Index
Academic performance
health outcomes and, 76
parental educational attainment, 133–134
parental influences, 72
television/video viewing and, 80–81
Access to care, 84, 88–89, 152, 153
Accidents and injuries, 2
built environment design and, 66–67
childhood risk, 64–65
health care utilization related to, 65
trends, 65
workplace, 64
Adherence to treatment, 55–57
Administration for Children and Families, 66, 100, 197
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 6, 93–94, 99, 156–157, 197, 205
Age-related subpopulations, 113
biomarkers of susceptibility, 120
Aggregated data systems, 167–170, 205, 207–208
Aggressive behavior
electronic entertainments and, 79
parenting style and, 71
See also Violence
recommendations for research, 9, 203
Alcohol use and abuse
during pregnancy, 58
parental, 73
Allergies, 50
American Community Survey, 9, 137, 203
Annie E. Casey Foundation, 98
Antibiotic resistance, 62
Arboviruses, 62
Asbestos, 64
Asthma, 2
hygiene theory, 50
Attachment formation and development, 54–55, 71
Attention deficit disorder, 2
Attitudes and beliefs, 126–127
assessing perceptions of built environment, 132
in chronic illness, 56
influence on health, 54, 55–56, 126–127
interventions targeting, 56
measurement, 126
Automobile accidents, 65, 66–67, 132
Back to Sleep campaign, 158
Bacteria, 59
Behavioral factors in children’s health, 45
adaptation in development, 54–55
behavior as health outcome and, 57, 128–129
cognitive factors, 54, 55–56, 126–127
conceptual model of health, 3–4, 38–49, 40–43
current data sources, 125–127
early programming concept, 53
education and, 76
emotion-related factors, 54
environmental influences and, 56–57, 132
genetic influences and, 31, 48
measurement, 124–129
scope of, 53
See also Influences on children’s health
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 208
Biological influences on children’s health, 45
body stores, 51–52
conceptual model of health, 3–4, 38–49, 40–43
early programming concept, 52–53
future prospects for noninvasive assessment, 124
genetic factors, 47–51
interaction with external environment, 47, 48–51
measurement, 118–124
See also Influences on children’s health
Biomarkers, 7, 118–124, 158, 209
Body burden, 51–52
biomonitoring programs, 120–121
Built environment, 66–67, 77–78, 131–133
Cat scratch disease, 62–63
Census Bureau, 9, 137, 180, 181, 203
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5–6, 92, 120, 121, 187, 197, 205
Chemical exposures, 129–130, 209
Child abuse and neglect, 73, 134–135
Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 151
Child Health USA, 97–98
Child Trends, Inc., 98
Child Well-Being and Welfare, 134
Children’s ScoreCard, 169–170, 171
Chronic health conditions
current health measurement system, 92
prevalence, 14
treatment compliance in, 56
CityMatCH, 100–101
Cognitive functioning, 36
attitudes and beliefs as health determinants, 54, 55–56
electronic entertainments and, 80–81
influence on child’s health, 53
toxin exposures affecting, 51
Coining, 82
Committee on Evaluation of Children’s Health: Measures of Risk, Protective, and Promotional Factors for Assessing Child Health in the Community, 17–18
Community environment
data collection and management, 100–101, 137–142, 169–170, 185–186, 189
demographic factors, 74–75, 137
health care service delivery system, 152–153
health measurement considerations, 25
influences on health, 74
neighborhood design, 77–78, 131–133
process factors, 75
recommendations for research, 8–9, 203–204
schools, 76
scope of, 74
social organization, 77–78, 137–138
See also State and local data collection
Comorbidity, 102
Computer and video games, 78–81
in aggregated data systems, 167
in assessment and monitoring of health influences, 117
informed consent for sharing of data, 178–179
in linked data systems, 172–173
recommendations for research, 9–10, 204
security of data systems, 179–180
Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Survey, 151, 187
Cost of care, 149
law enforcement data, 169–170
early programming, 52–53
in fetal development, 58
Culture, 24–25
acculturation effects, 143, 145, 202
concepts of children and children’s health, 28–29
family beliefs, 68
family learning environment, 72
health measurement considerations, 43, 81–83, 108, 118, 142–146, 200, 202
parenting style, 71
research needs, 209
treatment compliance and, 57
Cupping, 82
Current Population Survey, 133, 135, 143
Cytomegalovirus, 62
Data collection
access to data, 9–10, 168–169, 178–180, 189–191, 203, 204, 205
assessing effectiveness of health services, 150, 151–152, 153
on behavioral influences on health, 124–129
on biological influences on health, 118–124
biological samples, 121–123, 124, 180–182
on built environment, 131–133
on child functioning, 103, 113, 199
clinical data, inadequacies in, 98–100, 102– 103, 136
on community influences on health, 100–101, 137–142
competing stakeholder interests in, 185
confidentiality in, 9–10, 109, 176–178
creating profiles and integrative measures of health, 104–106, 154–155, 158–159, 165
on cultural factors, 43, 81–83, 108, 118, 142–146, 200, 202
current system, 1, 12, 21, 26–27, 91–101, 193, 199
discrimination effects, 146–149
environmental factors, 8–9, 199–200, 203–204
family factors, 133–137
geographic variation, 8–9, 203–204
on health conditions, 102–103
on health potential, 103–104, 199
health-related quality of life, 105
informed consent issues, 178–179
infrastructure for, 183–185
investigator-initiated surveys, 95–96, 126
to monitor health policy outcomes, 25, 149–150, 155–162
national data syntheses, 97–98
newborn screen testing, 120, 180–181
as ongoing effort, 159–160
proxy respondents, 107
recommendations for, 5–9, 196–204
on referrals from primary care to specialists, 154
reliability and validity, 107–109
security concerns, 179–180
standardization, 10–11, 182–183, 204–205, 206, 207–208
state and local government role in, 206–208
on subgroup disparities, 8, 118, 201–202
survey methodology, inadequacies in, 95, 96–97, 102–103, 109, 110, 117–118
terminology, 165
toxin exposure, 120–121, 129–130
See also Measurement system for children’s health;
State and local data collection
Data element, defined, 165
Data system, defined, 165
Dataset, defined, 165
David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 100
Definition and framework for children’s health, 12, 13–14, 17, 18, 19–20, 26
conceptual model of health, 37–38, 41–43
cultural variation, 24–25
current conceptualizations, 32–33
domains of health, 4, 6, 33–37, 195, 199
historical and conceptual development, 28–32
implications for measurement, 13–14, 197–198
policy development and, 160–161
Department of Health and Human Services, 5–6, 9, 10, 196–197, 203, 204–205
Depression, 69
parental, 72–73
Developing a Daddy Survey, 96
Development, 12
assessing discrimination effects, 146–147
body stores and, 51–52
childhood precursors of adult health, 24, 40, 114, 192
conceptual model of health, 3–5, 38–40, 41–43, 45–46, 192, 194–196
considerations in measurement of children’s health, 6, 12, 39, 107, 108–109, 110–112, 113, 192, 199, 208–209
dependency of children, 23
early programming concept, 52–53
family influence and, 69
gene expression patterns, 50–51
parenting and, 71
peer influences, 78
rationale for children’s health research, 22–24
sensitive and critical periods, 39, 49–50
sociocultural context, 29
Diabetes, 2
Diagnostic classification, 30
inadequacies in children’s health data collection, 98–100, 102–103
Diet and nutrition
biomonitoring program, 121
during pregnancy, 52–53
early programming concept, 52–53
family factors in, 72
fetal exposure to toxins, 59
food contaminants, 61–62
television viewing and, 80
Dioxin exposure, 121
Disability-adjusted life years, 105–106
Disadvantaged groups
assessing effectiveness of health policies, 157–158
current disparities in health care delivery, 15
opportunities for improving health measurement, 112
poverty and health, 69–70
recommendations for children’s health measurement, 7, 8, 201
See also Minority populations
Discrimination, 82–83
measuring health effects of, 146–149
research challenges, 146, 147–148
research needs, 148–149
stress of worrying about, 148
Divorce, 70
Domains of children’s health, 4, 6, 33–37, 43, 101–104, 195, 199
Drug use and abuse
current data collection efforts, 126
during pregnancy, 58
parental, 73
See also Alcohol use and abuse
Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems Initiative, 155
Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies, 8, 199
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, 96, 127
Early warning, 3, 16–17, 194, 198
Economic analysis, 105–106
Electronic media, 78–81
Emotional functioning, 36
behavioral adaptation in development, 55
inadequacies in children’s health data collection, 102–103
influence on child’s health, 53, 54
treatment compliance and, 56
Empacho, 82
Environmental factors, 3–4, 14
assessing effects of environmental policy, 158
behavioral influences on health and, 56–57, 132
built environment, 66–67, 77–78, 131–133
community environment, 74–78, 137–142
concept of safety, 19
in conceptual model of health, 3–4, 195
emotional response to, as health influence, 54
family factors, 68–73
home exposures, 64
injury risk, 64–65
interaction with biological factors, 47, 48–51
measurement of health influence of, 6–7, 129–133, 199–200
noise exposure, 63
radiation exposure, 63
recommendations for children’s health
recommendations for research, 11–12, 208, 209
school exposures, 64
shortcomings of current measurement system, 7, 158, 162
workplace exposures, 58, 64, 130
See also Toxin exposure
Environmental Protection Agency, 9, 98, 203, 208
Families
composition, 70
data collection and analysis, 133–137
demographic factors, 68, 69–70
influence on children’s health, 68–69
learning environment, 72
parental mental health, 72–73
parental substance abuse, 73
See also Parent–child interaction
Federal Education Right to Privacy Act, 177–178
Federal government
data collection efforts, 92–100, 184, 186– 189
historical evolution of child protection policies, 29–30
recommendations for agencies and departments, 5–6, 9, 10, 11–12, 196– 197, 203, 204–205, 208–210
spending on children, 149
standardization of health data, 182
support for state and local data collection, 10, 204–206
Federal Interagency Forum in Child and Family Statistics, 98, 197
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 58
Fetal development. See Prenatal health
Florida Children’s Registry and Information System, 173, 174
Fluoridation of drinking water, 87, 88
Folate, 51
Folic acid, 85
Forecasting, 3
Foundation for Accountability, 151
Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, 95–96
Functioning domain of health, 4, 35–37
inadequacies in children’s health data collection, 103, 199
measurement, 7, 8, 11–12, 113–114, 199, 201
Furan exposure, 121
Galactosemia, 120
Genetics, 45
behavior and, 48
disorders of, 47–48
ethics issues regarding genetic data, 181–182
gene expression biology, 50–51
influence on health, 20
interaction with environmental exposures, 48–51
screening, 121
Geographical variation
current data collection, 17, 169–170, 185–186
recommendations for data collection, 8–9, 203–204
shortcomings of behavioral data collection, 129
Growth curve analysis, 210
Health care system
assessing effectiveness of service delivery, 3, 25, 149–155, 194
community service system, 152–153
effectiveness of health services, 83–85, 87
evolution of children’s health services, 29– 32
goals for monitoring, 3, 151, 193–194
inappropriate interventions, 150
rationale for children’s health research, 21– 25, 192–193, 210
referrals from primary care to specialist, 154
research needs, 154–155
services for special populations, 153
shortcomings and accomplishments, 1–2, 13–16
types of health services for children, 85–87
Health conditions, 4, 34–35, 102–103
Health Employer Data Information System, 151–152
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 178
Health Interview Survey, 149
inadequacies in children’s health data collection, 103–104, 199
measurement, 7, 8, 12, 199, 201
Health-related behaviors, 53–54
access to care, 84
attitudes and beliefs as determinant of, 54, 55–56
cultural influences, 81–82
data collection and security, 179
Health Resources and Services Administration, 5, 94, 197
Healthy People 2010 initiative, 4, 37, 41, 98, 158–159, 170, 196
Hearing, 49
childhood noise exposure, 63
Hemoglobinopathies, 120
Huntington’s disease, 48
Hyperphenylalaninemia, 120
Hypothyroidism, 120
Immigrant paradox, 82
Immune function, hygiene theory of, 50
Infectious disease, 1–2
childhood risk, 62–63
current health measurement system, 92
food contaminants, 61–62
vector-borne, 62–63
water-borne disease, 59
Influences on children’s health, 20–21, 26
challenges in assessment and monitoring of, 116–118, 121–124, 127–128, 133, 135–136, 139–140, 143–144, 152–153, 160–161
conceptual model of health, 3–5, 37–38, 41–43, 45–47, 192, 195–196
cultural environment, 81–83, 142–146
definition of health and, 32
developmental, 23, 38–40, 41–43, 45–46
discrimination experience, 83, 146–149
electronic media, 78–81
family factors, 67–73, 133–137
health services delivery, 83–87, 149–155
interactions among, 4, 30–31, 40–41, 46, 47, 117, 147, 161, 195, 196, 200
limitations of research on, 46–47, 198–199
measurement system goals, 6, 16–17, 196
policy environment, 87–90
research needs, 90, 162–163, 200–201, 210
scope of, 45
See also Environmental factors
Informed consent, 178–179
Insecticides. See Pesticides and insecticides
datasets, 98–99
Integrated measurement system, 104–106, 154–155, 165, 205–206
aggregated data systems, 167–170
confidentiality issues, 167, 172–173, 176– 178
defined, 165
future prospects, 166–167, 188–189
Internet access, 168–169
linked data systems, 170–175
rationale, 165–166
recommendations for, 11, 207–208
resource needs, 184
strategies, 167
International Classification of Diseases of Related Health Problems, 30, 35
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, 103
International Classification of Primary Care, 103
International comparisons
health measurement, 159
Internet, 168–169, 189–191, 205
Intervention in children’s health
access, 84
assessing effectiveness of service delivery, 149–155
compliance, 56
conceptual and clinical evolution, 30–31
early intervention services, 84, 155
effectiveness of health services, 83–85, 87
to prevent adult morbidity, 24
sociocultural differences, 25
spending, 149
types of, 85–87
Investigator-initiated surveys, 95–96, 126
Iron, 51–52
Language skills, 72
Law enforcement data, 169–170
Life-style-related health conditions, 127
Low birthweight babies, 15–16
current health measurement system, 91
Lyme disease, 62
Maine Marks, 190
Mass media, 78–81
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 5, 94, 97–98, 100, 113, 155, 156–157, 186–187, 197, 205
Measurement system for children’s health
assessing effectiveness of service delivery, 149–155
challenges in assessment and monitoring of health influences, 116–118, 121–124, 127–128, 133, 135–136, 139–140, 143–144, 146–148, 152–153, 160–161
conceptualization gaps, 106–107
coordination and linkage among studies, 96, 97
criteria for, 43–44
current system, 6–7, 26–27, 91–101, 193
definition of health in, 13–14, 19–20, 197– 198
developmental considerations, 39, 107, 108–109, 110–112, 113, 192, 199
goals, 2–3, 114–115, 193–194, 198
historical development, 30, 31–32
international comparison, 159
methodological gaps, 107–110, 209, 210
opportunities for improving, 101–114, 162–163
rationale, 1, 2, 16–17, 21, 192–193, 210
recommendations, 9–12, 204–210
See also Data collection;
Integrated measurement system
Medicaid, 89, 149, 151, 157, 178, 182
Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, 94, 157
Melanoma, 63
Meningitis, 85
behavioral assessment, 128–129
discrimination experience and, 83
parental, 72–73
prevalence of disorders, 14
service delivery, 153
socioeconomic status and, 69
Mercury, 51
Minority populations
current disparities in health care delivery, 15
discrimination, 82–83, 146–149
recommendations for children’s health measurement, 8, 200
See also Disadvantaged groups
Monitoring the Future, 126
Monoamine oxidase, 49
Mortality
automobile accident-related, 65
childhood, 64–65
community violence, 77
current health measurement system, 91
current patterns, 15
health care system performance to date, 1–2, 14–15
infant, 158
infectious disease, 62
international comparisons, 15–16
socioeconomic status and, 69
workplace, 64
National Action Alliance, 184–185
National Center for Educational Statistics, 96
National Center for Environmental Health, 95
National Center for Health Statistics, 5–6, 92–94, 156–157, 166, 197, 205
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, 134–135
National Children’s Study, 8, 96, 199, 201
National Committee on Quality Assurance, 151–152
National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, 187, 207
National Electronic Disease Surveillance System, 187, 207
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 8, 93, 110, 113, 120, 121, 124, 125, 149, 199
National Health Information Infrastructure, 187–188
National Health Interview Survey, 8, 92, 93, 113, 125, 157, 199, 200
National Hospital Discharge Data Set, 99
National Household Education Surveys, 96
National Household Survey of Drug Use and Health, 94, 126
National Household Travel Survey, 132
National Immunization Survey, 93
National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, 6, 96, 197
National Institutes of Health, 6, 95, 197
National Labor Survey on Youth, 126
National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, 95, 126, 139
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 149
National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 134, 150
National Survey of Children’s Health, 95, 150
National Survey of Early Childhood Health, 94, 113, 134, 150
Nephron development, 52–53
No Child Left Behind Act, 182–183
Noise exposure, 63
Obesity, 2
electronic entertainments and, 79–80
prevalence, 14
Odor analysis, 124
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 6, 197
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 6, 98, 197
Otitis media, 84–85
Ozone, 67
Parent–child interaction
adaptations in development, 54–55
attachment formation, 54–55, 71
child development and, 71
child health-related behaviors and, 54
data collection, 134
early programming concept, 53
influence on child’s health, 71
maternal substance abuse and, 73
parental depression and, 72–73
parental monitoring, 69
parenting styles, 71
See also Families
Peer relations, 78, 139, 141–142
Perfect pitch, 49
Persistent organic pollutants, 121
Pesticides and insecticides, 59, 62, 121
Pets, 62–63
Phenylketonuria, 85
Phobias, 48
Phthalate metabolite, 121
Physical activity, 36
built environment and, 67, 131, 132
electronic entertainments and, 79–80
school physical education programs, 76
Phytoestrogens, 121
Playground injuries, 65
Policy development
historical concepts of children and children’s health, 29–30
influence on children’s health, 87–90
integrated data systems for, 165–166, 167
measurement system goals, 3, 198
monitoring policy effects, 25, 155–162
to promote health-related behaviors, 53–54
risk assessment in, 161
role of data collection and analysis, 1, 16–17, 25–26, 117, 149–150
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 121
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 51, 52, 121
Population subgroups
age-related, 113
current health disparities among, 15
data collection and management, 167
health services for special populations, 153
opportunities for improving health measurement, 112–114, 144–146
origins and development of health disparities among, 8
profiles and integrative measures of health, 104
recommendations for children’s health measurement, 8, 200, 201–202
shortcomings of current health measurement system, 7, 46–47, 118, 142–144
sources of health disparities, 202, 209
types of, 202
vulnerable subpopulations, 112
See also Disadvantaged groups;
Minority populations
Pornography, 80
Pregnancy
among unmarried women, 70
See also Prenatal health
early programming, 52–53
recommendations for data collection, 201
Profiles of health, 104, 105–106
Project on Human Development in Chicago’s Neighborhoods, 138
Promoting Healthy Development Survey, 151
Protective factors
behavioral, 53–54
environmental exposures, 51–52
genetic, 49
health potential conceptualization, 37
See also Influences on children’s health;
Resilience factors
Psychosocial functioning. See Mental health;
Social functioning
Public health departments, 166, 167, 206
Quality of care, 150–152
Quality of life, 105
Racial and ethnic minorities. See Minority populations
Radiation exposure, 63
Reading skills, 72
Referrals, from primary care to specialist, 154
Reliability of data collection methodology, 107–109
Religion and spirituality, 71–72
Research
access to health data, 9–10, 168–169, 178–180, 189–191, 203, 204, 205
rationale for children’s health research, 21–25, 192–193, 210
recommendations for, 3, 6, 11–12, 200–201, 208–210
See also Data collection
Resilience factors, 37
cultural, 82–83
families as, 68–69
measurement system goals, 198
See also Protective factors
Respiratory syncytial virus, 62
Risk factors
behavioral, 53–54
behavioral assessment, 128–129
biomarkers of susceptibility, 120
cultural, 82–83
environmental exposures, 51–52
evaluation in policy development, 161
families as, 68–69
genetic, 48–49
health potential conceptualization, 37
parenting style, 71
socioeconomic status, 69–70, 74–75
See also Influences on children’s health
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 101, 173–174
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 62
Safety, defined, 19
Schools and schooling, 64, 76, 78
child behavior data collection, 125–126, 127
confidentiality of education data, 177–178, 179
school readiness measures, 205–206
standardization of education data, 182–183
Screening, newborn, 120
Sensitive periods, 39
early programming, 52–53
Sexual behavior
media portrayals, 80
sexually transmitted disease, 92
Sickle cell trait, 49
Single-parent families, 70
Sleep disorders, 48
Social functioning, 36
behavioral adaptation in development, 55
community interaction and organization, 75, 77–78, 137–142
family influences on health, 68–73, 133–137
genetic factors in, 49
peer relations, 78, 139, 141–142
Social Security Act, 178
Socioeconomic status, 45
community characteristics, 74–75, 203
current health disparities, 15, 69
data collection, 133–134, 135–136, 137, 202, 203
influence on health, 69–70
opportunities for improving health measurement, 112
recommendations for children’s health measurement, 8
welfare policy, 90
See also Disadvantaged groups
Special populations, 3
State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey, 94–95, 187, 188
State and local data collection
access, 168–169
aggregated data systems, 167–170
ethics concerns, 176–182
federal support, 10, 184, 186–189, 204–206
geographically coded data, 185–186
interdepartmental coordination, 169–170, 173
opportunities for improving, 189–191
recommendations for, 3, 10–11, 204–208
resources for, 183–184
standardization and integration, 11, 182–183, 206, 207–208
See also Data collection
State Child Health Insurance Program, 89, 98, 149, 157
Stress
biological response, 54
for minority populations, 82–83
noise exposure and, 63
Sudden infant death syndrome, 85, 158
Sunlight, 63
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 133
Susceptibility biomarkers/genes, 49, 120
Television and video, 78–81
Thalidomide, 49–50
Toxin exposure, 45
biological response, 51
biomarkers, 118–119
biomonitoring programs, 120–121, 180–181
body stores, 51–52
child susceptibility, 59, 60–61
fetal development and, 51–52, 58–59
food contaminants, 61–62
gene-mediated response, 48–49
measurement challenges, 118–119, 123–124, 130
recommendations for research, 9, 203, 209
water pollutants, 59–61
Traditional healing practices, 25, 82
Trauma exposure
community violence, 77
gene-mediated response, 48
witnesses to violence, 138–139, 140
Trends in the Well-Being of America’s Children, 98
Ultraviolet radiation, 63, 130
Validity of data collection methodology, 107–109
Vector-borne disease, 62–63
Violence
challenges in assessing health effects of exposure to, 140, 141
community characteristics, 77, 138–139
in electronic media, 79
sexual, 80
See also Aggressive behavior
Vitamin A, 52
Volatile organic compounds, 121
Water quality, 58–61
Welfare policy, 90
Well-being
data collection, 98
defined, 19–20
Workplace exposures, 58, 64, 130
World Health Organization, 30, 31
Young Adult Heath Care Survey, 151
