Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation (2022)

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92 Regulations and policies implemented at local, state, regional, and federal levels can support the deployment of transportation innovations. These policies can help to address the potentially negative impacts of mobility on demand, automated vehicles (AVs), shared automated vehicles (SAVs), and automated delivery vehicles (ADVs). Table 21 provides sample policies, organized by topic area and implementation level. A P P E N D I X B Sample Policies Table 21. Sample regulations. Topic Area Example Potential Policy O rg an iz at io na l R ea di ne ss Partnerships Chula Vista, California, issued a Request for Expressions of Interest (REOI) to engage in a partnership to develop AVs. Chula Vista will provide 17,000 square feet of testing sites throughout the city and access to the traffic management center, which communicates with the city’s traffic signals. In exchange, partners will assist in coauthoring grant applications and work toward furthering innovation in transportation (SmartCitiesWorld 2019). Issue REOIs, RFPs, RFIs, and other information- seeking processes to identify potential partners and partnerships and determine the baseline agreements, expectations, and responsibilities of future partnerships. Funding Arizona has altered its policies to support AV testing and has restructured some of its taxes to capitalize on AV development. According to a variety of economic models, these changes to regulations and taxes will allow the state to increase its budget by $500 million by 2030 (Bosch-Chamber 2020). Include considerations for AVs in policies and tax regulations to offer the public sector more control over AV development and operations and provide communities with the financial resources necessary to support these innovations. B ui lt E nv ir on m en t Built Environment Omaha, Nebraska, has grown steadily since 2017. This growth is a result of intranational and international moves to Omaha (Robb 2019). However, this population shift is resulting in a lack of housing. To keep up with growing demand and to continue to increase density, Omaha and the state of Nebraska are considering supporting the development of multiunit homes, such as duplexes; triplexes; and townhouses (Capps 2020). Track demographic trends and accommodate these shifts through required alterations to the built environment (e.g., increasing the housing stock and variety). L an d U se Land Use In 2018, the town of College Station, Texas, changed one of its land-use ordinances to decrease the number of required parking spaces at certain development types. The change was made, in part, to support emergency vehicle access, increased housing density for the nearby college (Texas A&M University), and service expansion (e.g., transportation) (Clark 2018). Change land-use ordinances to create land uses that are supportive of different transportation services, needs, and innovations.

Sample Policies 93   Topic Area Example Potential Policy M ul tim od al I nt eg ra tio n Physical Integration In its 2021 regional plan, the San Diego Association of Governments set forth the requirement of the development of mobility hubs to increase connectivity and mobility (SANDAG 2019). Include innovations in future plans, such as the implementation of supportive infrastructure and designs. Information Integration Las Vegas, Nevada, manages an open data sharing platform that allows users to gain access to information from a variety of city departments, including transportation services and budgets. The platform provides information that can be used through the city’s application programming interfaces (APIs) (City of Las Vegas 2019). Create an open data platform and require public agencies to upload updated data to the platform to allow third parties to access and use the data. Fare Payment Integration The California Integrated Travel Project (Cal- ITP) is working on developing a travel planning and payment program that allows travelers to plan and pay for trips taken on a variety of transportation options including those provided by public agencies and private providers (California Integrated Travel Project 2019). Use jurisdictional role(s) to coordinate the integration of systems throughout regions and assist in streamlining payments. E le ct ri fic at io n Strategies for Electrification In 2017, Atlanta, Georgia, passed an ordinance that requires new residential homes and public parking facilities to support electric vehicles (EVs). The ordinance requires 20% of spaces in multifamily and commercial parking structures to be reserved for EVs and that new residential homes have the infrastructure necessary for EV chargers (e.g., conduit, electrical capacity) (City of Atlanta 2017). Add requirements for EV charging infrastructure into existing or new ordinances. L ab or I m pa ct s Labor Regulations Securing America’s Future Energy released a publication on the potential labor impacts of automation. The report included policy recommendations to address potentially negative labor impacts. One policy recommendation suggested reinvesting the profits of AV deployment back into the workforce for new job training (Securing America’s Future Energy 2018). Include provisions and programs for laborers in industries that may be rendered obsolete by increased automation. E qu ity Regulations Supporting Equity In 2018, California passed Senate Bill 1376 (SB 1376). SB 1376 requires transportation network companies (TNCs) to collect a $0.10 fee on each TNC trip in California. These funds will be used to support programs to expand TNC accessibility (California Senate 2018). Create legislation that directly targets equity issues for different demographics. Po ol in g Pooling Strategies As part of a 6-year, $565 million project, the state of Virginia is widening and adding extensions to existing highways and interstates. These construction efforts include the addition of express lanes that SOVs must pay to access but high-occupancy vehicles (HOVs) may use for free (Smith 2019). Include HOV requirements in new developments. R ig ht s- of -W ay Rights-of- Way Beginning in 2017, Washington, DC’s DOT repurposed parking spots in three areas with high volumes of nightlife for passenger pickup and loading zones from Thursday night to Sunday morning. The goal behind this project was to increase pedestrian and driver safety, support shared rides, and decrease congestion (Schneider 2017). Alter rights-of-way access to support emerging modes and services (e.g., creation of loading zones, implementation of parking infrastructure). Table 21. (Continued). (continued on next page)

94 Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation Table 21. (Continued). Topic Area Example Potential Policy Pr ic in g Pricing Strategies In 2019, New York City approved a cordon pricing policy that would charge motorists a fee (likely $10–$15) to enter the borough of Manhattan. The toll is expected to go into effect in 2021, raise $15 billion in revenue for the transit authority, and decrease congestion and pollution in the area (Wamsley 2019). Use fees or other pricing strategies to alter access and/or trip types to meet certain goals. A D V s ADV Regulations The NHTSA is working on rewriting regulations to include specifications for privately owned AVs and ADVs to support the development and deployment of these services (Ramsey 2020). Alter existing regulations to include transportation innovations.