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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26821.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26821.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26821.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26821.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26821.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26821.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

95   Baatar, B., K. Heckmann, T. Hoang, R. Jarvis, and P. Sakhiya. (2019). Preparing Rural America for the Electric Vehicle Revolution. University of California, Davis. Center for American Progress, Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://epm.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk296/files/inline-files/Preparing%20Rural%20America%20 for%20the%20Electric%20Vehicle%20Revolution.pdf. Bauer, J., L. K. Bedsole, K. Snyder, M. Neuner, and M. C. Smith. (2018). Expanding Traveler Choices Through the Use of Incentives: A Compendium of Examples. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop18071/fhwahop18071.pdf. Baum, J. (2020). LAVTA Rebrands Newly Expanded Go Tri-Valley Rideshare Program. Pleasanton Weekly (April  30, 2020). Retrieved from https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2020/04/30/lavta-rebrands- newly-expanded-go-tri-valley-rideshare-program. Bayen, A., T. Forscher, and S. Shaheen. (2018). Preserving Privacy in Road User Charge (RUC) Architectures. UC Berkeley: Institute of Transportation Studies. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9ws6j5fk. Bosch-Chamber, G. (2020). Study: Arizona’s Regulatory Environment Helps Autonomous Tech Sector Grow. AZ Big Media. Retrieved from https://azbigmedia.com/business/technology/study-arizonas-regulatory- environment-helps-autonomous-tech-sector-grow/. Boston MPO (Metropolitan Planning Organization). (2019). Destination 2040: The Long-Range Transportation Plan for the Boston Region. Retrieved from https://www.ctps.org/lrtp. Brown, T. (2008). Design Thinking. Harvard Business Review (June 2008). Caballero, S., and P. Rapin. (2020). COVID-19 Made Cities More Bike-Friendly – How to Keep Them That Way. World Economic Forum. Retrieved August 20, 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/ covid-19-made-cities-more-bike-friendly-here-s-how-to-keep-them-that-way/. California Department of Motor Vehicles. (2019). California Authorizes Light-Duty Autonomous Delivery Vehicles. Retrieved December 30, 2019, from https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/california- authorizes-light-duty-autonomous-delivery-vehicles/. California Integrated Travel Project. (2019). Market Sounding Kick-off Event. Caltrans, CA.gov. Retrieved from https://dot.ca.gov/cal-itp/market-sounding-kickoff. California Senate. (2018). Transportation Network Companies: Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities, Sacramento, CA. Capps, K. (2020). Nebraska’s Battle Over Single-Family Homes Is Not Much of a Battle. CityLab Justice, Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-12/what-happens-when- nebraska-argues-about-upzoning. CBS Bay Area. (2020). Coronavirus: Some SF Businesses Going Outside to City Sidewalks, Streets, Parks. Retrieved from https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2020/05/26/coronavirus-some-sf-businesses-going-out- side-to-city-sidewalks-streets-parks/. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). What Rideshare, Taxi, Limo and other Passenger Drivers- for-Hire Need to Know about COVID-19. Cervero, R., and D. Dai. (2014). BRT TOD: Leveraging Transit Oriented Development with Bus Rapid Transit Investments. Transport Policy 36, 127–138. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.08.001. Chase, R. (2019). The Technology That Could Transform Congestion Pricing. Bloomberg, CityLab Perspective. Retrieved from https://www.citylab.com/perspective/2019/05/congestion-pricing-technology-apps-road- tolls-data-privacy/589006/. Chrobak, U. (2020). The Pandemic Could Make Cities More Bike-Friendly—For Good. Popular Science. Retrieved from https://www.popsci.com/story/environment/city-shutdowns-covid-bike-lanes/. City and County of San Francisco. (2020). Shared Spaces website. Retrieved from https://sf.gov/shared-spaces. References

96 Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation City of Atlanta. (2017). City of Atlanta Passes “EV Ready” Ordinance into Law. Retrieved from https:// www.atlantaga.gov/Home/Components/News/News/10258/#:∼:text=The%20ordinance%20requires%20 20%20percent,conduit%2C%20wiring%20and%20electrical%20capacity. City of Dublin. (n.d.). Rideshare. Retrieved from https://www.dublin.ca.gov/2088/Rideshare. City of Las Vegas. (2019). City of Las Vegas Open Data Portal. Retrieved from https://opendataportal-lasvegas. opendata.arcgis.com/. City of New Haven. (2010). City of New Haven Complete Streets Design Manual. Retrieved from https:// www.newhavenct.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/2368/637744814502330000. Clark, C. (2018). College Station City Council Gives Direction on Proposed Development Ordinance Changes. The Eagle. Retrieved from https://theeagle.com/news/local/college-station-city-council-gives-direction-on- proposed-development-ordinance-changes/article_cc051562-535a-5b2c-8134-04c06761d3e3.html. Cohen, A., and S. Shaheen. (2016). Planning for Shared Mobility. PAS Report 583, American Planning Association. Cohen, A., and S. Shaheen. (Forthcoming). “Chapter 5: Shared Mobility: Managing Rights-of-Way, Developer Incentives, and Planning Principles,” Shared Mobility and Automated Vehicles, Susan Shaheen and Ata Khan, Eds. London, England, Institution of Engineering and Technology. Corwin, S., and E. Kelly (2015). The Future of Mobility: How Transportation Technology and Social Trends Are Creating a New Business Ecosystem. Deloitte Insights, Fig. 4 (adapted). Retrieved from https://www2. deloitte.com/xe/en/insights/focus/future-of-mobility/transportation-technology.html. Crowe, S. (2020). Nuro Driverless Vehicles Approved for Delivery Tests in California. The Robot Report. Retrieved from https://www.therobotreport.com/nuro-driverless-delivery-vehicles-approved-california/. Dotzour, M. G., T. V. Grissom, C. H. Liu, and T. Pearson. (1990). Highest and Best Use: The Evolving Paradigm [Electronic version]. Journal of Real Estate Research 5(1), 17–32. Retrieved January 20, 2020 from Cornell University, School of Hospitality Administration. http://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/15/. Downtown Brooklyn Partnership. (2020). New York City Expands Nation-Leading Open Streets Program with 23 More Miles in Areas Hit Hard by Covid-19 Crisis. DWNTWN BRKLYN, June 25, 2020. EVgo. (2018). Green Raiteros Connects Rural Californians to Vital Services: Indigenous Ridesharing Arrives in the Heart of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.evgo.com/about/news/green-raiteros-connects-rural- californians-vital-services/. Ezike, R. (2018). Explaining Land Use Implications of Autonomous Vehicles: Meet Dr. Jonathan Levine. Retrieved December 17, 2019 from The Equation blog, Union of Concerned Scientists https://blog.ucsusa.org/richard- ezike/explaining-land-use-implications-of-autonomous-vehicles-meet-dr-jonathan-levine. FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2017). Freeway Management and Operations Handbook. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington DC. Ge, Y., C. R. Knittel, D. MacKenzie, and S. Zoepf. (2016). Racial and Gender Discrimination in Transportation Network Companies. Working Paper 22776, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w22776.pdf. Gibbons, S. (2016). Design Thinking 101. NNGROUP (Nielsen Norman Group). Retrieved from https:// www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/. Groshen, E. L., S. Helper, J. P. MacDuffie, and C. Carson. (2018). Preparing U.S. Workers and Employers for an Autonomous Vehicle Future. Upjohn Institute Technical Report No. 19-036, Kalamazoo, MI. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17848/tr19-036. Hawkins, A. J. (2019). Nuro’s Driverless Delivery Robots Will Start Serving Walmart Customers in Houston. Retrieved December 30, 2019, The Verge website: https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/10/21004678/nuros- driverless-delivery-robots-walmart-houston. Hedlund, J. (2018). Preparing for Automated Vehicles: Traffic Safety Issues for States. Governors Highway Safety Association. Jennings, H. (2017). Cities Will Need to Fight Zero-Occupant Miles with “TDM for Autonomous Vehicles.” Mobility Lab. Retrieved from https://mobilitylab.org/2017/05/30/tdm-for-autonomous-vehicles/. Krawczyk, T. (2017). From Curb Space to Flex Zone. Presentation, NACTO (National Association of City Transportation Officials). Retrieved from https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Tracy_Krawczyk_ Seattle.pdf. Lee, T. N. (2018). Detecting Racial Bias in Algorithms and Machine Learning. Journal of Information, Commu- nication and Ethics in Society 16(3), 252–260. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-06-2018-0056. Leonard, J. J., D. A Mindell, and E. Stayton. (2020). Autonomous Vehicles, Mobility, and Employment Policy: The Roads Ahead. MIT Work of the Future. Litman, T. (2017). Introduction to Multi-Modal Transportation Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://vtpi.org/multimodal_planning.pdf. Los Angeles Metro. (2019). Office of Extraordinary Innovation. Retrieved December 30, 2019, from https:// catc.ca.gov/-/media/ctc-media/documents/tab-9-2-a11y.pdf.

References 97   Marr, C. (2020). State Laws to Take On Gig Workers, Wages, Overtime in 2020. Bloomberg Law. Retrieved from https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/state-laws-to-take-on-gig-workers-wages-overtime- in-2020. MBTA (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority). (2020). Crowding Information for Riders. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Retrieved from https://www.mbta.com/projects/crowding-information- riders. Memon, F. (2017). 6 Ways Driverless Cars Will Impact Commercial Real Estate. REdirect. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://www.redirectconsulting.com/blog/6-ways-driverless-cars-will-impact-commercial- real-estate. Miller, S. (2017). Oregon’s Pay-Per-Mile Driving Fees: Ready for Prime Time, But Waiting for Approval. Streetsblog USA. Retrieved from https://usa.streetsblog.org/2017/06/26/oregons-pay-per-mile-driving-fees-ready-for- prime-time-but-waiting-for-approval/. NACTO (National Association of City Transportation Officials). (n.d.). Blueprint for Autonomous Urbanism: Second Edition. Retrieved on March 31, 2020, from https://nacto.org/publication/bau2/. Oregon Department of Transportation. (2019). MyOReGO | A New Way to Fund Roads for All Oregonians. Retrieved December 12, 2019, from MyOReGO website http://www.myorego.org/. Pandy, A., and A. Caliskan. (2020). Iterative Effect-Size Bias in Ridehailing: Measuring Social Bias in Dynamic Pricing of 100 Million Rides. Cornell University. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04599. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. (2017). The Pennsylvania Vanpool Incentive Program (PVIP) Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.penndot.gov/Doing-Business/Transit/Documents/Vanpool%20 Incentive%20Program%20Guidelines.pdf. Rainwater, B. (2019). Autonomous Vehicles Make Congestion Pricing Even More Critical. TechCrunch. Retrieved from http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/04/28/autonomous-vehicles-make-congestion-pricing-even-more- critical/. Ramsey, J. (2020). NHTSA Revising Safety Rules to Adapt to Autonomous Cars. Autoblog. Retrieved from https://www.autoblog.com/2020/03/23/nhtsa-self-driving-cars-regulations/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer= aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABse23Xf-ryQoSg89rqyrEvfLphq TQnxvpSiH00-XO46WkjMNJTHL0Obr-4MRR722P1GrRXrz6jymGqaTsDLd0SXtiMJnsMhD8tPH. Reinicke, C. (2018). Autonomous Vehicles Won’t Only Kill Jobs. They Will Create Them, Too. CNBC August 11, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/10/autonomous-vehicles-are-creating-jobs-heres- where.html. Rice, A., and A. Tomer. (2017). How Will Autonomous Vehicles Transform the Built Environment? Brookings. Retrieved December 17, 2019, from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2017/10/16/how-will- autonomous-vehicles-transform-the-built-environment/. Robb, J. (2019). Omaha Metro Area Keeps Growing; 1 Million Population Still 5 Years Away. Omaha World- Herald April 18, 2019. SANDAG (San Diego Association of Governments). (2019). Regional Plan. SANDAG (San Diego Association of Governments). (2020). Mobility Hubs. San Diego Forward. Retrieved from https://www.sdforward.com/mobility-planning/mobilityhubs. Schlecter, B. (2018). Guest Op-Ed: How Will Current Land Use Patterns Impact the Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles? Eno Center for Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.enotrans.org/article/guest-op-ed- will-current-land-use-patterns-impact-deployment-autonomous-vehicles/. Schneider, B. (2017). D.C. Gives Uber and Lyft a Better Spot in Nightlife. Bloomberg CityLab Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-25/uber-lyft-get-a-prime-location-in- d-c-nightlife. Securing America’s Future Energy. (2018). America’s Workforce and the Self-Driving Future. Retrieved from https://avworkforce.secureenergy.org/. SFMTA (San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency). (2016). City of San Francisco: Meeting the Smart City Challenge. SFMTA (San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency). (2020). Better Market Street Project. Retrieved from https://www.sfmta.com/projects/better-market-street-project. Shaheen, S., C. Bell, A. Cohen, and B. Yelchuru. (2017). Travel Behavior: Shared Mobility and Transportation Equity. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/ shared_use_mobility_equity_final.pdf. Shaheen, S., and M. A. Bouzaghrane. (2019). Mobility and Energy Impacts of Shared Automated Vehicles: A Review of Recent Literature. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 6, 193–200. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-019-00135-2. Shaheen, S., and A. Cohen. (2018a). Managing the Transition to Shared Automated Vehicles: Building Today While Designing for Tomorrow. Retrieved December 18, 2019, Meeting of the Minds website: https:// meetingoftheminds.org/managing-the-transition-to-shared-automated-vehicles-building-today-while- designing-for-tomorrow-2-27094.

98 Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation Shaheen, S., and A. Cohen. (2018b). Shared Ride Services in North America: Definitions, Impacts, and the Future of Pooling. Transport Reviews 39(4), 427–442. Shaheen, S., A. Cohen, and A. Bayen. (2018). The Benefits of Carpooling: The Environmental and Economic Value of Sharing a Ride. UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center, California. Shaheen, S., A. Cohen, J. Broader, R. Davis, L. Brown, R. Neelakantan, and D. Gopalakrishna. (2020). Mobility on Demand Planning and Implementation: Current Practices, Innovations, and Emerging Mobility Futures. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. Shaheen, S., A. Cohen, M. Dowd, and R. Davis. (2019). A Framework for Integrating Transportation Into Smart Cities. Mineta Transportation Institute. San José State University. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31979/ mti.2019.1705. Shaheen, S., A. Cohen, and A. Stocker. (Forthcoming). “Chapter 3: Policy and Regulatory Environment: Shared Automated Vehicles.” In Shared Mobility and Automated Vehicles, edited by Susan Shaheen and Ata Khan. London, England: Institution of Engineering and Technology. Shaheen, S., A. Cohen, B. Yelchuru, and S. Sarkhili. (2017). Mobility on Demand Operational Concept Report. U.S. Department of Transportation, Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, Washington, DC. Shaheen, S., A. Stocker, and R. Meza. (2019). Social Equity Impacts of Congestion Management Strategies. Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved from https:// escholarship.org/uc/item/9z9618mn. Shuttleworth, J. (2019). SAE Updates J3016 Levels of Automated Driving Graphic to Reflect Evolving Standard. Society of Automotive Engineers. SmartCitiesWorld. (2019). Chula Vista Invites Private Sector to Develop AVs and Drones. Retrieved from https:// www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/chula-vista-invites-private-sector-to-develop-avs-and-drones-3907. Smith, M. (2019). I-395 Toll Lane FAQ: What to Know About the New Express Lanes. WTOP News, November 18, 2019. Retrieved from https://wtop.com/dc-transit/2019/11/i-395-toll-lane-faq-what-you-need-to-know- with-express-lanes-launching-nov-17/. Stewart, J. (2017). Maybe It’s Time to Cede US Freeways to Driverless Cars. WIRED, Conde Nast. Retrieve from https://www.wired.com/story/self-driving-cars-take-over-highways/. Stocker, A., and S. Shaheen. (2018). Shared Automated Vehicle (SAV) Pilots and Automated Vehicle Policy in the U.S.: Current and Future Developments. In Road Vehicle Automation 5. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 131–147. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/content/qt69c4t4sb/qt69c4t4sb_noSplash_53420ee 438bffac66882559b8796a8a9.pdf?t=r5yrnq. Transport for London. (2018). Congestion Charge. Retrieved December 12, 2019, from Transport for London https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge. UbiGo. (n.d.). UbiGo and Fluidtime Giving Households in Stockholm and Gothenburg Autonomy from Private Cars. Retrieved from https://www.fluidtime.com/en/ubigo/. Vakharia, P. (2015). Utah Clears the Air. RideAmigos. Retrieved from https://rideamigos.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/04/ra-utah-31.pdf. von Berg, S. (2014). “My vision of a #multimodal #mobility station.” Twitter, May 26, 2014. Wamsley, L. (2019). New York Is Set to Be First U.S. City to Impose Congestion Pricing. National Public Radio, April 2, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/04/02/709243878/new-york-is-set-to-be-first-u-s- city-to-impose-congestion-pricing Wayland, M., and L. Kolodny. (2020). Debut of GM’s Cruise Origin Shows the Future of Ride-Sharing, Auto- nomous Vehicles Is a Box. CNBC, January 23, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/23/ debut-of-gms-cruise-origin-shows-the-future-of-ride-hailing-autonomous-vehicles-is-a-box.html Wenger, E. C., and W. M. Snyder. (2000). Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier. Harvard Business Review, January-February 2000.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without de nitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration GHSA Governors Highway Safety Association HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation

N C H RP Research Report 1009 Shared Autom ated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Im plem entation Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED ISBN 978-0-309-68742-3 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 6 8 7 4 2 3 9 0 0 0 0

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 Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation
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Technology is changing the way people move and is reshaping mobility and society. The integration of transportation modes, real-time information, and instant communication and dispatch—possible with the click of a mouse or the touch of a smartphone app—is redefining mobility.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1009: Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation provides resources that identify key stakeholders and partnerships, offers emerging lessons learned, and provides sample regulations that can be used to help plan for and integrate emerging modes.

Supplemental to the report are Appendix A, a presentation, and NCHRP Web-Only Document 331: Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems:A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment.

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