National Academies Press: OpenBook

Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones (2021)

Chapter: Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal

« Previous: Appendix E - Summary of DOT Specifications for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal
Page 292
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 292
Page 293
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 293
Page 294
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 294
Page 295
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 295
Page 296
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 296
Page 297
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 297
Page 298
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 298
Page 299
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 299
Page 300
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 300
Page 301
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 301
Page 302
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 302
Page 303
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 303
Page 304
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F - Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
Page 304

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

292 A P P E N D I X F Summary of DOT Design Standards for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal

Table F-1. Summary of DOT standards for temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal. DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Alabama Standard and Special Drawings for Highway Construction 1001-1099 Traffic Channelization, Traffic Stripe, Traffic Signals, and Electrical Alabama DOT 2017 https://alletting.dot.state.al.us/Do cs/Standard_Drawings/StdSpeci alDrawingsEnglish2017.htm Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Alaska Standard Plans Manual C-05.20 (Interim Pavement Markings) Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities 2019 http://dot.alaska.gov/stwddes/dc sprecon/assets/pdf/stddwgs/stan dard_plans.pdf Pavement edge lines and length and spacing of painted centerlines, TRPMs, and delineators. Necessary dimensions vary depending on presence of "Do Not Pass" signs. Provides conditions under which temporary pavement markings are not required (e.g., for 3 days if AADT > 2,000 or for 1 month if AADT < 2,000 when “DO NOT PASS” and “PASS WITH CARE” signs are installed). Arizona Signing and Marking Standard Drawings M19 (Raised Pavement Markers) and M20 (Chip Seal Marker Usage for Temporary Markings) Arizona DOT 2015 https://azdot.gov/business/engin eering-and- construction/traffic/signing-and- marking-standard-sms-drawings M19 shows various details for RPMs. M20 shows details for chip seal markers.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Arkansas Standard Roadway Drawings TC-2 and TC-3 (Standard Traffic Controls for Highway Construction) Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department 2019 https://www.arkansashighways.c om/roadway_design_division/us units/usunit.aspx Traffic control layouts for different work zone configurations. Tables of required temporary traffic control devices (including markings) based on roadway type, vertical differential, location, and speed. California Standard Plans T9, T10, T10A, T11, T11A, T12, T13, T14, T15, T16, T17 (Temporary Traffic Control Systems) Caltrans 2018b https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot- media/programs/design/docume nts/2018-std-plns-for-web- a11y.pdf Traffic control layouts for different work zone configurations. Colorado Safety Standard Plans S-630-1 Colorado DOT 2019c https://www.codot.gov/library/traf fic/traffic-standards/2019-safety- standards/s-standard-complete- set/s-standard-complete-set Temporary marking layouts, geometry, and dimensions for different construction configurations. Full compliance markings are to be in accordance with S-627-1. Connecticut Traffic Engineering Standard Drawings TR1210_04 - TR1210_09 Connecticut DOT 2017 https://portal.ct.gov/DOT/Traffic- Standard-Drawings/REV-- TRAFFIC-STANDARD--GUIDE- SHEETS--DETAILS Standard drawings indicate color and dimensions for different permanent pavement markings for varying roadway configurations. No standard drawings available for temporary pavement markings.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Delaware Standard Construction Details na Delaware DOT 2018 https://deldot.gov/Publications/m anuals/const_details/pdfs/2018/2 018_Complete.pdf?cache=1574 097829298?cache=1574097895 197 Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. District of Columbia Standard Drawings na District DOT 2015 https://www.scribd.com/embeds/ 396815346/content?start_page= 1&view_mode=scroll&show_rec ommendations=false&access_ke y=key- izSUxUa37B78N4EmZLK6 Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Florida Standard Plans for Road Construction 102-600 (General Information for Traffic Control Through Work Zones), 711-001 (Pavement Markings) Florida DOT 2020a https://www.fdot.gov/design/stan dardplans/current/default.shtm Section 102 (General Construction Operations) gives signing, temporary traffic control device placement, and pavement configurations for different construction situations. Use of black paint or fog seal to cover existing pavement markings is not permitted. Standard Plan 711-001 (Pavement Markings) provides general details for denoting different pavement marking types. Georgia Construction Standards and Details T11 Pavement Marking Placement Georgia DOT 2016 http://mydocs.dot.ga.gov/info/gd otpubs/ConstructionStandardsA ndDetails/Forms/AllItems.aspx Provides pavement marking spacing, dimensions, and configurations for different roadway types. Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Hawaii 2005 Standard Plans na Hawaii DOT 2005b https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways /s2005-standard-specifications/ Standard plans are not available online. Standard plans are available for purchase.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Idaho Standard Drawings 630-1, 630-2 Idaho Transportation Department 2019 https://apps.itd.idaho.gov/Apps/S tandardDrawings/All_Standards_ 2019-04.pdf Provides pavement marking spacing, dimensions, and configurations for different roadway types. Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Illinois HighwayStandards Division 700 Illinois DOT 2019 http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uplo ads/files/Doing- Business/Standards/Highway- Standards/Rev%20222_11x17_ Complete%20Set.pdf Highway Standards 701001-02 through 701801-06 provide pavement marking spacing, dimensions, and layouts for different construction configurations. Indiana Standard Drawings Section 800 Traffic Control Devices and Lighting Indiana DOT 2019 https://www.in.gov/dot/div/contra cts/standards/drawings/sep19/ sep.htm Standard Drawing sets E801- TCCO, E801-TCDV, E801-TCLC, and E801-TCTC provide temporary marking layouts and dimensions for different construction configurations. Iowa Standard Road Plans PM-110, TC (Traffic Control) Series Iowa DOT 2020 https://iowadot.gov/design/standard-road-plans Standard Road Plan PM-110 provides spacing, dimensions, coloring and line types for different pavement marking types. Traffic Control Section (TC-61, TC-216, TC-217, TC-253, TC-271, TC-421, TC-423) outlines temporary pavement marking layouts for different construction configurations. Kansas KDOT Standard Drawings Traffic Engineering (TE) Kansas DOT 2018 https://kart.ksdot.org/StandardDr awings/StandardDetail.aspx Standard Drawings TE-700 through TE-795 provide layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction configurations.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Kentucky Standard Drawings Traffic Section, Temporary Kentucky Transportation Cabinet 2016 https://transportation.ky.gov/High way-Design/Pages/2016- Standard-Drawings.aspx Standard Drawings TTC-100-04 through TTC-150-03 provide layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction configurations. Standard Drawings TTC-160-02 and TTC-155-02 show general temporary pavement marking arrangements. Louisiana Standard Plans Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development 2019 http://wwwsp.dotd.la.gov/Inside_ LaDOTD/Divisions/Engineering/ Standard_Plans/Pages/default.a spx?RootFolder=%2FInside%5F LaDOTD%2FDivisions%2FEngin eering%2FStandard%5FPlans% 2FStandard%20Plans%2FStand ard%20Plans&FolderCTID=0x01 2000759B9DC184A87A4E8BAE ACED94697A67&View={6CA8D 877-4BA0-45CA-83B0- 350384A89137} Standard Plans TTC-01 through TTC-19 provide layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction configurations. Standard Plans TTC-00 (A) through TTC-00 (D) provide general notes for temporary pavement markings. Maine Standard Details Division 600 Miscellaneous Construction Maine DOT 2014a https://www.maine.gov/mdot/con tractors/publications/standarddet ail/docs/2014/2014_standard_de tails_complete.pdf Standard Details 627 (01-05) provide notes, dimensions, and notations for general pavement markings. Standard Details 652 (07-15) provide layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction configurations.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Maryland Standards for Highway and Incidental Structures and Traffic Control Applications Category 1- Preliminary Maryland DOT State Highway Administration 2019 https://apps.roads.maryland.gov/ BusinessWithSHA/bizStdsSpecs /desManualStdPub/publicationso nline/ohd/bookstd/pdf/category1. pdf Standards MD-104.02-01 through MD-104.06-07 provide layouts for temporary traffic control devices and methods for different construction configurations. Standards MD-104.00-A through MD-104.00-K detail application of temporary traffic control devices. Standards MD-104.01-08 through MD-104.01-11, MD-104.01-18B show charts for selection of temporary traffic control devices. Massachusetts Traffic Management Plans and Detailed Drawings na Massachusetts DOT 2020a https://www.mass.gov/doc/traffic -management-plans-and-detail- drawings/download Drawings show layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction configurations. Michigan Road and Bridge Standard Plans Road Standard Plans Michigan DOT 2018 https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/std plan/standardPlansHome.htm Standard Plan R-113-C shows layouts for temporary traffic control devices for temporary crossovers of divided highways. Minnesota Standard Plans 800 - Temp. Traffic Control, Pavement Marking, Lighting, and Signals Minnesota DOT 2020a https://standardplans.dot.state. mn.us/ Standard Plan 5-297.801 shows the layouts and dimensions of interim markings and signs for different roadway types.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Mississippi Roadway Design Standard Drawings Pavement Markings (PM), Traffic Control Plans (TCP) Mississippi DOT 2017a http://sp.mdot.ms.gov/Roadway Design/Standard%20Drawings/R oadway%20Standards%20Activ e%202017/Roadway%20Design %20Standard%20Drawings.pdf Traffic Control Plan (TCP) section provides layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. Pavement Markings (PM) section provides information and dimensions for different pavement marking types (not specifically temporary markings). Missouri Standard Plans 620.10G Temporary Pavement Marking Missouri DOT 2019b https://www.modot.org/sites/defa ult/files/documents/Std_Plans_0 7_01_2019_0.pdf Includes edge lines and centerlines, optional temporary pavement marking detail for intermediate lifts, TRPM detail. Montana Detailed Drawings 618 Traffic Control, 620 Pavement Marking Application Montana DOT 2020 https://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/we bdata/external/const/detailed_dr awings/2020/January-V1-0.pdf Section 618 shows temporary traffic control device layouts for different construction scenarios. Section 620 provides information and dimensions for different pavement marking symbols. Nebraska Standard Plans Drawings 9200 – 9260 Traffic Control, 9430 Temporary Traffic Control Nebraska DOT 2020 https://dot.nebraska.gov/media/6 645/standard.pdf Standard Plan No. 943 provides information and dimensions for temporary pavement markings. Standard Plan Nos. 920 through 926 show traffic control plans and layouts for different construction scenarios. Nevada Standard Plans for Road and Bridge Construction Traffic Control, Striping Nevada DOT 2017 https://www.nevadadot.com/hom e/showdocument?id=6926 Standard Plans T-35.1.1 through T-35.1.17 show traffic control layouts for different construction requirements. Standard Plan T- 37.1.3 shows dimensions for different temporary pavement markings.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes New Hampshire Standard Plans for Road Construction Traffic, Work Zone Traffic Control (TC-01 through TC-08) New Hampshire DOT 2019 https://www.nh.gov/dot/org/proje ctdevelopment/highwaydesign/st andardplans/ Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Traffic section has drawings providing general information and dimensions for permanent markings. Work Zone Traffic Control section contains drawings outlining layouts of temporary traffic control devices for construction, but no pavement markings. New Jersey Standard Construction Details Traffic Control, Striping New Jersey DOT 2016 https://www.state.nj.us/transport ation/eng/CADD/v8/pdf/StandCo nstDetails.pdf Standard Construction Detail CD- 159-2 provides information and dimensions for temporary markers and markings. Traffic Control Details section shows layouts of all temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. New Mexico Standard Drawings for Highway and Bridge Construction Section 702 Construction Traffic Control Devices New Mexico DOT 2019a https://dot.state.nm.us/content/d am/nmdot/Plans_Specs_Estimat es/2019_Standard_Drawings.pdf Standard Drawing 702-5 provides general information, dimensions, and layouts for temporary pavement markings. New York State U.S. Customary Standard Sheets 619 Work Zone Traffic Control, 685 Pavement Markings New York State DOT 2020b https://www.dot.ny.gov/main/busi ness-center/engineering/cadd- info/drawings/standard-sheets- us Pavement Markings section provides general information, dimensions, and layouts for pavement markings (not specifically temporary markings). Work Zone Traffic Control section details general notes and positioning for temporary traffic control devices under different construction scenarios.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes North Carolina Roadway Standard Drawings Division 11 Work Zone Traffic Control, Division 12 Pavement Markings, Markers and Delineation North Carolina DOT 2018b https://connect.ncdot.gov/resour ces/Specifications/Pages/2018- Roadway-Standard- Drawings.aspx Standard Drawings 1101.02 and 1101.03 show layouts and dimensions for temporary traffic control devices under different construction configurations. Division 12 shows line types and dimensions for general pavement markings and symbols (not specifically temporary markings). Standard Drawing 1251.01 shows details for TRPMs. North Dakota CADD Standard Drawings na North Dakota DOT 2020b https://www.dot.nd.gov/dotnet2/v iew/stddrawings.aspx Standard Drawing D-726-11 shows layouts, dimensions, and material specifications for short-term pavement markings for different types of roadways. Standard Drawing D-704-15 shows layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. Ohio Standard Construction Drawings Maintaining Traffic (MT) Ohio DOT 2020 http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisi ons/Engineering/Roadway/Desig nStandards/traffic/SCD/Pages/ default.aspx Maintaining Traffic section shows layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. Oklahoma Traffic Design Standards Traffic Control Section Oklahoma DOT 2009b https://www.odot.org/traffic/stand ards.htm Traffic Design Standards T-521 and T-522 show layouts, dimensions, and notes for placement of temporary pavement markings in different construction scenarios.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Oregon Standard Drawings Traffic Section, TM800 Temporary Traffic Control Oregon DOT 2019b https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/E ngineering/Pages/Standards.aspx Standard Drawing TM810 shows dimensions and layouts of temporary pavement markings and denotes scenarios in which each layout would be applicable. Pennsylvania Publication 111 Traffic Control na Pennsylvania DOT 2013 http://www.dot.state.pa.us/public /PubsForms/Publications/PUB% 20111.pdf Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Rhode Island Standard Details na Rhode Island DOT 2019 http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/ doingbusiness/RIDOT_Std_Deta ils.pdf Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. South Carolina Standard Drawings 600 Maintenance and Traffic Control South Carolina DOT 2019 https://www.scdot.org/business/s tandard-drawings.aspx Section 600 shows layouts and dimensions for temporary traffic control devices for different construction configurations. South Dakota Standard Plates 634 Traffic Control South Dakota DOT 2020a https://apps.sd.gov/HP20Standa rdPlates/ Traffic Control section contains temporary traffic control layouts for different construction configurations. Tennessee Standard Roadway Drawings Design - Traffic Control Tennessee DOT 2020 https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/tdo t/roadway-design/standard- drawings-library/standard- roadway-drawings.html Standard Roadway Drawings T- WZ-10 through T-WZ-42 show dimensions and layouts of temporary traffic control devices for different construction configurations.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Texas Traffic Engineering Standard Plan Sheets Work Zone Standards, Traffic Control Plan Standards Texas DOT 2019 https://www.dot.state.tx.us/insdtd ot/orgchart/cmd/cserve/standard/ toc.htm Standard Plan Sheet WZ(STPM)- 13 provides information, spacing, and dimensions for short-term pavement markings. Traffic Control Plan Standards section contains layouts for temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. Utah Standard Drawings for Road and Bridge Construction Traffic Control (TC) Utah DOT 2017a https://www.udot.utah.gov/main/ uconowner.gf?n=317305148111 23516 Standard Drawings TC-5 through TC-17 show layouts and spacing for temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. Vermont Construction Standards Section T Vermont Agency of Transportation 2017 https://outside.vermont.gov/agen cy/vtrans/external/CADD/WebFil es/Downloads/Standards/VAOTc onSTD_Name.xml Section T provides layouts and dimensions of temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. Virginia Road and Bridge Standards Section 1300 Traffic Control Devices Virginia DOT 2016b https://www.virginiadot.org/busin ess/locdes/2016_road_and_brid ge_standards.asp Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Washington Plan Sheet Library Work Zone Traffic Control (TC) Washington State DOT 2020a https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Desig n/Standards/PlanSheet/default.h tm#TC TC section includes temporary traffic control plans and temporary marking configurations and dimensions for different construction requirements. West Virginia Standard Details Volume II, Markings West Virginia DOT 2019 https://transportation.wv.gov/hig hways/engineering/StandardDet ails/Vol2/Std%20Dtls%20Vol%2 0II%202019-01-01.pdf Standard drawings are not available for temporary pavement markings. Markings section has general information, layouts, and dimensions for permanent markings.

DOT Resource Description Chapter/Section (if applicable) Reference URL Notes Wisconsin Standard Detail Drawing 15D Traffic Control Wisconsin DOT 2020a https://wisconsindot.gov/Pages/d oing-bus/eng-consultants/cnslt- rsrces/rdwy/sdd.aspx Traffic control section shows layouts and dimensions for temporary traffic control devices for different construction scenarios. Wyoming Standard Plans Division 700 Traffic Control and Roadway Lighting Wyoming DOT 2018 http://www.dot.state.wy.us/home /engineering_technical_program s/manuals_publications/standard plans/Standard_Plans.html Section 700 provides standards, spacing, notations, and layouts for temporary traffic control devices. NOTE: na = not applicable.

Next: Appendix G - Temporary Pavement Markings and Marking Removal Methods by Climate Region »
Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Get This Book
×
 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Agencies must consider many factors, such as work zone duration and weather conditions, in selecting appropriate pavement marking materials to effectively guide drivers through work zones.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 574: Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones addresses the need for more knowledge on which different types of temporary markings are suitable for specific conditions.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!