Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 (2022)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

G Biographies of Committee Members and Staff STEERING COMMITTEE ROBIN M. CANUP (NAS) is Assistant Vice President at Southwest Research Institute where she leads the Planetary Sciences Directorate in Boulder, Colorado. Dr. Canup is a theoretician, utilizing numerical simulations and analytical methods to study the formation and early evolution of planets and their moons. She has modeled many aspects of the formation of the Moon, including hydrodynamical simulations of lunar-forming giant impacts, the accumulation of the Moon, and its initial composition and orbital evolution. Dr. Canup has also developed models for an impact origin of the satellites of Pluto and Mars. Another major area of her work has addressed the origin of the systems of rings and satellites around the outer giant planets, including models of circumplanetary disk formation during late gas accretion, satellite accretion and migration, giant impacts and early dynamical evolution, and the compositional and interior properties of outer rings and moons. She was the recipient of the 2003 Urey Prize of the Division of Planetary Sciences and the 2004 Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union, and is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. Dr. Canup was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012, and served on the Academies’ 2015 and 2018 J. Lawrence Smith Medal Selection Committees, and the 2014 and 2017-2019 NAS Class I Membership Committees. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017. She earned her Ph.D. and M.S. in astrophysics and planetary sciences from the University of Colorado, Boulder. PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN is a Regents Professor and the Ed and Helen Korrick Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University. His research interests focus on the composition, processes, and physical properties of Mars, Earth, asteroids, Europa, and other planetary surfaces. Dr. Christensen uses spectroscopy, radiometry, field observations, and numerical modeling to study the geology and history of planets and moons. A major facet of his research is the development of spacecraft instruments, and he has built eight science instruments that have flown on NASA’s Mars Observer, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers, OSIRIS-Rex and Lucy missions, as well as an infrared spectrometer for the UAE’s Hope Mars mission. His group is currently developing an infrared camera for NASA’s Europa Clipper mission. Over the past 25 years he has developed an extensive K-12 education and outreach program to bring the excitement of science and exploration into the classroom. Dr. Christensen is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the Geological Society of America and received the AGU’s Whipple Award in 2018, the GSA’s G.K. Gilbert Award in 2008, NASA’s Public Service Medal in 2005, and NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal in 2003. He received his Ph.D. in geophysics and space physics from the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr. Christensen has previously served as a member of the NRC Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, served as chair of the Mars Panel of the NRC Planetary Science Decadal Survey in 2010-2011 and was Co-Chair of the NRC’s Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science from 2012-2015. MAHZARIN BANAJI (NAS) is the Richard Clarke Cabot professor of Social Ethics in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University. Mahzarin is an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-1 

Sciences, the British Academy, the National Academy of Sciences, Herbert Simon Fellow of the Academy of Political and Social Science, and the American Philosophical Society. She has received awards for teaching excellence from both Yale and Harvard. Mahzarin also received a Guggenheim Fellowship, APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contribution, APS’s William James Fellow Award for “a lifetime of significant intellectual contributions to the basic science of psychology” and the Cattell Fellow Award for “a lifetime of applied psychological research”. She is the recipient of five honorary degrees, the Golden Goose Award from the United States Congress, and the Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Science from the National Academy of Sciences. She is a co-author of Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People. STEVEN J. BATTEL (NAE) is president of Battel Engineering, providing engineering, technology development, and review services to NASA, the Department of Defense, as well as university and industry clients. He is also an adjunct clinical professor of Engineering at the University of Michigan. Prior to starting Battel Engineering, he worked as an engineer, researcher, and manager at the University of Michigan, the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Over the past 45 years he has developed scientific instruments and electronic systems for over 30 NASA and ESA missions including Gravity Probe-B, Mars- Curiosity, Mars-Phoenix, Cassini, Huygens, HST, LADEE, MAVEN, ExoMars, and Mars 2020. Battel is a fellow of the AIAA and AAAS, a senior member of IEEE, and a member of Sigma Xi. He is a current member of the discipline Committee on Solar and Space Physics and a former member of the Space Studies Board, the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, the AURA Space Telescope Institute Council, and the AURA Solar Observatory Council. He has served on multiple previous National Academies committees including the NASA Astrophysics Performance Assessment, the Committee on Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope, and three Decadal Survey committees: Astronomy and Astrophysics (2010), Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics; 2012), and Earth Science and Applications from Space (2017). He also chaired recently released 2022 consensus report: Leveraging Commercial Space for Earth and Ocean Remote Sensing. Battel received his B.S. in engineering from the University of Michigan. LARS E. BORG is Cosmochemistry group lead within the Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. His research interests involve isotopic, geochemical, and petrologic analysis of terrestrial bodies including Moon, Earth, Mars, and asteroids, as well as materials from the nuclear fuel cycle. One area of his research involves using the measured ages of planetary samples, and suites of samples, to constrain processes occurring in the proto-planetary disk and in differentiated bodies during the earliest stages of solar system history. Another area of research is focused on understanding the origin of interdicted nuclear materials and development of isotopic techniques to understand the behavior of historical nuclear tests. Work in planetary science has defined age relations of various suites of lunar crustal and mantle rocks, as well as martian basaltic meteorites in order to understand the timing and style of global-scale differentiation on these bodies. He has also completed both radiogenic and stable isotope analyses on lunar samples to define the timing and extent of volatile element depletion in the inner solar system. He has served on numerous NASA subcommittees including the NASA Advisory Council’s Planetary Sciences Subcommittee, the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials, the Lunar Sample Subcommittee (Chair), and the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group. He received his Ph.D. in isotope geochemistry from the University of Texas at Austin. ATHENA COUSTENIS is director of research with the National Centre for Scientific Research of France and is based at Paris Observatory in Meudon, France. She earned her Ph.D. in astrophysics and space techniques and her Habilitation to Direct Research from the University of Paris. Coustenis works in the field of planetology and her research focuses on the use of ground- and space-based observatories and space missions to study solar system bodies. Her current interests include planetary atmospheres and surfaces, with particular emphasis on the satellites of the giant planets. Coustenis is also interested in the PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-2 

characterization of the atmospheres of extrasolar planets. In recent years, she has been leading efforts to define and select future space missions to be undertaken by the European Space Agency (ESA) and its international partners. She is currently the chair of the ESA Human Spaceflight and Exploration Science Advisory Committee; chair of the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection and Chair of the Science Advisory Committee of the French National Center for Space Studies (CNES). She has also chaired and served on numerous ESA and NASA advisory groups and international associations like AAS/DPS, IUGG/IAMAS and EGU. Coustenis previously served as an ex-officio member on the NASEM Space Studies Board and as a member of the National Academies’ Committee on Survey of Surveys: Lessons Learned from the Decadal Survey Process. JAMES H. CROCKER (NAE) is vice president and general manager, retired, of Space Systems at Lockheed Martin Corporation. The focus of his career has been the design, construction, and management of very large, complex systems and instruments for astrophysics and space exploration both in the U.S. and internationally. These include space missions both human and robotic such as Apollo 17, Skylab, Orion; missions to Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, asteroids, the moon, comets, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope. In ground-based astronomy, Crocker was program manager for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and head of the Program Office for the European VLT, an array of optically phased 8-meter telescope in the Atacama Desert in Chile. He is a current board member of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy. Crocker is a past board chair of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science and a past board chair of the Universities Space Research Association. Crocker is a fellow of the AIAA and fellow of the AAS, and a full member of the International Academy of Astronautics. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Crocker earned a B.E.E. from the Georgia Institute of Technology, an M.S. in engineering from University of Alabama in Huntsville and a M.S. in engineering management from the Johns Hopkins University. BRETT W. DENEVI is a principal staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Her research focuses on the origin and evolution of planetary surfaces, particularly the history of volcanism, the effects of impact cratering, and space weathering. She has been a member of numerous NASA mission teams including as deputy principal investigator of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, deputy instrument scientist for the Mercury Dual Imaging System on board the MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury, participating scientist on the Dawn mission at asteroid Vesta, co-investigator and instrument lead on the Lunar Vertex investigation, and co-investigator on NASA’s ShadowCam instrument on the Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter. Denevi is the science chair of NASA’s Lunar Exploration Analysis Group and is the recipient of the 2015 Maryland Academy of Science Outstanding Young Scientist Award, a NASA Early Career Fellowship, seven NASA group achievement awards, and asteroid 9026 Denevi was named in her honor. She received her Ph.D. in geology and geophysics from the University of Hawaii. BETHANY L. EHLMANN is a professor of planetary science at the California Institute of Technology. Ehlmann’s research interests include planetary surface processes, infrared spectroscopy, the evolution of Mars, and water-rock interactions throughout the solar system. Previously, she was a European Union Marie Curie Fellow and a collaborator on the Mars Exploration Rovers during their primary and first extended missions and an affiliate of the Dawn science team for its Ceres phase. Ehlmann is co-investigator and a deputy principal investigator for the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, participating scientist on the Mars Science Laboratory mission, co-investigator for the Mars-2020 rover's Mastcam-Z and SHERLOC instruments, and principal investigator of Lunar Trailblazer. She is a recipient of the Division for Planetary Sciences Urey Prize, the American Geophysical Union’s Macelwane medal, the Committee on Space Research’s Zeldovich medal, National Geographic's Emerging Explorer award, the Mineralogical Society of America Distinguished Lecturer award as well as NASA Group Achievement awards. Ehlmann earned a Ph.D. in geological sciences from Brown University. She has served on the National Academies Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science. PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-3 

LARRY W. ESPOSITO is a professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder and at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. He is the principal investigator of the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph experiment on the Cassini space mission to Saturn. Esposito was chair of the Voyager Rings Working Group and, as a member of the Pioneer Saturn Imaging Team, he discovered Saturn’s F ring. His research focuses on the nature and history of planetary rings. Esposito has been a participant in numerous U.S., Russian, and European space missions and used the Hubble Space Telescope for its first observations of Venus. Esposito was awarded the Harold C. Urey Prize from the American Astronomical Society, the Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement from NASA, and the Richtmyer Lecture Award from the American Association of Physics Teachers and the American Physical Society. He received his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Esposito has extensive experience with National Academies’ activities, including chairing the Task Group on the Forward Contamination of Europa and the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration. ORLANDO FIGUEROA is the president of Orlando Leadership Enterprise, LLC, which focuses on providing expert assessment and advice in: space mission systems and technology, organization and enterprise/program management, strategic planning, and team and leadership development. Prior to starting his current role, Figueroa retired from NASA as a senior executive with 33 years of experience in the management, planning and development of scientific space programs, missions, and related technologies. Figueroa is versed in interacting with national and international government and non-government organizations. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the 2016 National Space Society Pioneer Award, the 2010 NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Senior Executive Service Presidential Rank awards, the 2008 Smithsonian Latino Center Legacy award for contributions to American Culture in Science, and the 2005 Service to America Medal Federal Employee of the Year. Figueroa received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from the University of Puerto Rico. JOHN M. GRUNSFELD is the president and chief executive officer of Endless Frontier Associates, LLC. Grunsfeld holds over 30 years of experience in program management and research. Prior to starting his current role, he was the former associate administrator for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA, where he managed the portfolio of the agency’s space and Earth science programs and joint agency programs. In addition, he served in numerous positions including NASA chief scientist, deputy director of the Space Telescope Science Institute, a professor at the Johns Hopkins University, NASA astronaut, and a senior research fellow at the California Institute of Technology. Grunsfeld is a veteran of five Space Shuttle missions including: STS 67, STS-81, STS-103, STS-109, and STS-125. He is the recipient of multiple awards including the NASA Space Flight Medals, the NASA Exceptional Service Medals, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and a NASA Constellation Award. Grunsfeld earned his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago. JULIE HUBER is a senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Dr. Huber is an oceanographer who studies microbial life in deep-sea crustal ocean habitats. These microbes provide critical ecosystem services such as primary production to sustain deep-sea food webs, nutrient and element recycling, carbon sequestration, and symbiotic relationships with diverse animals. In her research, she unravels the mystery of what microbes live in oceanic crustal environments, how they harness energy from the fluids and rocks that surround them, their activities, evolutionary trajectories, and interactions, and how they contribute to carbon and element cycling that influence the broader ocean system. She has led and participated in numerous deep-sea expeditions using human-occupied, remotely operated, and autonomous vehicles to study microbial life on and beneath the seafloor around the world. Dr. Huber previously served as a member of the Nation Academies’ Committee on Scientific Ocean Drilling in the Ocean Studies Board. A 2007 NASA Astrobiology Institute postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Huber also received the L’Oréal USA for Women in Science Fellowship. She received her Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of Washington. PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-4 

KRISHAN KHURANA is a senior research geophysicist at the Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics and the Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has worked on many theoretical and empirical investigations relating to the magnetospheres of Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn and is currently a co-investigator on the magnetometer experiments onboard Cluster, THEMIS, JUICE and Europa Clipper missions. Khurana’s recent research has covered studies of subsurface oceans in Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, ULF waves in outer magnetospheres, the structure and composition of the jovian plasma sheet, and the maintenance of corotation in the jovian magnetosphere. He was elected as a fellow to the American Geophysical Union in 2011. Khurana received his Ph.D. in the field of magnetohydrodynamic waves in rotating fluids from Durham University. He previously served on the National Academies’ Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, the Committee on Solar and Space Physics, and the Committee on Heliophysics Performance Assessment. WILLIAM B. MCKINNON is professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Washington University in Saint Louis. He also serves as a fellow of the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences. McKinnon’s research interests include the structure, origin, evolution, geology, and bombardment history of outer planet satellites and dwarf planets; and impact mechanics on rocky and icy bodies. He is a co-investigator on NASA's New Horizons and Europa Clipper missions and on the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, and serves as an editor of Earth and Planetary Science Letters. McKinnon has received three group achievement awards from NASA, has asteroid 9526 Billmckinnon named after him, and in 2014 he received the G.K. Gilbert Award from the Planetary Geology Division of the Geological Society of America. He earned his Ph.D. in planetary science and geophysics from the California Institute of Technology. McKinnon has served as co-chair of the National Academies Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science, and a member of the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, and the Committee on Priorities for Space Science Enabled by Nuclear Power and Propulsion: A Vision for Beyond 2015. FRANCIS NIMMO (NAS) is a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. His research interests cover Mars, Venus, Europa, Ganymede, Mercury, the Moon, and Pluto (as well as other icy satellites). Nimmo’s research accomplishments include showing that a giant impact could have generated the martian hemispheric dichotomy; identifying shear- heating as an important process on Enceladus, Europa, and Triton; proposing true polar wander as an important process on Enceladus and Pluto; and explaining the link between plate tectonics and dynamo activity on Mars and Venus. He is the recipient of the 2007 Macelwane medal and Urey prize, the 2018 Farinella Prize and the 2019 Jeffreys lectureship. He received his Ph.D. in volcanism and tectonics on Venus from Cambridge University in the United Kingdom. Nimmo previously served on the National Academies Committee for the Review of the Next Decadal Mars Architecture, the Satellites Panel for the Visions and Voyages Decadal Survey, and the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2020. CAROL RAYMOND is a senior research and principal scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and serves as the program scientist for both the Mission Formulation and the Small Bodies and Planetary Defense Offices within JPL’s Planetary Science Directorate. Her current research focuses on the geophysical evolution of small solar system bodies and icy moons, including Vesta, Ceres, Psyche, and Europa, and what they reveal about the early evolution of the solar system. In addition, planetary magnetic fields have been a long-term research interest. She led the NASA Dawn Mission as deputy principal investigator and assumed the principal investigator role in the extended mission phase. Raymond has held various positions at JPL since 1990, and was a visiting associate in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the California Institute of Technology, and an adjunct associate research scientist at the Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. She is the recipient of three NASA Exceptional Achievement Medals, the Antarctic Service Medal, the Shoemaker Award of the American Geophysical Union, and is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America. She received her Ph.D. in geological sciences from Columbia University. PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-5 

BARBARA SHERWOOD LOLLAR (NAE) Companion of the Order of Canada, FRS, FRSC, FRCGS, is a University Professor and Dr. Norman Keevil Chair in Earth Sciences at the University of Toronto. She is past-president of the Geochemical Society and co-director of the CIFAR program Earth 4D – Subsurface Science and Exploration. In 2015 she was named a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and in 2019, a Fellow of the Geochemical Society and European Association of Geochemistry. Sherwood Lollar has published on stable isotope geochemistry and hydrogeology, the fate of carbon-bearing fluids and gases such as CO2, CH4 and H2 in ancient fracture waters in the Earth’s crust, deep subsurface microbiology, and the remediation of surface drinking water supplies. She has been a recipient of academic awards including the 2012 Eni Award for Protection of the Environment, 2012 Geological Society of America Geomicrobiology and Geobiology Prize, 2014 International Helmholtz Fellowship, the 2016 NSERC John Polanyi Award, 2016 Bancroft Award for the Royal Society of Canada, 2018 Logan Medal of the Geological Association of Canada, the 2019 Herzberg Gold Medal for Canada, the 2019 C.C. Patterson Award in environmental geochemistry, and the Canada Council for the Arts 2020 Killam Prize in Natural Sciences. Sherwood Lollar has served on a member of many National Academies’ activities, including the Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Sciences, the Committee on the Origin and Evolution of Life, and on the NASEM Space Studies Board. In addition, she chaired the committee that co-authored the 2019 National Academies’ Astrobiology Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe. AMY SIMON is the senior scientist for Planetary Atmospheres Research in the Solar System Exploration Division at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Her scientific research involves the study of the composition, dynamics, and cloud structure in jovian planet atmospheres, primarily from spacecraft observations. She is also involved in multiple robotic flight missions, as well as future mission concept development. Simon was a co-investigator on the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer and is the deputy instrument scientist for the OSIRIS-REx Visible and near-IR Spectrometer), as well as the Landsat 9 TIRS2 instrument, and the Lucy L'Ralph instrument deputy principal investigator. She is principal investigator of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy program. She earned her Ph.D. in astronomy from the New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. Simon was a member of the last planetary decadal survey steering committee and vice chair of the decadal’s giant planets panel. PANEL ON GIANT PLANET SYSTEMS JONATHAN I. LUNINE (NAS) is the David C. Duncan Professor in the Physical Sciences at Cornell University, where he is also chair of the Department of Astronomy. His research focuses on how planets form and evolve, what processes maintain and establish habitability, and what are the limits of environments capable of sustaining life. He was an interdisciplinary scientist on the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, and is currently co-investigator on the Juno mission in orbit around Jupiter and an interdisciplinary scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope. He has chaired or served on a number of advisory and strategic planning committees for NASA and the NSF. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the Harold C. Urey Prize of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society, the Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), the Zeldovich Prize awarded jointly by COSPAR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Basic Science Award of the International Academy of Astronautics, and the Jean-Dominique Cassini medal of the European Geosciences Union. He is a fellow of the AGU and American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lunine received a Ph.D. in planetary science from the California Institute of Technology. He has served on several National Academies committees including the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (co-chair), the Committee for a Review of Programs to Determine the Extent of Life in the Universe (co-chair), the Committee on Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2010 (member), and the Committee on Human Spaceflight (co-chair). PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-6 

AMY A. SIMON is a senior scientist for planetary atmospheres research in the Solar System Exploration Division at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Her scientific research involves the study of the composition, dynamics, and cloud structure in Jovian planet atmospheres, primarily from spacecraft observations. She is also involved in multiple robotic flight missions, as well as future mission concept development. Simon was a co-investigator on the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) and is the deputy instrument scientist for the OSIRIS-REx Visible and near-IR Spectrometer (OVIRS), as well as the Landsat 9 TIRS2 instrument, and the Lucy L'Ralph instrument (deputy principal investigator). She is principal investigator of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program. She earned her Ph.D. in astronomy from the New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. Simon was a member of the last planetary decadal survey steering committee and vice-chair of the decadal giant planets panel. FRANCES BAGENAL (NAS) is a senior research scientist at the Laboratory for Space and Atmospheric Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder and leads its Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets Group. Prior to that, she was a professor of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at the same institution. Her research interests focus primarily on the physics of gas giant planets, specifically understanding the magnetospheres by combining data analysis and theoretical models. She has been co-investigator on several highly-successful NASA missions including Voyager, Galileo, New Horizons, and Juno and has chaired or led working groups within those mission teams. In her Academies work, she chaired the Committee on the Assessment of the Role of Solar and Space Physics in NASA's Space Exploration Initiative and has been a member of the Space Studies Board, the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, the Committee on International Space Programs. She is the recipient of awards including the James Van Allen Lecture Award from the American Geophysical Union, and the Boulder Faculty Assembly’s Excellence in Research Award. She earned her Ph.D. in Earth and Planetary Sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. RICHARD W. DISSLY is a senior manager for civil space at Ball Aerospace, where he is responsible for program management, instrument development, and mission formulation, primarily in support of NASA science missions. He has led or supported a wide range of proposal teams covering Earth, planetary, heliophysics, and astrophysics science opportunities. Dissly recently served as the Ball project manager on IXPE, an astrophysics SMEX Mission. Prior to joining Ball, he was a research scientist at the NOAA Aeronomy Lab where he developed instrumentation for the measurement of trace atmospheric gases from aircraft platforms. Rich received his Ph.D. in planetary science from the California Institute of Technology. LEIGH N. FLETCHER is a professor of planetary science at the University of Leicester. His research interests span planetary atmospheres (dynamics, chemistry, and climate), planet formation, and planetary satellites. In particular, his research focuses on the exploration of giant planet systems, including the circulation of the gas and ice giant atmospheres, via a combination of planetary missions and ground- and space-based planetary astronomy. He is a co-investigator on the Cassini mission to Saturn, a participating scientist on the Juno mission to Jupiter, and interdisciplinary scientist for ESA’s forthcoming Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE). Prior to joining the University of Leicester, he was a NASA fellow at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and a Royal Society Research Fellow at the University of Oxford. Fletcher is the recipient of numerous awards including the Harold C. Urey Prize of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. He received his Ph.D. in planetary physics from the University of Oxford. TRISTAN GUILLOT is CNRS director of research at the Nice Observatory in France. His research interests include studying the interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; the formation of planetesimals and planets; the evolution of giant exoplanets; and the spectra and detectability of giant planets and brown dwarfs. Guillot was formerly the associate editor of the publication Astronomy & Astrophysics, a research fellow at the University of Reading, and a research associate at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona. He is the recipient of numerous awards including NASA Group Achievement Award PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-7 

for the Juno Science Team, the Harold C. Urey Prize of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomy Society, and the Zeldovich Medal from COSPAR and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Guillot received a Ph.D. in astrophysics from the Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur/Université Paris 7, Nice. MATTHEW HEDMAN is an associate professor at the University of Idaho. His research focuses on orbital dynamics, planetary rings, Enceladus’ plume, the Moon’s dust exosphere, and infrared spectroscopy. Prior to joining his current institution, he was a research associate at Cornell University and a research fellow at the University of Chicago. Currently, Hedman is a co-investigator on the Europa Clipper Mission .He has served on numerous review panels for NASA, including the Ice-Giant pre-decadal study, two planetary mission concept studies on Enceladus and Neptune. Hedman received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University. RAVIT HELLED is a professor for Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Zurich. Her research interests include planetary structure and evolution, planet formation, solar system exploration, and exoplanets. Previously, Helled was a postdoctoral fellow and researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a professor at Tel-Aviv University. Current mission involvement includes Co-Investigator of the Juno NASA mission; Co-Investigator of the JUICE ESA mission; science team member of PLATO ESA mission; and working group leader and consortium member of the ARIEL ESA mission. Helled is a member of the European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC), Astronomy and fundamental physics panel, is a member of the National Research Council of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), and is leading the Academic Platform of the NCCR PlanetS. Helled serves the community intensively by frequently being an invited speaker and is involved in panels, committees, scientific forums and review panels. Helled is the recipient of various awards and was selected as one of the 50 most influential women of Forbes Israel in 2015. She received her Ph.D. in Planetary Science from Tel Aviv University. KATHLEEN E. MANDT is the chief scientist for exoplanets at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Her research interests focus on the dynamics, chemistry and evolution of planetary atmospheres and she is particularly interested in advancing both solar system and exoplanet understanding of planetary system formation and evolution by forging new connections between the planetary science and exoplanet communities. Previously, Mandt was an adjoint professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Texas at San Antonio and a senior research scientist at Southwest Research Institute. She serves in several community and NASA mission leadership roles, including membership of the steering committee of the Outer Planets Assessment Group. She previously served as a member of the Division for Planetary Science Professional Culture and Climate Subcommittee. Mandt served as the volatiles theme lead for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission and is the project scientist for the LRO Lyman Alpha Mapping Project instrument. She is project scientist for the Io Volcano Observer phase A study, the deputy project scientist for the Heliophysics Division-funded Interstellar Probe pre- decadal mission study, and is a science team member on the Europa Clipper Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding teams. She earned her Ph.D. in environmental science and engineering from the University of Texas, San Antonio. She previously served on the Astro2020: Panel on Exoplanets, Astrobiology, and the Solar System. ALYSSA RHODEN is a principal scientist within the Planetary Science Directorate at the Southwest Research Institute. Her expertise is in the geophysics of icy satellites, particularly those containing oceans, and the evolution of giant planet satellites systems through time. Rhoden utilizes a novel combination of numerical modeling, statistical analysis, and photogeology to interpret the surfaces of icy ocean worlds to assess their interiors, orbits, and habitability through time. She is co-leader of NASA’s Network for Ocean Worlds Research Coordination Network. Prior to joining her current institution, she was an assistant professor of planetary science at Arizona State University in the School of Earth and Space Exploration. She participated in planning NASA’s multi-flyby mission to Europa and a future mission to land on Europa’s surface. Rhoden is the recipient of numerous awards including the Kavli Institute Frontiers of PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-8 

Science Fellowship, and an Early Career Fellowship by NASA. She received her Ph.D. in Earth and planetary science from the University of California, Berkeley. She was a member of the National Academies Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science. PAUL M. SCHENK is a staff scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute. His research over the years has focused on using Voyager, Galileo, Cassini, Dawn and New Horizons stereo- and mono-scopic images to map the topography and geology of the icy bodies in the outer solar system from Ceres to Arrokoth. He also studies impact cratering on small bodies and plume deposition processes on Enceladus. Schenk was the lead editor of the Enceladus & the Icy Moons of Saturn publication. In addition, he is currently a co- investigator for the New Horizons mission, and was a participating scientist on the Cassini project and the Dawn mission to Vesta & Ceres, and is the scientific editor of the Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin. He is a recipient of the Fred Whipple Award from the AGU. Schenk received his Ph.D. in geology from the Washington University in St. Louis. MICHAEL H. WONG is a research scientist at the SETI Institute. He also has appointments at the University of California Berkeley and at the University of Michigan. His research interests focus on planetary atmospheres, where he leads Hubble/WFC3 and Gemini North/NIRI imaging programs in support of the NASA Juno mission to Jupiter. Wong serves on the Hubble Space Telescope Users Committee and is a founding member of the OPAL program that conducts annual imaging of the giant planets with HST. Prior to his current roles of Participating Scientist on the Juno mission, Collaborator on the Mars Science Laboratory mission, and Science Team Member for TMT/IRIS and Keck/Liger instruments, he was affiliated with science and instrument teams for HST/WFC3, Cassini/CIRS, and the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer. Wong was previously a National Research Council research associate at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, after earning his Ph.D. in Atmospheric and Space Sciences from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. PANEL ON MARS VICTORIA E. HAMILTON is an Institute Scientist in the Department of Space Studies at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado. Dr. Hamilton is a geologist with extensive experience in laboratory spectroscopy, and remote sensing data analysis of Mars and asteroids. She was an affiliate of the Mars Global Surveyor TES science team, a participating scientist on the Mars Science Laboratory mission, and is deputy principal investigator for the THEMIS instrument on the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission. She is Mission Spectroscopy Scientist, a science team co-investigator, and the OTES deputy instrument scientist on the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission. She is also a co-investigator and deputy instrument principal investigator (for LTES) on the Lucy Trojan asteroid survey mission. She has published on laboratory mineral and meteorite spectroscopy, numerical modeling of infrared spectra, Martian surface and atmospheric aerosol composition, Martian thermophysical properties, and the composition of asteroid Bennu. Dr. Hamilton has built, operates, and manages a spectroscopy laboratory equipped with spectrometers for measuring visible, near infrared, and thermal infrared properties of rocks, minerals, and meteorites in reflectance and emission. She has received the NASA Group Achievement Award for the OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer Team, Mars Science Laboratory Science Office Development and Operations Team, 2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System Team, and Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer Team. She received her Ph.D. in geology from Arizona State University. She was a member of the Academies’ Committee on Cost Growth in NASA Earth and Space Science Missions, Co-chair of the Committee on NASA Science Mission Extensions, member of the Committee on NASA Large Strategic Missions: Science Value and Role in a Balanced Portfolio and Vice Chair of the Committee to Review the NASA Science Mission Directorate Science Plan (2019). PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-9 

BETHANY L. EHLMANN is a professor of planetary science at the California Institute of Technology. Ehlmann’s research interests include planetary surface processes, infrared spectroscopy, the evolution of Mars, and chemical weathering and hydrothermal alteration throughout the solar system, among others. Previously, she was a European Union Marie Curie Fellow and a collaborator on the Mars Exploration Rovers during their primary and first extended missions. Ehlmann is a co-investigator and deputy principal investigator for the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, participating scientist on the Mars Science Laboratory mission, co-investigator for the Mars-2020 rover Mastcam-Z and SHERLOC instruments, and an affiliate of the Dawn science team. She is a recipient of the Harold C. Urey Prize of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society, the American Geophysical Union’s John B. Macelwane Medal, the Zeldovich Medal of COSPAR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, the National Geographic's Emerging Explorer Award, the Mineralogical Society of America Distinguished Lecturer Award, as well as NASA Group Achievement Awards. She is also on the board of directors of the Planetary Society. Ehlmann earned a Ph.D. in geological sciences from Brown University. She has served on the National Academies Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science. WILLIAM B. BRINCKERHOFF is a senior scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in the Solar System Exploration Division. His research interests include small body geochemistry, planetary mission design, and astrobiology. Brinckerhoff currently serves as project scientist for the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer instrument on the European Space Agency’s ExoMars rover mission, deputy lead for the Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer, and co-investigator for the Mars Science Laboratory’s Sample Analysis at Mars investigation. He has served in numerous positions at NASA GSFC, including chief of the Planetary Environments Laboratory, and research space associate. In addition, he was a senior professional staff member of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Brinckerhoff received a Ph.D. in experimental condensed matter physics from the Ohio State University. TRACY K.P. GREGG is an associate professor at the University of Buffalo in the Department of Geology. Gregg’s research focuses on the behavior of volcanic deposits, particularly lava flows, and how emplacement processes are affected by different ambient conditions. Previously, she was an NSF Ridge postdoctoral fellow and an assistant research scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Gregg served as chair for NASA’s Geologic Mapping Standards committee (2002-2007). Most recently, she served as the U.S. co-chair for the NASA/Roscosmos Venera-D Joint Science Definition Team to generate the Venera-D Phase II report. Gregg received a Ph.D. in geological sciences from Arizona State University. JASPER S. HALEKAS is an associate professor at the University of Iowa in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. His research focuses on the interaction between the solar wind and the planets and moons in the solar system. Halekas designs and builds spaceflight instruments to make high-fidelity measurements of charged particles, and uses them to understand the plasma physics that occurs in the interplanetary medium and the environments near planetary bodies. As such, Halekas’ research spans the intersection between planetary science and space plasma physics, touching on planetary geology and atmospheres, magnetic reconnection, shocks, plasma sheaths, and plasma waves and turbulence. He is involved in multiple spacecraft missions including Mars Express, Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution, Parker Solar Probe, and ARTEMIS. Halekas received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley. JOHN W. “JACK” HOLT is a Professor at the University of Arizona in the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and the Department of Geosciences. He is a Co-Investigator on the SHARAD radar instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and Co-Investigator on NASA’s Operation IceBridge program. In addition, he conducts field studies of Alaskan glaciers and Mars analog debris-covered glaciers using airborne and surface-based geophysical methods, and has conducted seven field campaigns in Antarctica. Holt has developed clutter mitigation techniques for airborne and orbital radar sounding and airborne radar hardware for terrestrial deployments. Previously, Holt was Research Professor at the University of Texas, the Herbert PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-10 

J. Reich Professor of Natural Sciences at Deep Spring College, and both a postdoctoral scholar and technical staff member at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Rice University, M.S. and Ph.D. in geology from the California Institute of Technology. JOEL HUROWITZ is an associate professor at Stony Brook University in the Department of Geosciences. His research projects include in-situ exploration of the surface of Mars, studying the geochemical and mineralogical composition of clastic sediments through analog field studies, analyzing the reactivity and toxicity of planetary regolith, and using experimental approaches to aqueous geochemistry. Previously, Hurowitz was a research scientist at Stony Brook University, a research scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and a hydrogeologist at Leggette, Brashears and Graham, Inc. He received a Ph.D. in geosciences from Stony Brook University. BRUCE M. JAKOSKY is a professor and associate director for science in the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics and the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His research interests are in the geology of planetary surfaces, the evolution of the martian atmosphere and climate, the potential for life on Mars and elsewhere, and the philosophical and societal issues in astrobiology. Over the years, Jakosky has been involved with the Viking, Solar Mesosphere Explorer, Clementine, Mars Observer, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Mars Science Laboratory, and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft missions. He is the principal investigator of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission to Mars. Jakosky received his Ph.D. in planetary science and geophysics from the California Institute of Technology. He chaired the National Academies’ Committee on Origins and Evolution of Life and the Committee on Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars. MICHAEL MANGA (NAS) is a professor in and chair of the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of California, Berkeley. His research interests include studying geological processes involving fluids, including problems in physical volcanology, geodynamics, hydrogeology, and geomorphology. Previously, he was a Miller Research Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, and an assistant professor at the University of Oregon. Manga is the recipient of numerous awards including a 2005 MacArthur Fellowship, the Robert Wilhelm Bunsen Medal from the European Geoscience Union, and the Donath Medal from the Geological Society of America. He received a Ph.D. in Earth and planetary sciences from Harvard University. Manga chaired the National Academies’ Committee on Improving Understanding of Volcanic Eruptions. HARRY Y. MCSWEEN (NAS) is the Chancellor’s Professor (emeritus) at the University of Tennessee. His research focuses on meteorites. Previously, McSween was the head of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and interim dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Tennessee. He was a member of the science teams for the Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft missions, co-investigator for the Mars Exploration Rovers and the Dawn spacecraft missions, and is currently a co-investigator for the THEMIS instrument on Mars Odyssey. McSween is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society, the J. Lawrence Smith Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and the Whipple Award of the American Geophysical Union. He was president of the Geological Society of America and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, and the Geological Society of America. McSween received a Ph.D. in geological sciences from Harvard University. He has previously served on numerous National Academies’ committees, including the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration and the Committee on Planetary Science Decadal Survey: 2013-2022. CLAIRE E. NEWMAN is a research scientist and co-owner of Aeolis Research, a small private research company. Her research focuses on the atmospheres of Mars and Titan, with a special interest in understanding the connections between the surface and atmosphere, from measuring weather in the lowest PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-11 

few meters of the atmosphere, to studying Aeolian processes on multiple bodies, to simulating martian dust lifting and dust storms using numerical weather prediction models. She is a team member on the Mars Science Laboratory, InSight, Mars 2020, and Dragonfly missions, and currently co-leads the Mars 2020 atmospheres working group and is a member of InSight’s solar array cleaning team. She has received NASA Group Achievement Awards for her work on the Mars Science Laboratory mission, including observations of the 2018 global dust storm. She was previously a research scientist at Ashima Research, a staff scientist and postdoctoral research scholar at the California Institute of Technology, and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford, where she received her doctorate in atmospheric physics. She was an Associate Editor at the Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets) from 2017 through 2021, and is convenor of the session “Aeolian Processes on Earth and Other Planetary Bodies” at the Fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union. ALEJANDRO M. SAN MARTIN (NAE) is the chief engineer for the Guidance, Navigation, and Control Section at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). His research interests include spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control, with a specialization in the problems surrounding landing spacecraft on planetary bodies. In addition, San Martin has many years of experience with designing end-to-end guidance, navigation, and control systems. Previously, he has served in many different roles at JPL, including chief engineer for articulation and attitude control system of the Mars Pathfinder mission, chief engineer of the guidance and control system of the Mars Exploration Rovers, and chief engineer of the guidance, navigation, and control system of the Mars Science Laboratory. San Martin is the recipient of numerous awards including the NASA Exceptional Achievement in Engineering Medal of Honor and was named a fellow at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2013. He received an M.S. in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. KIRSTEN L. SIEBACH is an assistant professor at Rice University in the Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences. She is a Participating Scientist on the Mars 2020 mission and a member of the Science and Operations Team for the Mars Science Laboratory. She researches source-to- sink sedimentary processes on Mars and early Earth to interpret the history of water and surface environments early in our solar system. She is also actively engaged in promoting education and outreach related to Earth and planetary sciences. She has received several NASA Group Achievement Awards for her work on the Mars Science Laboratory, Mars Exploration Rovers, and Phoenix missions. Prior to joining Rice University, she completed her Ph.D. in geology at the California Institute of Technology and then did postdoctoral research at Stony Brook University studying the geochemistry of martian sediments. Dr. Siebach was a member of the National Academies Committee to Review the NASA Planetary Protection Independent Review Board Report. AMY WILLIAMS is an assistant professor of geology at the University of Florida. Her research interests include the formation and preservation of physical and molecular biosignatures in terrestrial environments as an analog for putative biosignature formation on Mars. She has been a member of the NASA Curiosity rover science team since 2009, and currently works with the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument team to explore the distribution of organic molecules on Mars’ surface. She is a Participating Scientist on the NASA Perseverance and Curiosity rover missions. She received a nomination in 2017 for the Maryland Academy of Sciences Outstanding Young Scientist Award and the 2022 University of Florida Excellence Award for Assistant Professors. She holds a Ph.D. in Geology from the University of California, Davis. ROBIN D. WORDSWORTH is a professor of environmental science and engineering at Harvard University, with a joint appointment in Earth and planetary sciences. He leads the Wordsworth Planetary Climate and Atmospheric Evolution Research Group at Harvard University, which focuses on the boundary between solar system and exoplanet atmospheres and climates. Past work of the Wordsworth group has included studies of Mars’ early climate during warm and wet episodes, snowball and hothouse climates in Earth's distant past, the link between ultraviolet radiation and life, and the detectability of water and life on PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-12 

exoplanets. Robin received an NSF CAREER award in 2018 and previously served as a committee member on NASA's Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group. He received his doctorate in physics from the University of Oxford. PANEL ON MERCURY AND THE MOON TIMOTHY L. GROVE (NAS) is the Robert R. Shrock Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is interested in the processes that have led to the chemical evolution of the Earth and other planets, including the Moon, Mars, Mercury, and meteorite parent bodies. His approach to understanding planetary differentiation is to combine field, petrologic, and geochemical studies of igneous rocks with high pressure, high temperature experimental petrology. He is a past president of the American Geophysical Union and the recipient of multiple awards, including the Harry H. Hess Medal of the American Geophysical Union, the V.M. Goldschmidt Award of the Geochemical Society, the Bowen Award of the American Geophysical Union, and the Pick Award of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists. Asteroid 9276 Timgrove is named in his honor. He is the recipient of honorary degrees from the University of Liege and the Université de Lausanne and earned his Ph.D. in geology at Harvard University. BRETT W. DENEVI is a principal staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Her research focuses on the origin and evolution of planetary surfaces, particularly the history of volcanism, the effects of impact cratering, and space weathering. She has been a member of numerous NASA mission teams including as deputy principal investigator of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, deputy instrument scientist for the Mercury Dual Imaging System on board the MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury, participating scientist on the Dawn mission at asteroid Vesta, co-investigator and instrument lead on the Lunar Vertex investigation, and co-investigator on NASA’s ShadowCam instrument on the Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter. Denevi is the science chair of NASA’s Lunar Exploration Analysis Group and is the recipient of the 2015 Maryland Academy of Science Outstanding Young Scientist Award, a NASA Early Career Fellowship, seven NASA group achievement awards, and asteroid 9026 Denevi was named in her honor. She received her Ph.D. in geology and geophysics from the University of Hawaii. JAMES DAY is a professor in the Geosciences Research Division at the University of California, San Diego. He is also director of the Scripps Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory. His research interests include isotope geochemistry, cosmochemistry, petrogenesis of igneous and metamorphic rocks, planetary dynamics and geodynamics, and planet formation and accretion. In addition, Day is a geologist and geochemist whose research focuses on volcanism and what the mineralogy and composition of rocks can tell about how the planets formed and evolved to their present-day states. He studies asteroids and products formed in the mantle of Mars, the Earth, and the Moon. Day also studies terrestrial basaltic volcanism to further understand crust formation processes and the role of volcanism on Earth system cycles. Day is the recipient of the Nier Prize from the Meteoritical Society, the Houtermans Award from the European Association of Geochemistry, and the Antarctic Service Medal. He received his Ph.D. in geochemistry from the University of Durham. Day has not previously served on a National Academies committee. ALEXANDER J. EVANS is an assistant professor of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences at Brown University. His research interests include understanding the evolutionary, tectonic, geodynamic, and geophysical processes of solid planets. His work includes analyses of altimetry, gravity, geomorphology, and tectonics to determine the structure, surface, and internal evolution of solid planets. Prior to joining Brown University, he held postdoctoral research positions at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, the Southwest Research Institute, the Colorado School of Mines, and Columbia University. Evans is the recipient of numerous awards including the National Association of Graduate- Professional Students’ Lifetime Achievement Award and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-13 

Presidential Fellow Award. He received his Ph.D. in planetary geophysics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Evans has not previously served on any National Academies studies. SARAH FAGENTS is a researcher at the University of Hawai?i at Manoa with the Hawai?i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology. Her research interests include planetary volcanism, volcanic fluid dynamics, and icy satellite geology. She focuses on understanding the mechanisms of formation of volcanic features on the Earth and other planetary bodies, including the physics of eruptive processes, and the influence that the planetary environment has on the style of eruptions and resulting landforms. Fagents is currently a co- investigator on the Mars 2020 Rover Mission Mastcam-Z, and on the JPL-NAI Titan project Habitability of Hydrocarbon Worlds: Titan and Beyond. She received her Ph.D. in planetary science from Lancaster University. Fagents has not previously served on a National Academies committee. WILLIAM M. FARRELL is a plasma physicist NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in the Solar System Exploration Division. His research interests include the study of lightning storms on Earth and the planets, the dusty plasma environment at planetary moons and asteroids, the space environment of the Moon, and planetary auroral and magnetospheric processes. Farrell was a co-investigator on the Cassini mission to Saturn and is currently a co-investigator on the Parker Solar Probe and Wind spacecraft. From 2014 to 2019, he was the principal investigator of the DREAM2 center for space environments leading a team of over 30 investigators on the space weather effects at the Moon and other airless bodies. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, the Robert H. Goddard Award for Exceptional Achievement in Science, and the NASA/Goddard Divisional Peer Award. Farrell received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Iowa. CALEB I. FASSETT is a planetary scientist at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center. His research focuses on using a combination of remote sensing, geologic mapping, and numerical modeling to understand planetary surfaces and geomorphological processes. In addition, his research interests include how observations of impact crater populations can be used to infer the chronology and geologic history of planetary bodies. Prior to joining NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, he was a visiting assistant professor at Mount Holyoke College and a postdoctoral research associate at Brown University. Fassett currently supports many activities at Marshall, including the Human Landing System and the Advanced Concept Office. He received a Ph.D. in geosciences from Brown University. Fassett has not previously served on any National Academies studies. JENNIFER L. HELDMANN is a research scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. Her research interests focus on the studies of the Moon and Mars. This includes improving our understanding of lunar volatile deposits and studies of recent water on Mars through analysis of spacecraft data, numerical modeling, and terrestrial analog fieldwork. Heldmann is the principal investigator (PI) of the Field Investigations to Enable Solar System Science and Exploration (FINESSE) and Resource Exploration and Science of OUR Cosmic Environment (RESOURCE) projects through NASA’s Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) where she manages over 100 team members focused on science, technology, and mission operations research. She is a Founding Member of the NASA / SSERVI Analogs Focus Group. She is the recipient of numerous awards, including the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, NASA Coradini Award for Exploration, Antarctic Service Medal, multiple NASA Group Achievement Awards including the FINESSE, RESOURCE, and Mojave Volatile Prospector projects as PI, and a NASA Superior Achievement Award for Science. She also received the Association of Women Geoscientists (AWG) Professional Excellence Award in 2021. She served on the Science and Payload teams and as the Observation Campaign Coordinator for NASA’s LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation & Sensing Satellite) mission and is a team member for NASA’s VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) mission to the Moon. She is interested in the intersection between robotic and human exploration of space and served as the Planetary Science Division Lead for NASA’s Optimizing Science & Exploration Working Group (OSEWG), has served on multiple MEPAG (Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group) PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-14 

committees, and was a member of the NASA Artemis III Science Definition Team (SDT) focused on future scientific investigations to be conducted by astronauts on the Moon. She is also a member of the Space Camp Hall of Fame at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, AL. She received her Ph.D. in planetary science from the University of Colorado, Boulder. Heldmann has not previously served on any National Academies committees. MASATOSHI HIRABAYASHI is an assistant professor in aerospace engineering, an adjunct professor in geosciences at Auburn University, and leads Auburn’s Space Technology and Applications Research Laboratory. Prior to joining his current institution, he was a visiting scholar at the Imperial College, London, a postdoctoral associate at Purdue University, and a research associate at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Hirabayashi’s research interests focus on the Moon, Mercury, and small bodies. This includes the study of geophysical characterizations of surface processes on the lunar surface, investigations of links between surface processes on Mercury and dust environments around this planet, geophysical characterizations of small bodies, and assessing the feasibility of proximity operations around Mercury, the Moon, and small solar system bodies. He received his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado, Boulder. JAMES TUTTLE KEANE is a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His research focuses on studying the interactions between orbital dynamics, rotational dynamics, and geologic processes on rocky and icy worlds across the solar system. Prior to joining JPL, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Joint Center for Planetary Astronomy under the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the California Institute of Technology, and a graduate research associate at the University of Arizona. He has extensive experience with NASA missions, including the GRAIL lunar orbiter, the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper belt, and the Juno mission to Jupiter. He is currently an affiliate of the Keck Institute for Space Studies, a member of the International Association of Astronomical Artists, the American Geophysical Union, the American Astronomical Society, the AAS Division of Dynamical Astronomy, and the AAS Division for Planetary Science. He is the recipient of numerous awards including JPL’s Voyager Award, the Editor’s Citation for Excellence in Refereeing Award from Geophysical Research Letters, and the Pellas-Ryder Award of the Geological Society of America. Asteroid (36773) Tuttlekeane is named in his honor. He received his Ph.D. in planetary science from the University of Arizona. He has not previously served on a National Academies committee. FRANCIS MCCUBBIN is the astromaterials curator at NASA’s Johnson Space Center within the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division. As head curator, he is responsible for protecting the scientific integrity of NASA’s priceless astromaterials collections and distributing select samples to the global community for further scientific examination. His research focuses on understanding the abundance, distribution, and origin of water in the inner solar system, as well as deciphering the thermal and magmatic evolution of the terrestrial planets, moons, and asteroids. Prior to joining his current organization, McCubbin was a research scientist at the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico, and a postdoctoral fellow at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for Science. He received his Ph.D. in geosciences from Stony Brook University. MIKI NAKAJIMA is an assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Rochester. Her research interest includes origin of Earth and the Moon, the Martian moons, the early Earth and lunar environments, and the impact history in the solar system. In particular, she investigates various impact processes and considers their geological, geophysical, and geochemical implications based on theoretical and numerical modeling. Nakajima is a member of the science team for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Martian Moons Exploration sample return mission. Prior to moving to Rochester in 2018, Nakajima was a postdoctoral fellow at the Carnegie Institution for Science. She received her Ph.D. in planetary science at the California Institute of Technology. PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-15 

MARK P. SAUNDERS is an independent consultant. Since retiring from NASA in December 2008, he has been consulting for various NASA offices providing program/project management and systems engineering expertise. This has included support to the Office of Chief Engineer, the Office of Independent Program and Cost Evaluation, the Mars Program and the Science Office for Mission Assessments (at NASA’s Langley Research Center). He has participated in the rewriting of NASA’s policy on program/project management; advised and supported the agency’s independent program/project review process; and has supported the review of various programs and projects. At NASA headquarters, he served as director of the independent program assessment office, where he was responsible for enabling the independent review of the agency’s programs and projects at life cycle milestones to ensure the highest probability of mission success. At the Office of Space Science, he served as program manager for the Discovery Program. He received the Presidential Meritorious Rank Award in 2008; Outstanding Performance awards in 1982, 1994-2008; and the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medals in 1998, 2004, 2006. He earned his B.A. in industrial engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He has served on the several National Academies’ committee including the Space Studies Board and the Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science. SONIA M. TIKOO-SCHANTZ is an assistant professor at Stanford University in the Departments of Geophysics and, by courtesy, Geological Sciences. Her research focuses on the use of paleomagnetism and fundamental rock magnetism as tools to investigate problems in the planetary sciences such as dynamo evolution, the origins of magnetic anomalies within planetary crusts, and impact cratering processes. Prior to joining Stanford University, she was an assistant professor at Rutgers University and a postdoctoral research associate at the University of California, Berkeley. She received her Ph.D. in planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tikoo-Schantz has not previously served on a National Academies committee. PANEL ON OCEAN WORLDS AND DWARF PLANETS ALEXANDER G. HAYES is an associate professor in the Department of Astronomy at Cornell University and director of the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science. Hayes has over 15 years of experience in utilizing spacecraft-based platforms to study the properties of planetary surfaces, including an engineering background in instrument design and calibration. Hayes’ NASA flight project experience includes Cassini, MER, MSL, Mars2020, Europa Clipper, and Dragonfly. He has also worked on instrument design and characterization for several Missile Defense Agency Programs including THAAD, SM3, and EKV. Hayes’ research program focuses on planetary surface processes and solar system exploration, with a special interest in the ocean worlds of the outer solar system. He is a recipient of the Zeldovich Medal from COSPAR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ronald Greeley Early Career Award from the American Geophysical Union, the Sigma Xi Young Scholar Procter Prize, and a NASA Early Career Fellowship. Hayes received his Ph.D. in planetary science from the California Institute of Technology. He is currently a member of the National Academies Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science and the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection. FRANCIS NIMMO (NAS) is a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. His research interests cover Mars, Venus, Europa, Ganymede, Mercury, the Moon, and Pluto (as well as other icy satellites). Nimmo’s research accomplishments include showing that a giant impact could have generated the Martian hemispheric dichotomy; identifying shear- heating as an important process on Enceladus, Europa, and Triton; proposing true polar wander as an important process on Enceladus and Pluto; and explaining the link between plate tectonics and dynamo activity on Mars and Venus. He is the recipient of the 2007 Macelwane medal and Urey Prize, the 2018 Farinella Prize and the 2019 Harold Jeffreys Lectureship. He received his Ph.D. in geophysics from the PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-16 

University of Cambridge. Nimmo previously served on the National Academies Committee for the Review of the Next Decadal Mars Architecture, the Satellites Panel for the Visions and Voyages Decadal Survey, and the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration. MORGAN L. CABLE is a research scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Her research interests focus on organic and biomarker detection through both in situ and remote sensing techniques. Cable also conducts fieldwork in extreme environments on Earth, searching for life in places such as the Atacama Desert, the summit of Mt. Kilimanjaro, and the lava fields in Iceland. She has held numerous positions at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory including a co-investigator for the Dragonfly mission, project staff scientist for the Europa Lander project, and supervisor of the Astrobiology and Ocean Worlds group. Cable is the recipient of numerous awards including the NASA Early Career Public Achievement Medal for leadership roles in advancing NASA’s missions, the Voyager Award for exceptional work on outer worlds projects, and the Bruce Murray Award for Excellence in Education and Public Engagement. She was also named by the American Chemical Society as one of the ‘Talented Twelve’ rising stars in Chemistry. She received her Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from the California Institute of Technology. Cable has not previously served on any National Academies studies. ALFONSO DAVILA is a research scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. His research interests include the search for a second genesis of life in the solar system using terrestrial analog environments to assess the potential habitability of other planetary bodies and developing strategies for life detection based on first- principles in biology and biochemistry. His work includes conducting field investigations in the most extreme deserts on Earth, providing scientific advice for the maturation of instruments for space exploration, and developing mission concepts to search for evidence of life on Mars, Europa, and Enceladus. Prior to joining his current institution, Davila was a research scientist at the SETI Institute and a postdoctoral researcher at NASA Ames Research Center. He received his Ph.D. in geophysics from the University of Munich. Davila has not previously served on any National Academies studies. GLEN FOUNTAIN is a program manager (retired) at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He led the engineering team for the New Horizons mission to Pluto during the initial concept work; and was the mission’s Project Manager from 2004 – 2015. Although Fountain retired in 2016, he remains working in a part time capacity continuing to support the New Horizons mission and other activities of the Space Exploration Sector of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. At APL, he was responsible for developing the attitude control system and sensors for the Small Astronomy Satellite series. As part of the system implementation for the MAGSAT satellite in the 1970s (for which he was assistant project scientist), Fountain led the team that developed one of the first microprocessor-based attitude control systems ever flown. He also led a group of engineers developing instruments flown on various missions, including Galileo, Ulysses, Delta 180, Delta 181, and Delta 183. Fountain oversaw hardware development to support missions including the Advance Composition Explorer, NEAR, MSX, CONTOUR, MESSENGER, and the New Horizons mission to Pluto. Fountain received his M.S. in electrical engineering from Kansas State University. He was a member of the National Academies Planetary Science Decadal Survey: Satellites Panel. CHRISTOPHER R. GERMAN is a senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. His research interests include the geological controls on seafloor fluid flow and its impacts on ocean budgets, chemosynthetic ecosystems and astrobiology. He is an enthusiastic user of new technologies for deep ocean exploration. He is the co-lead for NASA's Network for Ocean Worlds, which advances comparative studies to characterize Earth and other ocean worlds across their interiors, oceans, and cryospheres; search for biosignatures; and to understand life in relevant ocean world analogues and beyond. German is the recipient of numerous awards including an Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation’s Research Prize (Germany, 2014), the MBE medal (Queen Elizabeth II, UK, 2002) the Edward A. Flinn Award (International Lithosphere Panel, 2000) and the John Murray Award of the Royal Society (UK, 1988). He received his Ph.D. in Earth PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-17 

Sciences from the University of Cambridge. German has not previously served on any National Academies studies. CHRISTOPHER R. GLEIN is a lead scientist at the Southwest Research Institute. His research interests and projects include leading investigations of geochemical processes that involve water, other volatiles, and organic compounds on worlds in the outer solar system. His work has contributed to our understanding of the origin and evolution of ocean worlds and their potential habitability. He was a member of the Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer team, and is currently on the Europa Clipper MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration team. Prior to joining his current institution, Glein was a Deane postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto, and a McClintock postdoctoral fellow at the Carnegie Institution for Science. He received his Ph.D. in geological sciences from the Arizona State University. He has not previously served on any National Academies studies. CANDICE HANSEN is a senior scientist at the Planetary Science Institute. Her research interests include the seasonal behavior of volatiles, outer planet satellites’ tenuous atmospheres, and Enceladus’ plumes. In addition, her mission specialties include remote sensing, particularly visible and ultraviolet imagers, and operation of scientific instruments on spacecraft. She is a Juno co-investigator responsible for JunoCam. Hansen has held numerous positions at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory including – deputy principal investigator for the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, co-investigator on the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph, and principal investigator for the New Frontiers mission study concept “Argo”. Hansen is a member of the American Geophysical Union and the American Astronomical Society. She is the recipient of numerous awards, including the 2018 NASA Outstanding Public Leadership Medal for her work on JunoCam, the 2009 NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, the 2005 NASA Exceptional Service Medal, and the 2002 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Exceptional Leadership Award. She received her Ph.D. in geophysics and space physics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has no prior experience serving on National Academies committees. EMILY S. MARTIN is a research physical scientist at the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. Her research interests include planetary surface processes and tectonic deformation across the solar system, especially the icy bodies of the outer solar system. In addition, she is interested in using preserved geologic histories to better understand the development of ocean worlds. Previously, Martin was a postdoctoral research fellow and visiting researcher at the National Air and Space Museum. Martin received her Ph.D. in geological sciences from the University of Idaho. She has no prior experience serving on National Academies studies. MARC NEVEU is an assistant research scientist at the University of Maryland, College Park. His research interests include planetary exploration and astrobiology; and the search for the origins, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. In particular, he seeks to understand whether oceans on other worlds harbor life by simulating their physics and chemistry, as well as through laboratory and field studies of similar places on Earth where microbial life thrives. Previously, he was an astrobiology research assistant at NASA Headquarters and a postdoctoral researcher at Arizona State University. He is the recipient of numerous awards including a Scialog Fellowship from the Research Corporation for Science Advancement, a NASA Postdoctoral Management Program Fellowship and a NASA Early Career Fellowship. Neveu received his Ph.D. in astrophysics from the Arizona State University. He has not previously served on any National Academies studies. CAROL S. PATY is a professor at the University of Oregon. Prior to joining her current organization, she was an associate professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She also worked at the Southwest Research Institute in the Space Sciences and Engineering Division. Her research is focused on understanding planetary magnetospheric dynamics and moon- magnetosphere interactions using a combination of computational simulations and data collected by various PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-18 

space-based instruments. Paty pioneered the application of multifluid plasma dynamic simulations to icy moons and outer planet magnetospheres, and the inclusion of plasma-neutral interactions in global simulations. She was a participating scientist on the Cassini mission to Saturn and is currently a co- investigator on the Plasma Environment Package for the European mission to Ganymede (JUICE). She is also a co-investigator on both the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding and the Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface instruments for NASA's mission to Europa. She earned her Ph.D. in geophysics and space physics from the University of Washington. Paty previously served on the National Academies Committee on Strategic NASA Science Missions. LYNNAE C. QUICK is a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Her research focuses on geophysical processes on the Ocean Worlds in the solar system and in extrasolar planetary systems. She applies principles of fluid dynamics and heat transfer to model cryovolcanism and ocean crystallization on the icy moons of the giant planets and on dwarf planet Ceres. As a member of the Europa Clipper science team, Quick is a co-investigator on the Europa Imaging System (EIS), and a science team member and lead for the student and early career investigator program science enhancement option (SEO) on the Dragonfly mission. Quick also served as a science collaborator on the Dawn mission. Quick is a member of the AAS Division for Planetary Sciences, the National Society of Black Physicists, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Astronomical Society. She received her Ph.D. in Earth and planetary sciences from the Johns Hopkins University. Quick has not previously served on any National Academies studies. JASON M. SODERBLOM is a research scientist in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His research interests include exploring the composition, operative geologic processes, and evolutionary history of planetary surfaces through analysis of visible and near infrared images and spectra. Soderblom is a co-investigator on the Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) and Europa Imaging System (EIS) instruments selected for the NASA Europa Clipper mission and on the recently selected Dragonfly mission to Titan. Prior to joining MIT, he was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Arizona and a visiting scientist at Cornell University. Soderblom is the recipient of several honors including a NASA Early Career Fellowship, a New York- NASA Space Grant Fellowship, and several NASA Group Achievement Awards. He received his Ph.D. and M.S. in astronomy from Cornell University. He has no prior experience serving on a National Academies committee. KRISTA M. SODERLUND is a research scientist at the University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Geophysics (UTIG). Her research interests include planetary and satellite interiors, fluid dynamics, and dynamos across the solar system. Recent projects have focused on ocean circulation and ice-ocean coupling within the Galilean and Saturnian satellites as well as magnetic field generation in Mercury, the Moon, and the ice giants. She is a co-investigator on the Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near- surface (REASON) instrument on NASA’s Europa Clipper mission, was a co-investigator on the Neptune- Triton Planetary Mission Concept Study, and served on the Ice Giant Pre-Decadal Mission Concept Study science definition team. She is the recipient of numerous awards, including the UTIG Outstanding Young Researcher Award and a NASA Early Career Fellowship. She received her Ph.D. in geophysics and space physics from the University of California, Los Angeles. Soderlund has not previously served on any National Academies studies. PANEL ON SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES NANCY L. CHABOT is the planetary chief scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). Previously, she was a senior research associate at the Case Western Reserve University, and an NRC postdoctoral research scientist at NASA Johnson Space Center. Chabot served as the instrument scientist for the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) on NASA’s MESSENGER mission and PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-19 

was chair of the Geology Discipline Group. Currently, she is the coordination lead on NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, the deputy principal investigator for the Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons (MEGANE) instrument on the JAXA’s Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission, and an interdisciplinary scientist on the joint ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission. Chabot received a Ph.D. in planetary sciences from the University of Arizona. She has not previously served on an Academies’ committee. CAROL RAYMOND is a senior research and principal scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and serves as the program scientist for both the Mission Formulation and the Small Bodies and Planetary Defense Offices within JPL’s Planetary Science Directorate. Her current research focuses on the geophysical evolution of small solar system bodies and icy moons, including Vesta, Ceres, Psyche, and Europa, and what they reveal about the early evolution of the solar system. In addition, planetary magnetic fields have been a long-term research interest. She led the NASA Dawn Mission as deputy principal investigator and assumed the principal investigator role in the extended mission phase. Raymond has held various positions at JPL since 1990, and was a visiting associate in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the California Institute of Technology, and an adjunct associate research scientist at the Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. She is the recipient of three NASA Exceptional Achievement Medals, the Antarctic Service Medal, the Shoemaker Award of the American Geophysical Union, and is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America. She received her Ph.D. in geological sciences from Columbia University. PAUL A. ABELL is the chief scientist for Small Body Exploration at NASA Johnson Space Center in the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division. He has been a visiting astronomer at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility at Mauna Kea Observatory and a team member of JAXA’s Hayabusa and Hayabusa2 sample return missions. Abell’s research interests include the physical characterization of near- Earth objects via ground-based and spacecraft observations, examination of NEOs for future robotic and human exploration, and identification of potential resources within the NEO population for future in situ utilization. He is a member of an internal NASA team that is examining the possibility of sending astronauts to NEOs for human missions, a science team member of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Solar System Collaboration, and is also an investigation team member on both NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) and Near-Earth Object Surveillance planetary defense missions. Abell received a Ph.D. in geology from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He has previously served on an Academies’ committee. WILLIAM F. BOTTKE is the director of the Department of Space Studies at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). He uses numerical simulations to study the formation, evolution, and bombardment history of our Solar System's planets, satellites, and small bodies. In his work, he has created collisional and dynamical evolution models of the main asteroid belt, primordial Kuiper belt, Trojans, irregular satellites, and near- Earth objects (NEOs). He has also explored how small body populations were affected by giant planet migration and non-gravitational forces. Dr. Bottke has been the first author of ten articles for Nature, Science, and Nature Geosciences, two articles for Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, and was an editor for the books Asteroids III and IV. He has also led two teams within NASA’s Lunar Science Institute and NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI). He is currently a science team member on four NASA missions: OSIRIS-REx, Lucy, Psyche, and NEO Surveyor. Dr. Bottke has been the recipient of numerous prizes, including the first Paolo Farinella Prize and a fellowship in the Meteoritical Society. He has also been a Shoemaker Lecturer for the American Geophysical Union and a Kavli Lecturer for the American Astronomical Society. He received his Ph.D. in planetary sciences from the University of Arizona, he was a Texaco Prize Postdoctoral Fellow at Caltech, and he was a research associate at Cornell University. MEGAN BRUCK SYAL is a physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the Design Physics Division. Bruck Syal specializes in experimental and numerical simulation of planetary impacts, PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-20 

including hypervelocity impact experiments (with an emphasis on porous and volatile-rich materials) and modeling of impact events in a variety of shock physics codes. Additionally, she is very active in the field of planetary defense, supporting: NASA’s DART mission with simulations of the planned 2022 spacecraft impact at Didymos B, NASA-FEMA Asteroid Impact Tabletop Exercises, and a NASA-NNSA interagency collaboration on hazardous asteroid mitigation case studies. Previously, Syal was a postdoctoral researcher at LLNL, and a data specialist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s Chandra X-ray Center. She is a recipient of a NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship, a NASA Group Achievement Award (for her involvement in the Deep Impact - EPOXI mission Science Team), and a Brown University Graduate Fellowship. She obtained her Ph.D. in planetary geosciences at Brown University. Bruck Syal has previously served on an Academies’ committee. HAROLD C. CONNOLLY Jr. is the founding chair and a professor within the Department of Geology at Rowan University. Prior to joining his current university, he was a professor at the City University of New York. He has held visiting positions at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona, Hokkaido University, and the University of Tokyo. Dr. Connolly is a geologist who specializes in problems founded in petrology and geochemistry through the study of primitive planetary meteorites known as chondrites. His research aims to constrain the processes and timing of the formation and evolution of rock bodies within the Solar System with an emphasis on asteroids. He is mission sample scientist and co- investigator of the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission. Dr. Connolly is also a co-investigator of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s asteroid sample return mission, Hayabusa 2. He is a founding member of the Hayabusa 2 and OSIRIS-REx Joint Comparative Asteroid Working Group. Dr. Connolly is the recipient of the U.S. Antarctic Service Medal from the Department of Navy, and a fellow of the Meteoritical Society. Dr. Connolly received a Ph.D. in geological sciences from Rutgers University and did his post-doctoral position at the California Institute of Technology. THOMAS D. JONES is a senior research scientist at the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, a not- for-profit research institute of the Florida State University System. He is a planetary scientist and consultant to NASA and the aerospace community. As an astronaut with NASA, Jones logged 53 days in space. On STS-59 he conducted science operations for Space Radar Laboratory (SRL-1); was the payload commander on STS-68’s SRL-2, deployed and recovered science satellites on STS-80, and with the STS-98 crew delivered the U.S. Lab Destiny to the International Space Station. Previous employers include Science Applications International Corporation, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the U.S. Air Force’s Strategic Air Command (as a B-52 pilot). Previously, Jones served on the NASA Advisory Council and was a board member of the Association of Space Explorers and the Astronauts Memorial Foundation. He is the recipient of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, four NASA Space Flight Medals, the NASA Exceptional Service award, the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, and the Air Force Commendation Medal. In 2018, he was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame. Jones graduated from the Air Force Academy and received a Ph.D. in planetary sciences from the University of Arizona. STEFANIE N. MILAM is the James Webb Space Telescope deputy project scientist for planetary science at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Her research interests include measurements of the volatile isotopic enrichments from nearby evolved stars or chemical processes that are found in the interstellar medium, star-forming regions, and planetary systems. She also conducts remote observations of comets and interstellar objects and has a laboratory dedicated to studying chemical processing that occurs on these bodies. Previously, Milam was a principal investigator at the SETI Institute and at NASA Ames Research Center. She is a member of the American Astronomical Society, the American Chemical Society (ACS), the Division of Planetary Sciences, the AAS Laboratory Astrophysics Division, the ACS Astrochemistry Subdivision, and the International Astronomical Union. Milam received her Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Arizona. She has previously served on an Academies’ committee. PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-21 

EDGARD G. RIVERA-VALENTÍN is a senior scientist with the Universities Space Research Association at the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Their research interests are in applied planetary science, particularly in the study of processes the help inform planetary defense, planetary protection, and planetary surface exploration. Previously, Rivera-Valentín was a planetary radar astronomer at the Arecibo Observatory, a postdoctoral research associate at Brown University, and a senior graduate assistant at the University of Arkansas. They are the recipient of the NASA Planetary Science Division’s Early Career Fellow award, a doctoral academy fellow at the University of Arkansas, the Diversity Leadership Award and the Metzger Award in Astronomy at Alfred University. Asteroid 2010 ER87 is now named (389478) Rivera-Valentín in their honor. Rivera-Valentín received a Ph.D. in space and planetary science from the University of Arkansas. DANIEL J. SCHEERES (NAE) is the A. Richard Seebass Endowed Chair and distinguished professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, in the Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences. Scheeres has studied the dynamics of the asteroid environment from a scientific, engineering, and navigation perspective since 1992 and has been involved with NASA’s NEAR mission to asteroid Eros and the Japanese Hayabusa missions to asteroids Itokawa and Ryugu. He is currently a co-investigator on NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission to asteroid Bennu and leads the Radio Science team of that mission, and is the principal investigator of Janus, a NASA SIMPLEx mission currently scheduled to launch in August 2022. He has published a Springer-Praxis book on orbital mechanics about small bodies entitled Orbital Motion in Strongly Perturbed Environments: Applications to Asteroid, Comet and Planetary Satellite Orbiters. Asteroid 8887 is named “Scheeres” in recognition of his contributions to the scientific understanding of the dynamical environment about asteroids. Scheeres is a fellow of both the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the American Astronautical Society and is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics. He has been awarded the Dirk Brouwer Award from the American Astronautical Society. He earned his Ph.D. for aerospace engineering from the University of Michigan. He has served on the Academies’ Committee on Assessment of the U.S. Air Force's Astrodynamic Standards and the NEO Mitigation Panel. RHONDA STROUD is the head of the Nanoscale Materials Section at the Naval Research Laboratory. She is a materials physicist and planetary scientist focusing on nanostructures, including quasicrystals and aerogel, and on the materials that make up comets and cosmic dust. In addition, she pioneered the use of the focused ion beam technology in the study of meteorites. Stroud joined the Naval Research Laboratory as a post-doctoral researcher after completing her doctorate. She has served as an external reviewer for the Materials Division at Argonne National Laboratory, on the Department of Energy’s external review committee for the electron microscopy user facilities at Oak Ridge National Lab, and the National Center for Electron Microscopy at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Stroud is a fellow of the American Physical Society, Meteoritical Society and Microscopy Society of America. She received a Ph.D. in physics from the Washington University in Saint Louis. Stroud has previously served on Academies’ committees. MYRIAM TELUS is an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her research interests include studying the constraining timescales and conditions of planetesimal formation and evolution via elemental, isotopic and petrographic analyses of meteorites. Prior to joining the University of California, Santa Cruz, Telus was a postdoctoral fellow at the Carnegie Institute of Washington. She is the recipient of numerous awards including the 2019 NASA Planetary Science Early Career Award, the 2011 Watumull Scholarship for excellence in graduate research from the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the Gates Millennium Scholarship. Telus received a Ph.D. in geology and geophysics from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. She has not previously served on an Academies committee. AUDREY THIROUIN is a Senior research scientist at Lowell Observatory. Her research interests include physical and dynamical properties of the small bodies in the solar system such as asteroids, comets, Centaurs, Trojans, and Trans-Neptunian Objects. She is particularly interested in the rotational properties PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-22 

of these bodies and what we can learn from them. Previously, Thirouin was a research assistant at the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, the Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse, and the Institut de Mécanique Céleste et Calcul d'Éphémérides. She is a member of the American Astronomical Society-Division for Planetary Sciences, and was a member of the Spanish Society of Astronomy. Thirouin received her Ph.D. in astronomy and planetary science from the University of Granada, Spain. She has not previously served on an Academies’ committee. CHAD TRUJILLO is an associate professor at the Northern Arizona University. His research interests focus on the Kuiper belt, inner Oort cloud, the outer solar system, planet formation, Titan, and active asteroids. Previously, Trujillo was the head of adaptive optics, astronomer, and science fellow at the Gemini Observatory. In addition, he was a postdoctoral scholar at the California Institute of Technology and a research assistant at the University of Hawaii. Trujillo is the principal investigator on three previous NASA programs including Exploring the Inner Oort Cloud, Beyond the Kuiper Belt Edge, and Primordial Solar System Ices. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the 2015 AURA Service Award for Science and the Science Spectrum Magazine 2005 Trailblazer award. Trujillo received a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Hawaii. He has not previously served on an Academies’ committee. BENJAMIN P. WEISS is Professor of Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He also serves as chair of the Program in Planetary Sciences, and director of the MIT Paleomagnetism Laboratory. His research interests include the study of the formation, evolution, and history of planetary bodies, with a focus on paleomagnetism and geomagnetism, geophysics, meteoritics, and habitability. Previously, Weiss was a visiting Miller Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, a visiting professor at the Institut de Physique de Globe de Paris, a Victor O. Starr assistant professor at MIT, and a scientist at the California Institute of Technology. He is the recipient of the James B. Macelwane Medal from the American Geophysical Union, the Charles E. Reed Faculty Initiatives Award, and the Milton and Francis Clauser Doctoral Prize. Weiss received a Ph.D. in planetary science and geology from the California Institute of Technology. He has not previously served on an Academies’ committee. PANEL ON VENUS PAUL K. BYRNE is Associate professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. His research focuses on comparative planetary geology—comparing and contrasting the surfaces and interiors of planetary bodies, including Earth, to understand geological phenomena at the systems level. Byrne’s research projects span the solar system from Mercury to Pluto and, increasingly, to the study of extrasolar planets. Prior to joining Washington University, he was an assistant and then associate professor at North Carolina State University, and before that a postdoctoral research fellow first at the Earth and Planets Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C. and then at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas. He is the President-Elect of the American Geophysical Union's Planetary Sciences section, serves on the Steering Committee of the Venus Exploration Analysis Group, and is a recipient of numerous awards including the NASA Group Achievement Award as part of the MESSENGER mission team in 2018. He was named a NASA Early Career Fellow in 2019. Byrne earned his Ph.D. in planetary geology from Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. He has not previously served on a National Academies committee. LARRY W. ESPOSITO is a professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, in the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. He is the principal investigator of the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph experiment on the Cassini space mission to Saturn. He was chair of the Voyager Rings Working Group and, as a member of the Pioneer Saturn Imaging Team, he discovered Saturn’s F ring. His research focuses on the nature and history of planetary rings and the atmosphere of Venus. Esposito has been a participant in numerous U.S., Russian, and European space missions to Venus, Mars, and the outer planets. In addition, PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-23 

he used the Hubble Space Telescope for its first observations of Venus. He was awarded the Harold C. Urey Prize of the American Astronomical Society, the Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement by NASA, and the Richtmyer Lecture Award of the American Association of Physics Teachers and the American Physical Society. He received his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Esposito has extensive National Academies experience, including chairing the Task Group on the Forward Contamination of Europa and the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration. GIADA N. ARNEY is a research space scientist in the Planetary Systems Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Her research interests include solar system-exoplanet synergies, astrobiology, and terrestrial solar system worlds (particularly Venus and Earth). Arney currently serves as one of two deputy principal investigators of the DAVINCI mission to Venus. Previously, she led the Science Support Analysis Team for the LUVOIR astrophysics flagship mission concept study. She was a co-editor of a recent title in the Space Science Series, Planetary Astrobiology. Arney received the NASA Early Career Achievement Award in 2018 and was a recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2019. She received her Ph.D. in astronomy and astrobiology from the University of Washington. Arney has not previously served on a National Academies committee. AMANDA S. BRECHT is a space scientist in the Planetary Systems Branch of NASA’s Ames Research Center. Her research interests include planetary science, planetary atmospheres, general circulation models, and comparative planetology. Prior to joining NASA Ames in her current capacity, she was a research scientist at the Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, a NASA postdoctoral program fellow at NASA Ames, and a graduate research assistant at the University of Michigan. Brecht is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Rackham Engineering Award and a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship. She received her Ph.D. in atmospheric and space science from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Brecht has not previously served on a National Academies committee. THOMAS E. CRAVENS is a professor at the University of Kansas in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. His research interests focus on planetary ionospheres, the interaction of the solar wind with planets, including Earth, Venus, Mars, and comets, and solar system x-ray emission. He was a team member on the Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) and is an interdisciplinary scientist on NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. He was a co-investigator on the Ion and Electron Sensor for the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) and was a co-investigator on the TUNDE and PLASMAG instruments on the VEGA-1 and 2 missions to comet Halley. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Geophysical Union. He received his Ph.D. in astronomy from Harvard University. KANDIS-LEA JESSUP is a mid-career Lead Scientist working in the Department of Space Studies at the Southwest Research Institute and an affiliate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Regis College. She specializes in the observation and modeling of planetary atmospheres across the solar system (e.g., Venus, Io, Titan, and Pluto). Her research ranges in breadth from spectroscopic observation and the related radiative transfer modeling, photochemical modeling and microphysical modeling needed to interpret these data; to broader planet-systems focused topics such as atmospheric evolution and climate. Additionally, Jessup is actively involved in the development of instrumentation designed to enable remote and/or in-situ investigation of Solar System atmosphere targets. She is the co- author of two academic book chapters: “Io’s Atmosphere” by Lellouch et al. 2007 (which is in the book Io After the Galileo Era) and “Photochemistry and Haze formation”, by Mandt et al. 2020 (which is in the book “The Pluto System”). Jessup has substantial experience working internationally as an interdisciplinary scholar. She served on the joint NASA-Roscosmos Venera-D Mission Science Definition Team from 2015- 2019; and she is currently assigned as a Guest Investigator on ESA’s Bepi Colombo mission to Mercury. In this latter role, Jessup actively supports collaborations between the Bepi Colombo Science Team and the Joint NASA-JAXA Akatsuki Mission Science Working Team. Dr. Jessup is also one of the key leaders of PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-24 

the series of Cloud Habitability Workshops sponsored by NASA and IKI in 2019 and 2021. Jessup is a member of the American Geophysical Union and the American Astronomical Society. Jessup received her PhD in Atmospheric and Space Science from the University of Michigan in 2002. Jessup has not previously served on a National Academies committee. JAMES F. KASTING (NAS) is an Evan Pugh Professor at Pennsylvania State University (PSU). His research interests include atmospheric evolution, planetary atmospheres and paleoclimates. Before joining PSU, he spent two years at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado and seven years in the Space Science Division at NASA’s Ames Research Center. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life, and the American Geophysical Union. Kasting is the recipient of the Stanley Miller Medal, also known as the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences. He earned his Ph.D. in atmospheric science from the University of Michigan. Kasting’s service on National Academies studies includes membership on the Committee for US-USSR Workshop on Planetary Sciences, the Panel to Review Terrestrial Planet Finder Science Goals, and chair of the organizing committee for Searching for Life across Space and Time: A Workshop. SCOTT D. KING is a professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. His research focuses on the study of thermomechanical processes that operate within planets using numerical models constrained by spacecraft data. Currently, he is a guest investigator of the Dawn at Ceres mission and a team member of the InSight mission. King has participated in multiple NASA R&A review panels, including as group chief. He is a fellow of the Geological Society of America and is the recipient of numerous awards, including a senior Alexander von Humboldt research prize. He was named a University Faculty Scholar at Purdue University. King received his Ph.D. in geophysics from the California Institute of Technology. He has not previously served on a National Academies committee. BERNARD MARTY is a professor at the Université de Lorraine in France. Prior to joining his current institution, Marty was a postdoctoral researcher at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Tokyo and a CNRS research scientist at the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie. Marty was selected as a senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France, a Knight in 2012, and promoted to Officer in 2018 under the Ordre des Palmes Académiques of the Republic of France. He is the recipient of the Grand Prix Dolomieu of the French Academy of Sciences, of the Bowen award of the AGU and of the Goldschmidt medal of the Geochemical Society. Currently, he is involved in many space missions, including principal investigator for the analysis of noble gases and nitrogen in Apollo samples, member of the Science Team for NASA’s Genesis mission, member of the Preliminary Examination Team for NASA’s Stardust mission, of the JAXA Hayabusa2 and NASA Osiris Rex analysis teams. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Université Pierre et Marie Curie. THOMAS NAVARRO is a postdoctoral fellow at the McGill Space Institute at McGill University and an assistant researcher in the Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research and projects focus on the development and utilization of state-of-the- art three-dimensional general circulation models, along with their validation and comparison to satellite observations. Navarro is a NASA participating scientist on JAXA’s Akatsuki mission to Venus and was involved in the HOVER Venus mission. Prior to starting his current role, he was a postdoctoral scholar at UCLA, a graduate research assistant at the Sorbonne University, and a research engineer at CNRS in Paris. Navarro received his Ph.D. in planetary science from the Sorbonne University. He has not previously served on a National Academies study. JOSEPH G. O'ROURKE is an assistant professor at Arizona State University in the School of Earth and Space Exploration. His research focuses on planetary interiors—how processes that occur deep within planets can govern conditions on their surfaces over geologic time. He has served on the steering committee PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-25 

of the Venus Exploration Analysis Group. Before becoming faculty, he joined Arizona State University as a postdoctoral scholar. O'Rourke is the recipient of numerous awards, including a National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship and awards from the American Geophysical Union for outstanding graduate research and presentations. O'Rourke received his B.S. in astronomy and physics, and geology and geophysics from Yale University and his Ph.D. in planetary science from the California Institute of Technology. JENNIFER M. ROCCA is a principal project systems engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where she is the Engineering Technical Authority for the SPHEREx Astrophysics Medium Explorer near-infrared all- sky spectral survey mission. She has been with JPL for over 20 years, serving in numerous flight and project system design, development and operations roles on GRACE, Deep Impact, SIM, Dawn, Juno, and NISAR. Rocca has proposal and concept study experience in systems engineering and capture-lead roles for proposals in Earth sciences, planetary sciences, and astrophysics. She is the recipient of numerous awards including the 2019 JPL Explorer Award for SPHEREx Capture Leadership and NASA Exceptional Achievement Medals for her work on Deep Impact and Juno. Rocca received her M.S. in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Stanford University. She has not previously served on a National Academies committee. ALISON R. SANTOS is a postdoctoral research associate at Wesleyan University in the Earth and Environmental Sciences Department. Her research interests include igneous petrology and geochemistry, volatiles in planetary systems, and planetary evolution, and she has conducted research in these areas on Mars, Venus, and the angrite parent body. Previously, she was a postdoctoral fellow with the Universities Space Research Association through NASA’s Postdoctoral Program based at NASA’s Glenn Research Center, and a research scientist with the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico. She received her Ph.D. in Earth and Planetary Sciences from the University of New Mexico and was a New Mexico Space Grant awardee while there. Santos has not previously served on a National Academies committee. JENNIFER L. WHITTEN is an assistant professor of planetary science at Tulane University. Her research interests are focused on geologic processes that generate and modify terrestrial planetary crusts, including volcanic and impact-related resurfacing processes. She is currently leading a study of the radiophysical properties of Venus surface units using Magellan data and Arecibo telescopic observations. Before joining Tulane, Whitten was a postdoctoral researcher at the National Air and Space Museum Center for Earth and Planetary Studies. Whitten is the associate principal investigator of the VERITAS Discovery mission proposal team and serves as a member of the Venus Exploration and Analysis Group Steering Committee. She has received several awards, including being named a NASA Early Career Fellow. She received her Ph.D. in planetary geology from Brown University. PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION G-26