Guide to Pedestrian Analysis (2022)

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B-1   This appendix provides instructions for using the two Microsoft Excel spreadsheets that implement the pedestrian crossing delay and level of service (LOS) methods described in Appendix A. The most recent versions of these spreadsheets are kept online in Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) Volume 4 (hcmvolume4.org) at Home > Applications Guides > Planning & Preliminary Applications Guide to the HCM > PPEAG [Planning and Preliminary Engineering Applications Guide] Computational Engines. A free, one-time registration is required to access HCM Volume 4. General questions on the use of the spreadsheets should be posted in the HCM Volume 4 Discussion Forum. The error-reporting link in the site’s Errata & Updates section should be used to send reports of potential errors in the spreadsheet or underlying methods. Comments and questions should be specific and refer to specific spreadsheet cells. Note that the spread- sheets are noncommercial software and are maintained on a volunteer basis, so it may take some time to receive a reply. No warranty is made by the developers, their employer, the TRB, or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine as to the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of this software and its associated equations and documentation, nor is any responsibility assumed for incorrect results or damages resulting from the use of this software. The software does not perform any checks to identify illogical user input. Green-shaded cells in the spreadsheets indicate where user input is required; a lighter shade of green is used for optional input. Depending on user selections (e.g., pedestrian timing type), the shading of certain cells may appear or disappear, depending on the inputs required for that particular selection. All other cells are calculated. The formulas used for these calculations are stored in the cells; no macros are used. Uncontrolled Crossing Pedestrian Delay and Level of Service This spreadsheet calculates pedestrian delay and LOS for two uncontrolled crossings or for two scenarios for a single crossing. It contains three sheets: “Overview,” “LOS,” and “Delay.” The “Overview” sheet contains, among other things, a brief summary of these instructions and the spreadsheet’s version history. The other two sections are described in the following sections. Level of Service Figure B-1 shows a screenshot of the “LOS” sheet. Columns B and C contain user inputs, followed by the calculation results for each intermediate variable used in calculating the LOS. A P P E N D I X B Instructions for Spreadsheet Computational Engines

B-2 Guide to Pedestrian Analysis e yielding and delay portion of the calculations are described in “Estimation of Pedestrian Delay: Uncontrolled Crossings” in Appendix A; the calculations for the probability satisfaction are described in “Estimation of Pedestrian Satisfaction: Uncontrolled Crossings” also in Appen- dix A. e right side of the sheet contains lookup tables used by some calculations. e following user inputs are available: • Scenario. ese are labels to indicate the crossing or scenario being analyzed. • Crossing type. ese cells contain pull-down menus with the following options: unmarked crossing (“Unmarked”), marked crossing with median island (“Median Island”), marked crossing with rectangular rapid-ashing beacon (“RRFB”), marked crossing with a median island and RRFB (“Island + RRFB”), and all other types of marked crossings (“Marked”). • AADT. e annual average daily trac of the roadway being crossed. • K-factor. e proportion of AADT occurring during the peak hour, entered as a decimal. • Peak-hour vehicular ow rate (veh/h). Optionally, the peak-hour ow rate (vehicles/hour) of the street being crossed can be entered. If not provided, it will be calculated as the AADT multiplied by the K factor. • Initial crossing width (). e curb-to-curb distance, in feet, of the rst stage of the cross- ing (from the curb to the median island, if an island is present, and the full crossing length otherwise). • Total crossing width (lanes). e total number of through travel lanes crossed. If a median island is present, sum the lanes crossed on either side of the island. • Ped speed (/s). e pedestrian speed, in feet per second, to be used in the analysis. • Ped start-up and end clearance time (s). Buer time, in seconds, added to the critical head- way. It represents extra time that pedestrians allow to begin their crossing aer the last vehicle has passed the crosswalk at the start of the critical headway and to end their crossing before the rst vehicle arrives at the crosswalk at the end of the critical headway. Figure B-1. Uncontrolled crossing pedestrian level-of-service screen.

Instructions for Spreadsheet Computational Engines B-3   • Yielding behavior. ese cells contain pull-down menus with four options for motorist yielding behavior: “Average” (national average yielding rates, as shown in Table 3-4), “NCHRP 17-87” (average yielding rates from the data collection used to create this method, generally better than the national average), “Worse” (worse yielding rates than the national average, including no yielding at unmarked crosswalks), and “Custom.” If “Custom” is selected, the user should enter the yielding rate for each crossing type as decimals in the light-green cells in Column I. By default, the spreadsheet neglects pedestrian platooning (i.e., pedestrians crossing in multiple rows) in the calculation of LOS, so that the group critical headway equals the critical headway. is setting can be changed on the Delay sheet if desired. When the crossing includes a median island, the spreadsheet assumes that the trac volume is divided equally between the two directions and that an equal number of through travel lanes is crossed on either side of the island. Cells B12 through B31 and C12 through C31 display the calculation results for each variable used to calculate LOS. e LOS result is based on the estimated percentage of pedestrians who would be dissatised with their crossing experience. Delay e user should ll in all the user inputs on the LOS sheet prior to using the “Delay” sheet. Figure B-2 shows a screenshot of the “Delay” sheet. Cells F2 through F4 and G2 through G4 contain additional user inputs related to pedestrian platooning: • Pedestrian platooning? ese cells contain drop-down menus with two choices: “Yes” and “No.” If “No” is selected, no further user input is needed and the calculation will proceed assuming no platooning. If “Yes” is selected, two additional user inputs will be highlighted. Figure B-2. Uncontrolled crossing pedestrian delay screen.

B-4 Guide to Pedestrian Analysis • Crosswalk width (). e crosswalk width (only used for platooning). • Directional pedestrian ow rate (ped/h). e number of pedestrians per hour crossing in one direction of the crosswalk (only used for platooning). e value of the average number of potential yielding events before an adequate gap becomes available (n) is capped at 500. If n exceeds 500, delay will be underestimated, key results will be shown in red, and an error message will be displayed in Cell D519. By default, results for only the rst 10 potential yielding events are displayed, the results for Yielding Events 11 through 500 can be displayed by unhiding Rows 27 through 516. It is possible to manually modify the spreadsheet to accommodate more yielding events by inserting additional rows aer Row 516 and copying the preceding rows. However, the delay result with 500 yielding events will normally be high enough to indicate an undesirable level of delay. Signalized Crossing Pedestrian Delay is spreadsheet calculates pedestrian delay and LOS for the following types of signalized pedestrian crossings: • One leg, one stage for up to four legs of an intersection; • One leg, two stages for both directions of a single intersection leg; and • Two legs, two stages for crossing in one direction between one corner and a diagonally opposite corner. e spreadsheet contains one self-contained sheet for each of these crossing types plus an “Overview” sheet that provides, among other things, a brief summary of these instructions and the spreadsheet’s version history. Chapter 19 of the HCM 6th ed. denes trac signal timing settings in more detail. One Leg, One Stage Figure B-3 shows a screenshot of the “One Leg One Stage” sheet. Rows 1 through 10 contain user inputs, followed by the eective “Walk” time calculations in Row 11 and the delay results in Row 12. e calculations used by the sheet are described in “Estimation of Pedestrian Delay: Signalized Crossings” in Appendix A. e following user inputs are available: • Intersection. A label indicating the intersection being analyzed. • Pedestrian crossing location. Labels indicating the specic crossing or leg being analyzed. • Pedestrian timing type. ese cells contain pull-down menus with the following options for each crossing: “Pre-timed with ped head,” “Actuated with ped head,” “Actuated with ped head and rest-in-walk,” and “No ped head.” e selected timing type will determine which Figure B-3. Signalized crossing (one leg, one stage) pedestrian delay screen.

Instructions for Spreadsheet Computational Engines B-5   additional user inputs are available in Rows 6 through 10, as well as aect the calculation of eective walk time. • Cycle length (s). e length of the trac signal cycle (or average length, if the signal is actuated), in seconds. • “Walk” interval duration (s). e length of time the “Walk” indication is displayed for each crossing. • Duration of phase serving ped movements (s). e (average) time, in seconds, of the phase serving the crossing (only used for “rest-in-walk” and “no ped head” timing types). • Yellow change interval (s). e duration of the yellow change interval, in seconds, for the phase serving the crossing (only used for “rest-in-walk” and “no ped head” timing types). • Red clearance interval (s). e duration of the red clearance interval, in seconds, for the phase serving the crossing (only used for “rest-in-walk” and “no ped head” timing types). • Pedestrian clear setting (s). e duration of the pedestrian clear interval (when ashing “Don’t Walk” is displayed), in seconds, for the phase serving the crossing (only used for “rest-in-walk” timing type). One Leg, Two Stages Figure B-4 shows a screenshot of the “One Leg Two Stages” sheet. Cells B1 through B13 and C1 through C13 contain user inputs, followed by calculation results for intermediate variables in Rows 14 through 25 and the delay results in Row 26. e calculations used by the sheet are described in “Estimation of Pedestrian Delay: Signalized Crossings” in Appendix A. e user inputs are generally the same as described above for a one-leg, one-stage crossing, with the following exceptions: • Pedestrian timing type. Only three options are provided: “Pre-timed with ped head,” “Actuated with ped head,” and “Actuated with ped head and rest-in-walk.” Inputs in Rows 10 through 13 are only used with the last timing type. • Pedestrian walking speed (/s). e pedestrian speed, in feet per second, to be used for the analysis. Figure B-4. Signalized crossing (one leg, two stages) pedestrian delay screen.

B-6 Guide to Pedestrian Analysis • Pedestrian crossing direction. Labels indicating which crosswalk direction is being analyzed. If desired, these labels can refer to the corner names shown in the diagram to the right. • Distance corner to far side of median (). e distance along the middle of the crosswalk, in feet, from the near curb to the far edge of the median. • Relative start time of ped phase (s). The time, in seconds, when the pedestrian phase for the rst crossing stage in the direction of interest begins relative to the start of the cycle (Time 0). Two Legs, Two Stages Figure B-5 shows a screenshot of the “Two Legs Two Stages” sheet. Cells B1 through B14, C1 through C14, and D1 through D14 contain user inputs, followed by calculation results for intermediate variables in Rows 15 through 20 and 22, and the delay result in Row 21. e calcu- lations used by the sheet are described in “Estimation of Pedestrian Delay: Signalized Crossings” in Appendix A. e method denes three pedestrian phases for which user inputs are required: • Phase X. e rst crossing in the user-dened analysis direction. • Phase Y. e second crossing in the user-dened analysis direction. • Phase Z. e other option for the rst crossing from the starting corner. For example, if the analysis direction is from Corners B to C to D, as indicated in the diagram in Figure B-5, Phase X would be the crossing from Corners B to C, Phase Y would be the crossing from Corners C to D, and Phase Z would be the crossing from Corners B to A. e user inputs on this sheet are generally the same as described above for a one-leg, one-stage crossing, with the following exceptions: • Pedestrian timing type. Only three options are provided: “Pre-timed with ped head,” “Actu- ated with ped head,” and “Actuated with ped head and rest-in-walk.” Inputs in Rows 11 through 14 are only used with the last timing type. Figure B-5. Signalized crossing (two legs, two stages) pedestrian delay screen.

Instructions for Spreadsheet Computational Engines B-7   • Pedestrian walking speed (ft/s). The pedestrian speed, in feet per second, to be used for the analysis. • Pedestrian crossing direction. A label indicating which crossing direction is being analyzed, which also helps indicate which crossings are used by Phases X, Y, and Z. • Length of first crosswalk (ft). The curb-to-curb distance along the middle of the crosswalk, in feet, for the first crossing in the analysis direction. • Relative start time of ped phase (s). The time, in seconds, when each pedestrian phase begins relative to the start of the cycle (Time 0).

Abbreviations and acronyms used without denitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration GHSA Governors Highway Safety Association HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation

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