Acknowledgments

This report would not have been possible without the contributions of many people. First, we thank the sponsor of this study, the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, for requesting and supporting this endeavor. We have admired the sponsor’s dedication to an evidence-led approach to further its programming.

Special thanks go to the members of the study committee, who dedicated extensive time, thought, and energy to this report. In addition to its own research and deliberations, the committee received input from several outside sources, whose willingness to share their perspectives and experience was essential to the committee’s work. We thank Mychelle Balthazard (Harvard Humanitarian Initiative), William J. Benet (Walden University), Graeme Blair (University of California, Los Angeles), Ben Bradford (University College, London), Jose Miguel Cruz (Florida International University), Sharyn Davies (Monash University), Janice Gallagher (Rutgers University), Nirvikar Jassal (Stanford University), Joseph McMillan (Walden University), Santiago Tobón (Universidad EAFIT in Medellín, Colombia), and Patrick Vinck (Harvard Humanitarian Initiative). The committee also gathered information through a commissioned paper. We thank Robert Blair (Brown University) for his paper and for contributing both to the discussion at the committee’s information gathering workshop and to findings in the report.

The committee also wishes to extend its gratitude to the staff of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in particular to study director Julie Schuck, who made critical substantive contributions to the conception, writing, and editing of the report and Jessalyn Brogan Walker who, as the study director through June 2021, identified and

prepared commissioned paper authors and assembled suggestions of experts for the committee’s workshop. Thanks are also due to Emily Backes who provided substantive writing and editing contributions and critical oversight and direction for the project. Abigail Allen played an essential role in providing thorough and rigorous research and writing for the project. Sarah Perumattam and Sunia Young provided key administrative and logistical support and made sure the committee process ran efficiently and smoothly. The National Academies Research Center, particularly Anne Marie Houppert and Rebecca Morgan, provided valuable research assistance. From the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, we thank Kirsten Sampson Snyder, who shepherded the report through the review process, and Douglas Sprunger, who assisted with the report’s communication and dissemination. We also thank technical writer Megan Snair for quickly summarizing the presentations and discussions from the committee’s workshop and, with editor Marc DeFrancis, providing skillful writing and editing of the report manuscript.

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Janice Gallagher, Department of Political Science, Rutgers University-Newark; Camila Gripp, Research, The Justice Collaboratory, Yale University; Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Annenberg Public Policy Center, Annenberg School for Communication University of Pennsylvania; Thaddeus L. Johnson, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University; Lorraine Mazerolle, Crime and Justice Group, School of Social Science, The University of Queensland; Daniel K. Pryce, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University; and Danielle Watson, Academic Lead Research Training, School of Justice, Queensland University of Technology.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Philip J. Cook, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.