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Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version (2022)

Chapter: 附件 F: 使用不同方式的辐射灭菌

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Suggested Citation:"附件 F: 使用不同方式的辐射灭菌." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
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附件 F

使用不同方式的辐射灭菌

使用伽马射线、X 射线和电子束(电子光束)的灭菌过程在能量转移和相互作用方面大致相似。伽马射线和 X 射线都涉及光子与材料相互作用的两步过程,主要是通过康普顿效应,然后产生的二次电子沉积剂量并对生物负载的生物结构造成损害。在电子束的情况下,光子与材料的初始相互作用被省略,取而代之的是电子直接与材料相互作用。也就是说,电子束是最直接的灭菌方式。电子束和伽马或 X 射线源之间的这种区别在于其导致产品中的不同剂量分布。

X 射线的穿透力略高于来自钴 60 的伽马射线(见图 F.1)。与伽马射线一样,X 射线会产生电子,这是与要消毒的产品相互作用时的活性因素。轫致辐射过程会产生用于灭菌的 X 射线。通常,7.5 MeV 电子被引导到致密的高 Z 材料上,例如钽。当电子被目标材料原子散射时,会产生广谱的 X 射线(见图 F.2)。轫致辐射过程在 7.5 MeV 时效率很低;只有 10-15% 的电子能量转换为 X 射线。其余的作为热量在目标中消散。因此,要产生 15 kW 的 X 射线功率,需要大约 120 kW 的电子束功率。一兆居里的钴 60 释放大约 15 kW 的光子能量。

用于灭菌的电子束加速器通常在 50 至 80 kW 范围内,相当于 3 至 5 MCi (111 至 185 GBq)的钴 60。电子束的剂量率可高达 20 MGy/hr,允许在数十秒内处理一盒或一箱产品。电子束装置的吞吐量可以设计为与伽马装置的吞吐量相当。

可能导致材料对三种辐射灭菌方式的响应不同的一个参数是剂量率。伽马装置通常提供大约 10 kGy/ hr。对于典型的灭菌处方 (25 kGy),这意味着设备必须在辐照室中保留 2.5-3 小时。X 射线系统的剂量率可能是伽马剂量率的六倍,因此照射时间为 20-30 分钟。电子束可以提供大约 20 MGy/hr 的速度,并且可以在几秒钟内照射这里的产品。这种剂量率变化可能是有利的,也可能是不利的,取决于被消毒的材料。材料中的一些不良反应可能没有时间在更高的剂量率下发生,从而提高其耐受辐射的能力。然而,水中 25 kGy 会导致温度升高 6°C。根据密度和其他几何因素的变化,这在产品的某些区域可能更高。短时间内温度急剧升高可能是一个问题,或者与在典型的钴 60 辐照器的高温环境中花费 2-3 小时相比,这可能更容易忍受。

Suggested Citation:"附件 F: 使用不同方式的辐射灭菌." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
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Image
图 F.1 三种灭菌辐射方式的穿透深度图。
备注:数据仅针对水 (1 g/cm3)。X 射线数据适用于轫致辐射靶上的 7.5 MeV 电子。
来源:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory。
Image
图 F.2 三种灭菌辐射方式的能谱。
备注:电子束曲线包括 30 keV 的宽度,容易通过加速器源实现。然后将其光谱衰减 2 mm 的钽以表示韧致辐射目标中的自吸收。
来源:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory。
Suggested Citation:"附件 F: 使用不同方式的辐射灭菌." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
×
Page 181
Suggested Citation:"附件 F: 使用不同方式的辐射灭菌." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
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Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies assesses the status of medical, research, sterilization, and other commercial applications of radioactive sources and alternative (nonradioisotopic) technologies in the United States and internationally. Focusing on Category 1, 2, and 3 sources, this report reviews the current state of these sources by application and reviews the current state of existing technologies on the market or under development that are or could be used to replace radioisotopic technologies in those applications. Radioactive Sources will support existing and future activities under the National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Radiological Security program to reduce the use of high-risk radiological materials in commercial applications.

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