Acknowledgments

This report would not have been possible without the contributions of many people. First, we thank the sponsor of this study, the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, for requesting and supporting this endeavor. We have admired the sponsor’s dedication to an evidence-led approach to further its programming.

Special thanks go to the members of the study committee, who dedicated extensive time, thought, and energy to this report. In addition to its research and deliberations, the committee received input from several outside sources, whose willingness to share their perspectives and experience was essential to the committee’s work. We thank Emmanuel Akomaye, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; Jay Albanese, Virginia Commonwealth University; Princess Chifiero, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; Miriam Golden, European University Institute; Ronald Goldstock, New York University School of Law; Stephen Ratcliffe, Basel Institute on Governance; Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Oliver Stolpe, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The committee also gathered information through a commissioned paper. We thank Débora Ferreira and Alina Mungiu-Pippidi, Hertie School, European Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State-Building for their paper and for contributing both to the discussion at the committee’s information gathering workshop and findings in the report.

The committee also wishes to extend its gratitude to the staff of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in particular, to study director Julie Schuck, who supported the committee in its work,

guided commissioned paper authors and experts for the committee’s workshop, and made critical substantive contributions to the conception, writing, and editing of the report. Thanks are also due to Emily Backes who provided critical oversight and direction for the project. Abigail Allen played an essential role in providing thorough and rigorous research and writing for the project. Sunia Young provided key administrative and logistical support and made sure the committee process ran efficiently and smoothly. The National Academies Research Center, particularly Rebecca Morgan, provided valuable research assistance. From the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, we thank Kirsten Sampson Snyder, who shepherded the report through the review process, and Douglas Sprunger, who assisted with the report’s communication and dissemination. We also thank technical writer Megan Snair for quickly summarizing the presentations and discussions from the committee’s workshop and, with editor Marc DeFrancis, provided skillful writing and editing of the report manuscript.

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Jay S. Albanese, Wilder School of Government & Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University; John Braithwaite, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland; Susanne Karstedt, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Australia; Peter Reuter, School of Public Policy and Department of Criminology, University of Maryland; and Wesley G. Skogan, Political Science Department and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Philip J. Cook, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out under the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.