation CRAIG ARNOLD, Princeton University TERESA CLEMENT, Raytheon Missile Systems THOMAS M. DONNELLAN, Applied Research Laboratory STEPHEN FORREST (NAS/NAE), University of Michigan AMIT GOYAL (NAE), State University of New York at Buffalo JULIA GREER, California Institute of Technology LATONIA M. HARRIS (NAE), Janssen Pharmaceutical MICK MAHER, Maher & Associates, LLC GREGORY TASSEY, University of Washington MATTHEW J. ZALUZEC, University of Florida Staff MICHELLE SCHWALBE, Director, National Materials and Manufacturing Board, and Director, Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics ERIK B. SVEDBERG, Senior Program Officer NEERAJ GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer AMISHA JINANDRA, Research Associate JOSEPH PALMER, Senior Project Assistant vi 

Reviewers T his Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individu- als chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evi- dence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the delibera- tive process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Guillermo Aguilar, Texas A&M University Dianne Chong (NAE), Boeing Research and Technology (retired) Stephen R. Forrest (NAS/NAE), University of Michigan Tracee Gilbert, System Innovation Susannah Howe, Smith College Anita K. Jones (NAE), University of Virginia Richard K. Miller (NAE), Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering Oludare Owolabi, Morgan State University Tim Shinbara, Association for Manufacturing Technology vii 

viii REVIEWERS Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by David E. Crow (NAE), Pratt & Whitney (retired), and Eric H. Ducharme (NAE), General Electric Aviation (retired). They were responsible for making certain that an inde- pendent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies. 

Contents PREFACE xi SUMMARY 1 1 ENGINEERING FOR ADVANCED MANUFACTURING 7 What Is Advanced Manufacturing?, 7 Challenges to Fulfilling the Potential of Advanced Manufacturing, 15 Industry Perspective, 20 Envisioning the Future, 23 2 REVISING THE UNDERGRADUATE ENGINEERING PROGRAM 26 Fuse Manufacturing into Education’s Current Focus on Design and Analysis, 27 Advanced Manufacturing Curricula, 30 Flexible Educational Pathways, 32 Industry Experience in Academia, 34 ix 

xx CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING FOR ADVANCED MANUFACTURING 36 Project Courses and the Capstone, 38 Experiential Learning Throughout the Undergraduate Program, 40 Translational Research, 41 Varied Educational Pathways, 43 Facilities and Resources, 45 4 SUPPORT FOR UNDERGRADUATE ENGINEERING EDUCATION 48 Current Government and Industry Support for Education and Advanced Manufacturing, 48 Recommendations, 56 5 ENGINEERING EDUCATION FOR A CHANGING FUTURE 68 Develop an Engineering Ecosystem for Teaching and Learning, 69 Anticipate Likely Evolutions of Advanced Manufacturing, 71 Ensure Sufficient Digital Proficiency for Graduates to Function in a Complex Digital Environment, 73 APPENDIXES A Statement of Task and Work Plan 85 B Workshop Summary 88 C Requests for Information and Responses 174 D Briefers to the Committee 184 E Committee Members’ Biographical Information 187 F Acronyms and Abbreviations 193 

Preface T he co-chairs thank the committee for their diligent efforts in under- taking the work of the study and preparing this report. We also thank A. Adele Ratcliff, Industrial Base Analysis and Sustainment (IBAS) Program at the Department of Defense, for sponsoring and helping us launch the study and Robert Pool, who assisted in writing this report. The committee is grateful to the following briefers at its committee meet- ings (listed in the chronological order, as they appeared at the meetings). They offered invaluable information and stimulating discussion that helped address the study statement of task: William B. Bonvillian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who also provided background material for the committee; A. Adele Ratcliff, Industrial Base Analysis and Sustainment (IBAS) Program, Department of Defense; Jim Segelstrom, McNally Indus- tries LLC; Gregory Harris, Auburn University; Dhruv Bhate, Polytechnic School, Arizona State University; Kathleen Thelen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Robert Higham, The Barnes Global Advisors; Anna Hoff, Ford Werke GmbH; Christian Hinke, Research Campus Digital Photonic Produc- tion Aachen and RWTH Aachen University (affiliated with the Fraunhofer ILT); Kris Ward, Society of Manufacturing Engineers; Alan Shaffer, Global Foundries and Potomac Institute for Policy Studies; Becca Jones-Albertus, Advanced Manufacturing Office, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy; William Olbricht, Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental and Transport Systems, National Science Foundation; John xi 

xii PREFACE Jackman, Division of Undergraduate Education, National Science Founda- tion; and Jesús Soriano Molla, Partnerships for Innovation, National Science Foundation. The committee is also grateful to the following panel moderators and briefers at its February 24–25, 2022, workshop (listed in the order they appeared on the agenda). They offered invaluable information and stimu- lating discussion that helped address the study statement of task: John L. Anderson, National Academy of Engineering; A. Adele Ratcliff, IBAS Program, Department of Defense; Kyle Squires, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University; Jennifer Pilat, MxD; John A. Hop- kins, Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation; Pravina Raghavan, National Institute of Standards and Technology; José Zaya-Castro, National Science Foundation; Michael Sarpu, Lockheed Martin; Michael Packer, Manufacturing Leadership Council; William  E.  Bigot, Ascent Aerospace; Tracee Gilbert, System Innovation; Amy Fleischer, California Polytechnic State University; Guillermo Aguilar, Texas A&M University; Susannah Howe, Smith College; Christopher Saldaña, Georgia Tech; and Alton D. Romig, Jr., National Academy of Engineering. Finally, the committee is grateful to the 100-plus industry and academic respondents who provided input by answering a questionnaire designed to help address the study’s statement of task. Maxine L. Savitz and Robert F. Sproull, Co-Chairs Committee on Strengthening the Talent for National Defense: Infusing Advanced Manufacturing in Engineering Education