Challenges and
Opportunities for Precision and
Personalized Nutrition
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Emily A. Callahan, Rapporteur
Food Forum
Food and Nutrition Board
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health (HHSN263201800029I/HHSN26300023); the U.S. Department of Agriculture (59-8040-0-001 and 123A9420P0008); and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (75F40120C00192), with additional support from Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; American Heart Association; American Institute for Cancer Research; American Society for Nutrition; Cargill, Inc.; Coca-Cola Company; Conagra Brands; Center for Science in the Public Interest; Danone North America; General Mills, Inc.; Keurig Dr Pepper; Mars, Inc.; Mondelēz International; Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.; and Unilever. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-08735-3
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-08735-X
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26299
Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Challenges and opportunities for precision and personalized nutrition: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26299.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.
The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.
The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.
Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.
Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.
Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.
For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.
PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED NUTRITION1
ERIC A. DECKER (Chair), Professor and Head, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst
CINDY DAVIS, National Program Leader for Human Nutrition, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
KATIE KOECHER, Associate Expert Nutrition Scientist, Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Inc.
BRUCE Y. LEE, Professor and Executive Director, Public Health, Public Health Computational and Operations Research Center for Advanced Technology in Communications and Health, City University of New York School of Public Health & Health Policy
JOSIEMER MATTEI, Donald and Sue Pritzker Associate Professor of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
ROBIN McKINNON, Senior Advisor for Nutrition Policy, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
NICHOLAS J. SCHORK, Deputy Director and Distinguished Professor, Translational Genomics Research Institute
PATRICK J. STOVER, Vice Chancellor and Dean, Agriculture and Life Sciences, Director, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research
STEVEN ZEISEL, Professor of Nutrition and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, Founder and Board Member, SNP Therapeutics
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
This page intentionally left blank.
FOOD FORUM (AS OF AUGUST 2021)1
SYLVIA B. ROWE (Chair), SR Strategy, LLC, Washington, DC
ARTI ARORA, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia
RODOLPHE BARRANOU, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
WENDY BOLAND, Kogod School of Business, American University, Washington, DC
CINDY DAVIS, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
ERIC A. DECKER, University of Massachusetts Amherst
JOY DUBOST, Unilever Research and Development, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
DENISE R. EBLEN, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
NAOMI K. FUKAGAWA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
CUTBERTO GARZA, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
STEPHANIE K. GOODWIN, Danone North America, Washington, DC
M. R. C. GREENWOOD, University of California, Davis
MARTIN HAHN, Hogan Lovells, Washington, DC
TERRY T-K HUANG, City University of New York School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York City RENÉE S. JOHNSON, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
SUSANNE I. KETTLER, Mondelēz International, East Hanover, New Jersey CHRISTINA KHOO, Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., Lakeville, Massachusetts VIVICA I. KRAAK, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
CATHERINE KWIK-URIBE, Mars, Inc., Germantown, Maryland
ALICE H. LICHTENSTEIN, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
PETER LURIE, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC
DIANE MALUNOWICZ, Keurig Dr Pepper, Dallas, Texas
SUSAN T. MAYNE, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland DEIRDRE McGINLEY-GIESER, American Institute for Cancer Research, Arlington, Virginia
KAREN McINTYRE, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
MEGAN NECHANICKY, General Mills, Golden Valley, Minnesota
RONI NEFF, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
SARAH OHLHORST, American Society for Nutrition, Rockville, Maryland
GITA RAMPERSAD, Feeding America, Washington, DC
JILL REEDY, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
KRISTIN REIMERS, Conagra Brands, Omaha, Nebraska
BRIAN RONHOLM, Consumer Reports, Washington, DC
SHARON A. ROSS, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
KELSEY FREEMAN SAELENS, Cargill, Inc., Washington, DC
PAMELA STARKE-REED, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
ALISON L. STEIBER, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, Illinois
MARY T. STORY, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
PATRICK J. STOVER, Texas A&M University, College Station
CHERYL TONER, American Heart Association, Washington, DC
DOROTHEA K. VAFIADIS, National Council on Aging, Arlington, Virginia
Health and Medicine Division Staff
HEATHER DEL VALLE COOK, Director, Food Forum
CYPRESS LYNX, Research Associate
MARIAH BRUNS, Senior Program Assistant (as of January 2022)
ANN L. YAKTINE, Director, Food and Nutrition Board
Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings, nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by JOHANNA T. DWYER, Tufts Medical Center. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies.
This page intentionally left blank.
Contents
2 THE CURRENT EVIDENCE BASE AND LIMITATIONS
Human Variability: A Basis For Precision and Personalized Nutrition
Precision Nutrition at the Intersection of History and Genomics
Integrating Microbiome and Dietary Data
An Engineering Perspective on Opportunities and Obstacles in Precision Nutrition
Psychosocial Influences on Eating Behavior
3 INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Industry Landscape in Personalized Nutrition
The Physiological/Microbiome Scale
4 IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED NUTRITION
Will Precision Nutrition Help in Achieving Greater Health Equity?
Challenges to Implementing Precision Nutrition
Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities for Precision Nutrition
Lessons Learned About Commercializing Personalized Nutrition
Communicating the Benefits of Personalized Nutrition Solutions to Consumers
Incorporating Precision Nutrition into Food-Based and Nutrient-Based Guidelines
C Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers, Moderators, and Planning Committee Members
Box and Figures
BOX
1-1 Workshop Statement of Task
FIGURES
2-2 The microbiome is a product of diet and an influence on diet-related health outcomes
2-3 A phenetic tree for use in accounting for food groups and their relatedness
2-4 The biopsychosocial model as it relates to the development of obesity
3-1 Breakdown of the personalized nutrition market by segment