Alternative Aircraft Anti-Icing Formulations with Reduced Aquatic Toxicity and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (2010)

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9-1 SECTION 9 REFERENCES 1. ACRP. Formulations for Aircraft and Airfield Deicing and Anti-icing: Aquatic Toxicity and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Airport Cooperative Research Program Web-Only Document 3, Airport Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2008. 2. ———. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Airport Cooperative Research Program Report 14, Airport Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2009. 3. Environment Canada. Priority Substances List Assessment Report, Road Salts. Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec, 2001. 4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Preliminary Data Summary: Airport Deicing Operations (Revised). EPA-821-R-00-016, EPA, Washington, DC, 2000. 5. NIST Chemistry WebBook. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/, Accessed October, 2007. 6. Aldrich Chemical Company. Aldrich Chemical Catalog. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com, Accessed September, 2007. 7. Gmehling, J., and P. Rasmussen. Flash Points of Flammable Liquid Mixtures using UNIFAC. Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Fundamentals, Vol. 21, 1982, pp. 186. 8. The Dow Chemical Company. A Guide to Glycols. http://www.dow.com/PublishedLiterature/dh_0047/0901b803800479d9.pdf?filepath=propyle neglycol/pdfs/noreg/117-01682.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc, Accessed November 5, 2009. 9. Poling, B., J. Prausnitz, and J. O’Connell. The Properties of Gases and Liquids. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 2001. 10. EPA ECTOTOX Database. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/index.html, Accessed March 4, 2007. 11. Lewis, R. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA, 2000. 12. United States National Library of Medicine. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Accessed June 15, 2007. 13. Alfa Aesar. Alfa Aesar Chemical Catalog. http://www.alfa.com, Accessed September, 2007. 14. Hartley, R. A. and Wood, D. H. Deicing Solution. United States Patent US 6436310, August 20, 2002.

ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS 9-2 15. Chappelow, C. C., A. D. McElroy, R. R. Blackburn, D. Darwin, F. G. de Noyelles, and C. E. Locke. Handbook of Test Methods for Evaluating Chemical Deicers. Publication SHRP-H-332. Strategic Highway Research Program. National Research Council., Washington, DC, 1992. 16. Dean, J. A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1992. 17. Stover, E. R. Methods of Inhibiting Catalyzed Oxidation of Carbon-Carbon Composites Using Phosphoric Acid, a Zinc Salt, and an Aluminum Salt and Articles Made Therefrom. United States Patent US 6551709, April 22, 2003. 18. Walker, T. B., Golecki, I. and Booker, L. A. High Temperature Oxidation Inhibitors for Carbon- Carbon Friction Materials. United States Patent US 7118805, October 10, 2006. 19. Walker, T. B., Koucouthakis, M. G., Shreve, M. L. and Booker, L. A. Antioxidant System for Carbon-Carbon Brake Materials with Enhanced Resistance to Humidity Exposure. United States Patent US 7160618, January 9, 2007. 20. LaHue, D., and D. Johnson. Carbon Brake Oxidation Panel. In SAE G-12F Committee Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, San Diego, 2007. 21. Hutton, T. Dunlop's Efforts to Address Catalytic Oxidation. In SAE G-12F Committee Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, San Diego, 2007. 22. Webb, T. Catalytic Oxidation Discussion. In SAE G-12F Committee Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers G-12F Committee Meeting, 2007. 23. Whistler, R. L., and J. M. BeMiller. Industrial Gums. Polysaccharides and their Derivatives. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 1993. 24. China Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Aquatic Products. Training Manual on Gracilaria Culture and Seaweed Processing in China. http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB730E/AB730E00.HTM, Accessed September 28, 2007. 25. CP Kelco. GENU Carageenan. http://www.cpkelco.com/carrageenan/index.html, Accessed September 28, 2007. 26. ———. Keltrol/Kelzan Xanthan Gum Book. 27. Lange, K. R. Surfactants: A Practical Handbook. Hanser, Munich, 1999. 28. Tadros, T. F. Applied Surfactants: Principles and Applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. 29. Hjornevik, L. and Johansen, I. Free-Flowing Products Comprising Potassium Formate. United States Patent US 7,135,439, November 11, 2006. 30. Van Ooyen, J. A. C. Well Servicing Fluids. United States Patent US 6,017,856, January 25, 2000.

SECTION 9—8BREFERENCES 9-3 31. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1995. 32. Corsi, S. R., S. W. Geis, J. E. Loyo-Rosales, and C. P. Rice. Aquatic Toxicity of Nine Aircraft Deicer and Anti-Icer Formulations and Relative Toxicity of Additive Package Ingredients Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and 4,5-Methyl-1H-Benzotriazoles. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, No. 23, 2006, pp. 7409-7415. 33. Boluk, M. Y., Jarrell, M. S., Brymer, B. J. and Archambault, G. Aircraft deicing fluid with improved anti-icing and ice adhesion control properties. United States Patent US 05968407, October 19, 1999. 34. Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals. Hemisphere Publishing Company, Washington, DC, 1989. 35. The Dow Chemical Company. Freezing Points of Glycerin-Water Solutions. http://www.dow.com/glycerine/resources/freeze.htm, Accessed November 5, 2009. 36. Chen, D. H. T., and A. R. Thompson. Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for the Systems Glycerol-Water and Glycerol-Water Saturated with Sodium Chloride. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1970, pp. 471-474. 37. Peltier, W. H., and C. I. Weber. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. US Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/4-85-013, 1985, pp. 216. 38. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ICp Calculation Program, Release 1.0. EPA, Duluth, MN, 1998. 39. Pearce, B. A., and M. T. Heydeman. Metabolism of Di(Ethylene Glycol) and Other Short Poly(Ethylene Glycols) by Gram-Negative Bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 118, 1980, pp. 21-27. 40. Ellis, L. B. M., D. Roe, and L. P. Wackett. The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database: The First Decade. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 34, pp. D517-D521. 41. Frings, J., C. Wondrak, and B. Schink. Fermentative Degradation of Triethanolamine by a Homoacetogenic Bacterium. Archives of Microbiology, Vol. 162, No. 1-2, 1994, pp. 103-107. 42. Lubrizol Advanced Materials, I. Toxicology / Regulatory / Health, Safety and Environmental Studies of Powdered Carbopol Polymers. TOX-006, Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc., 2001.