National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Front Matter
Suggested Citation:"概要." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
×

概要

Sandia National Laboratories 赞助 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (国家科学院)进行放射源和替代(非放射性同位素)技术在美国及全球医疗、研究、灭菌和其他商业应用方面的状态评估。研究目的在于支持 National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Radiological Security 计划下的当前和未来活动,从而减少目前在这些应用中使用高风险放射性材料并推动使用替代技术。研究检查了 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 制定的五类系统中最危险的三大源类别,即第 1、2 和 3 类源。系统主要根据其对处理或接触人员在没有安全管理或妥善保护的情况下造成的确定性1健康影响的可能性对放射源进行排序。系统不考虑随机效应,比如在没有安全、妥善管理的情况下接近放射源可能后期诱发癌症发展或涉及该类放射源的放射事故相关社会经济后果。包括 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) 在内的国家监管机构已采用 IAEA 的源分类系统来规范放射源的安全和安保。

国家科学院委任了专家委员会开展研究与编制技术报告。该委员会采用先前国家科学院关于同一主题2的报告作为基线,评估采用替代放射源技术的进展情况。

委员会发现,放射源继续在国内和国际上得到广泛使用,与 12 年前相比,当今美国存在更多的高风险(1 类和 2 类)放射源及可能更多的 3 类放射源。尽管在采用替代放射源技术方面取得了一定进展,但不同应用采用技术的进展速度不同,而且对于某些应用,仍未开发出合适的替代技术。因此,预计在可预见的未来仍将继续使用 1 至 3 类放射源。安全、跟踪和适当的报废管理对于降低与这类放射源相关的风险和加强问责制至关重要。

___________________

1 确定性影响是存在剂量阈值水平的影响,超过该阈值水平时,健康影响的严重程度随着剂量的增加而加重。

2 NRC (National Research Council)。2008.Radiation source use and replacement:Abbreviated version.Washington, DC:The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"概要." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
×

委员会建议

  • 重新调整放射源分类系统,以纳入放射源产生健康影响和经济与社会影响的概率可能性,并酌情变更放射源的安保与跟踪。
  • 扩大目前对财务担保的要求,以确保充分涵盖新获得许可的放射源报废管理,并制定目前有主和无主放射源报废管理的国家战略。
  • 优先资助旨在开发在目前阶段没有可接受的非放射性同位素替代技术的应用中使用放射源替代品的研究和开发项目。
  • 支持替代放射源和采用替代技术的等效研究。
  • 启动研究适用于校准应用的氯化铯替代品。

委员会发现替代技术并不能提供“一刀切的解决方案”。因为在获得医疗保健和资源方面的巨大差异,这在高收入、低收入和中等收入国家的医疗应用中尤为明显。在一些低收入和中等收入国家,癌症治疗替代技术的采用对患者护理产生了意想不到的负面影响,因为缺乏让该类替代技术成为可行选择所需的资源和基础设施。委员会建议美国政府和其他国家和国际组织在全球及低收入和中等收入国家减少使用强放射性放射源方面所付出的努力应通过核查当地基础设施和需求来推动。

Suggested Citation:"概要." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
×
Page 1
Suggested Citation:"概要." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26452.
×
Page 2
Next: 综述 »
Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version Get This Book
×
 Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies: Chinese Version
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies assesses the status of medical, research, sterilization, and other commercial applications of radioactive sources and alternative (nonradioisotopic) technologies in the United States and internationally. Focusing on Category 1, 2, and 3 sources, this report reviews the current state of these sources by application and reviews the current state of existing technologies on the market or under development that are or could be used to replace radioisotopic technologies in those applications. Radioactive Sources will support existing and future activities under the National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Radiological Security program to reduce the use of high-risk radiological materials in commercial applications.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!