Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (2023)

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E Committee and Staff Biosketches COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOSKETCHES Aravinda Chakravarti, Ph.D. (Cochair), is the Director of the Center for Hu- man Genetics & Genomics, and the Muriel G & George W Singer Professor of Neuroscience & Physiology and professor of medicine at the New York University Grossman School of Medicine. He has served on the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh (1980–1993), Case Western Reserve University (1994–2000), and Johns Hopkins University (2000–2018). He is one of the founding Editors-in-Chief of Genome Research and Annual Reviews of Genomics & Human Genetics and has been or is on the advisory boards of numerous national and international institutes, charities, academic societ- ies, the NIH, and biotechnology companies. He has been a key participant in many genome projects, and now works on genome-scale analysis of the molecular basis of human disease. He was the 2008 President of the Ameri- can Society of Human Genetics and has been elected to the U.S. National Academy of Science, the U.S. National Academy of Medicine, the Indian National Academy of Science, and the Indian Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the 2013 William Allan Award by the American Society of Human Genetics and the 2018 Chen Award by the Human Genome Organization. Dr. Chakravarti received his Ph.D. in human genetics in 1979. Charmaine Royal, Ph.D. (Cochair), is the Robert O. Keohane Professor of African & African American Studies, Biology, Global Health, and Family Medicine & Community Health at Duke University. She directs the Duke Center on Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference and the Duke Center for 201 PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

202 POPULATION DESCRIPTORS IN GENETICS AND GENOMICS RESEARCH Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation. She held previous faculty appoint- ments at Howard University. Throughout her career, Dr. Royal has focused on ethical, social, scientific, and clinical implications of human genetics and genomics, particularly issues at the intersection of genetics and “race.” She serves on numerous national and international advisory boards and com- mittees for government agencies, professional organizations, not-for-profit entities, and corporations, including the Board of Directors for the Ameri- can Society of Human Genetics, the Independent Expert Committee for the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Initiative, and the Ethics Advisory Board for Illumina, Inc. In 2013 and 2015 Dr. Royal served as a chairperson of the planning committee for two consensus roundtable meet- ings convened by the American Society of Human Genetics charged with developing guidelines for genetic ancestry inference. Dr. Royal obtained a bachelor’s degree in microbiology, master’s degree in genetic counseling, and doctorate in human genetics from Howard University. She completed post- graduate training in ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) research and bioethics at the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and in epidemiology and behavioral medicine at Howard University Cancer Center. She was a member of the National Academies committees that produced Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease and Addressing Sickle Cell Disease: A Strategic Plan and Blueprint for Action. Katrina Armstrong, M.D., leads Columbia University’s medical campus as the Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences. She is Chief Executive Officer of the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Dean of the Faculties of Health Sciences and Medicine, which includes Columbia’s dental, medical, nursing, and public health schools. She is an internationally recognized investigator in medical decision making, quality of care, and cancer prevention and outcomes, an award-winning teacher, and a practicing primary care physician. She has served on multiple advi- sory panels for academic and federal organizations and has been elected to the National Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Association of American Physicians, and the American Society for Clinical Investigation. Before joining Columbia, Dr. Armstrong was the Jackson Professor of Clinical Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Chair of the Department of Medicine, Physician-in-Chief of Massachusetts General Hospital, and Professor of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Before joining Harvard, she was Chief of the Division of General Internal Medicine, Associate Director of the Abramson Cancer Center, and Codirector of the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Pro- gram at the University of Pennsylvania. She is a graduate of Yale University PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

APPENDIX E 203 (B.A. degree in architecture), Johns Hopkins (M.D. degree), and the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania (M.S. degree in clinical epidemiology). She completed her residency training in internal medicine at Johns Hopkins. Michael Bamshad, M.D., is professor and chief of the Division of Genetic Medicine in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, and holds the Allan and Phyllis Treuer En- dowed Chair in Genetics and Development. Dr. Bamshad is Editor-in-Chief of Human Genetics and Genomics Advances, published by the American Society of Human Genetics and chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of GeneDx. His research focuses on understanding the effect of population structure and natural selection on human genetic variation; developing innovative ways to discover genetic variants underlying monogenic disor- ders, modifiers of monogenic traits, and complex traits; and testing novel ways to translate genomic advances into the practice of precision genetic medicine. He and his colleagues pioneered the use of exome and genome sequencing for discovery of genes underlying Mendelian conditions and has contributed to the identification of hundreds of genes for Mendelian disor- ders. He has also been a leader in understanding the relationship between genetic ancestry and notions of race, developing innovative ways to openly share phenotypic information and genetic data (e.g., MyGene2) and build- ing platforms for self-guided return of genetic testing results (e.g., My46) from exome and whole genome sequencing in both research and clinical settings. He has published more than 300 scientific manuscripts as well as papers in periodicals such as Scientific American and coauthors a popular textbook titled Medical Genetics. In 2013 and 2015 Dr. Bamshad served as a chairperson of the planning committee for two consensus roundtable meetings convened by the American Society of Human Genetics charged with developing guidelines for genetic ancestry inference. He received his B.S. and M.D. at the University of Missouri in Kansas City and his M.A. at the University of Kansas. Luisa N. Borrell, D.D.S., Ph.D., is a distinguished professor in the De- partment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH) in New York. She is a social epidemiologist with a research interest on the role of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and neighborhood effects as social determinants of health. Her work on Hispanics’/Latinos’ racial identity brings attention to the need for disaggregated analyses by race as Hispanics/ Latinos are a heterogeneous group with a mix of European, Native Ameri- can, and African ancestry. She also has expertise in research methods and analyses of large and spatially linked data sets. Dr. Borrell is a Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine. She has a Doctor in Dental Surgery and PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

204 POPULATION DESCRIPTORS IN GENETICS AND GENOMICS RESEARCH a Master in Public Health, from Columbia University, New York, as well as a doctorate in Epidemiological Science from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Katrina Claw, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the Department of Bio- medical Informatics in the School of Medicine at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. Her research focuses broadly on personalizing medicine, using genetic information and biomarkers for tailored treatment, in relation to pharmacogenomics, as well as understanding the cultural, ethical, legal, and social implications of genomic research with popula- tions historically underrepresented in health research. Her current research includes studying cytochrome P450 genetic variation in Indigenous com- munities (e.g., American Indian and Alaska Native peoples). Her other projects include exploring the perspectives of tribal members on genetic research with tribes and developing guidelines and policies in partnership with tribes. All of her projects strive to use community-based participatory research approaches and include cultural and Indigenous knowledge. She was awarded the Genomic Innovator Award from NHGRI in 2020 for her work on pharmacogenomics approaches to drug metabolism in American Indian/Alaska Native people. She received her B.S. and B.A. from Arizona State University and her Ph.D. from the University of Washington. Clarence C. Gravlee, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida, where he is also affiliated with the Center for Latin American Studies, the African American Studies Program, and the Genetics Institute. His research examines the genetic and environmental contributors to hypertension in the African diaspora, with an emphasis on the biological consequences of systemic racism. His work, with collaborators, integrates methods and theory from the social and biological sciences, including ethnography, social network analysis, human biology, and genetics. Gravlee completed a B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Florida, a Fulbright graduate fellowship at the Universität zu Köln (Cologne, Germany), and postdoctoral training in community- based participatory research as a W.K. Kellogg Community Health Scholar at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. Mark D. Hayward, Ph.D., is a professor of sociology and Centennial Com- mission Professor in the Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Austin. Hayward is a health demographer. Building on a long-standing interest in the developmental origins of adult health, his current work incorporates biosocial lenses (e.g., pathophysiological pathways and genetic risk) to bet- ter understand how social exposures from childhood through adulthood influence racial/ethnic disparities in dementia risk. Hayward is a recipient PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

APPENDIX E 205 of the Matilda White Riley Award from the National Institutes of Health for his contributions to behavioral and social scientific knowledge relevant to the mission of NIH. He has served on numerous major foundations (Robert Wood Johnson and Pew) and major federal agencies (e.g., the Na- tional Institutes of Health and the National Center for Health Statistics). Hayward is the current editor of his field’s major journal, Demography, and President-elect of the Interdisciplinary Association of Population Health Science. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University and his B.A. from Washington State University. He has served on scientific advisory boards at the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine including the Committee on Population and a Decadal Survey of Behavioral and Social Science Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Dementias. Rick Kittles, Ph.D., is Senior Vice President for Research at Morehouse School of Medicine. Dr. Kittles was previously professor and founding di- rector of the Division of Health Equities within the Department of Popula- tion Sciences at the City of Hope (COH) and associate director of Health Equities of COH Comprehensive Cancer Center. Dr. Kittles is also Co- founder and Scientific Director of African Ancestry, Inc., and is well known for his research of prostate cancer and health disparities among African Americans, having published more than 260 research articles. Dr. Kittles serves on many national and international steering committees and advi- sory boards. He served as a member of the Board of Scientific Counselors for the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI/NIH) and is Past Council Chair of the Minorities in Cancer Research of the Ameri- can Association for Cancer Research. Dr. Kittles’ research has focused on understanding the complex issues surrounding race, genetic ancestry, and health disparities. He has been at the forefront of the development of ge- netic markers for ancestry and how genetic ancestry can be used in genetics studies on disease risk and outcomes, showing the effect of genetic variation across populations. He received a Ph.D. in biological sciences from George Washington University in 1998. Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Ph.D., is professor of medical humanities and ethics and Chief of the Division of Ethics at Columbia University. Trained as a medical anthropologist, Dr. Lee leads interdisciplinary bioethics research on race, ancestry and equity in genomics, precision medicine and artificial intelligence, and publishes in the genomics, medical, bioethics, and social science literatures. Dr. Lee has investigated racial categorization in human genetics for over 2 decades and coedited Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age (2008). Her current NIH-funded projects include the Ethics of Inclusion: Diversity in Precision Medicine Research. Dr. Lee is Codirector of the Cen- PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

206 POPULATION DESCRIPTORS IN GENETICS AND GENOMICS RESEARCH ter for ELSI Resources and Analysis and the ELSI Congress. She is President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors and a Hastings Center Fellow. Dr. Lee serves on the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections, the Scientific Advi- sory Boards of the Kaiser Permanente National Research Biobank and the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, and the editorial boards of the American Journal of Bioethics and Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. Dr. Lee received her doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley/UCSF joint program in medical anthropology and her undergraduate degree in human biology from Stanford University. Andrés Moreno-Estrada, Ph.D., M.D., is the Principal Investigator of the Human Evolutionary and Population Genomics Laboratory at the Ad- vanced Genomics Unit (UGA-CINVESTAV), in Irapuato, Mexico. Previ- ously, he was research associate of the Genetics Department at Stanford University until 2014. He is a Mexican population geneticist interested in human genetic diversity and its implications in population history and medical genomics. His work integrates genomics, evolution, and precision medicine in projects involving large collections of understudied popula- tions, in particular from the Americas and the Pacific. He authored the most detailed work so far of the genetic structure of the Mexican popula- tion, including the first genomic characterization of 20 diverse indigenous groups throughout Mexico, as well as fine-scale studies in the Caribbean region, South America, and Polynesia. He is leading the Human Cell Map of Latin American Diversity to increase the representation of diverse ancestry networks for the Human Cell Atlas project. For his work in Latin America he was awarded the George Rosenkranz Prize for Health Care Research in Developing Countries in 2012. He received his M.D. from University of Guadalajara in 2002 and Ph.D. in Evolutionary Genetics from Pompeu Fabra University in 2009. Dr. Moreno was a postdoctoral fellow until 2012 with Prof. Carlos Bustamante at Cornell University and Stanford University School of Medicine. Ann Morning, Ph.D., is the James Weldon Johnson Professor of Sociol- ogy at New York University. Trained in demography, her research focuses on race, ethnicity, and the sociology of science, especially as they pertain to census classification worldwide and to individuals’ concepts of differ- ence. She is the author of The Nature of Race: How Scientists Think and Teach about Human Difference (University of California Press 2011), and coauthor of An Ugly Word: Rethinking Race in Italy and the United States (with Marcello Maneri, Russell Sage Foundation, 2022). Morning was a 2008–2009 Fulbright research fellow at the University of Milan-Bicocca and a 2014–2015 Visiting Scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation. She was PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

APPENDIX E 207 a member of the U.S. Census Bureau’s National Advisory Committee on Racial, Ethnic and Other Populations from 2013 to 2019 and has consulted on racial statistics for the European Commission, the United Nations, Else- vier, and the World Bank. Morning holds her B.A. in economics and politi- cal science from Yale University, a Master’s of International Affairs from Columbia University, and her Ph.D. in sociology from Princeton University. John P. Novembre, Ph.D., is a professor at the University of Chicago in the Departments of Human Genetics and Ecology & Evolution. His research has developed computational methods to answer a diverse range of ques- tions regarding genetic diversity. His work has especially had an impact on the understanding and analysis of geographic patterns in human genetic variation. He has been awarded as a MacArthur Fellow, Searle Scholar, and Sloan Research Fellow, and his research is supported by the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Novembre has authored more than 50 peer-re- viewed publications in leading journals, including Nature, Science, Nature Genetics, and the American Journal of Human Genetics. He also serves as an academic editor for the journal Genetics, and previously served on the Scientific Advisory Board for AncestryDNA. He received his B.A. from the Colorado College and his Ph.D. from the University of California-Berkeley. Molly Przeworski, Ph.D., is a professor of biological sciences at Columbia University. Before moving to Columbia University, she was a faculty mem- ber at the University of Chicago as well as at Brown University and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. Her research aims to understand the genetic basis and evolutionary history of heritable differences among individuals; recent work focuses in part on genomic trait prediction in humans and implications. She is the recipient of the Rosalind Franklin Award from the Genetics Society of America, a Sloan Research Fellowship, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Early Career Scientist Award, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. She received a B.A. in mathematics from Princeton University and a Ph.D. from the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago, then conducted postdoctoral research in the Mathematical Genetics group of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Dorothy E. Roberts, J.D., is the George A. Weiss University Professor of Law & Sociology at University of Pennsylvania, with joint appointments in the Departments of Africana Studies and Sociology and the Law School, where she is the inaugural Raymond Pace and Sadie Tanner Mossell Alex- ander Professor of Civil Rights. She is also Founding Director of the Penn Program on Race, Science & Society. Author of Fatal Invention: How Sci- PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

208 POPULATION DESCRIPTORS IN GENETICS AND GENOMICS RESEARCH ence, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-First Century, Roberts is an expert on structural racism in U.S. science and medicine and the use of race as a variable in scientific research. Her research has been supported by the American Council of Learned Societies, National Sci- ence Foundation, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Fulbright Program, Harvard Program on Ethics & the Professions, and Stanford Center for the Comparative Studies in Race & Ethnicity. Recent honors include 2022 election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2019 election as a College of Physicians of Philadelphia Fellow, 2017 election to the National Academy of Medicine, 2016 Society of Family Planning Lifetime Achieve- ment Award, 2015 American Psychiatric Association Solomon Carter Fuller Award, and 2011 election as a Hastings Center Fellow. Professor Roberts serves on the advisory board for the Center for Genetics and Society. She received her J.D. from Harvard Law School and her B.A., magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, from Yale College. Sarah A. Tishkoff, Ph.D., is the David and Lyn Silfen University Professor in Genetics and Biology at the University of Pennsylvania, holding appoint- ments in the School of Medicine and the School of Arts and Sciences. She is also the Director of the Penn Center for Global Genomics & Health Equity. Dr. Tishkoff studies genomic and phenotypic variation in ethnically diverse Africans, using field work, laboratory research, and computational methods to examine African population history, the genetic basis of anthropometric, cardiovascular, and immune-related traits, and how humans have adapted to diverse environments and diets. Dr. Tishkoff is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. She is a recipient of an NIH Pioneer Award, a David and Lucile Packard Career Award, a Burroughs/Wellcome Fund Career Award, the ASHG Curt Stern Award, and a Penn Integrates Knowledge (PIK) endowed chair. She is on the NAS Board of Global Health and the Scientific Advisory Board for the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering, and is on the editorial boards at Cell, PLOS Genetics, and G3 (Genes, Genomes, and Genetics). She received her Ph.D. in genetics and M.Phil. in human genetics from Yale University and her B.S. in anthropol- ogy and genetics from University of California-Berkeley. Genevieve L. Wojcik, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland. As a statistical geneticist and genetic epidemiologist, her research focuses on method development for diverse populations, specifically understand- ing the role of genetic ancestry and environment in genetic risk in admixed populations. Dr. Wojcik integrates epidemiology, sociology, and popula- tion genetics to better understand existing health disparities in minority PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

APPENDIX E 209 populations, as well as underserved populations globally. In 2021, she was the recipient of one of NHGRI’s Genomic Innovator Awards (R35) to do this work. She is a long-standing member of multiple NHGRI consortia focused on diverse populations, such as the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study, which was formed by NHGRI over a decade ago to address the lack of genetics research in non-European ancestry populations, and the PRIMED consortium, which began in 2022 to better conduct research around polygenic risk scores in diverse popula- tions. Dr. Wojcik previously served as a consultant with Illumina, Inc. Prior to her faculty appointment, Dr. Wojcik was a postdoctoral research scholar at Stanford University in the Departments of Genetics and Biomedical Data Science. She received her Ph.D. in epidemiology and M.H.S. in human ge- netics/genetic epidemiology from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and her B.A. in biology from Cornell University. STAFF BIOSKETCHES Sarah H. Beachy, Ph.D. (Study Director), is a Senior Program Officer with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. In this capacity, Dr. Beachy serves as Director of the Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Forum on Regenerative Medicine, in addi- tion to leading other projects. In these roles, she has facilitated impactful activities on topics such as Improving Diversity of the Genomics Workforce, Understanding Disparities in Access to Genomic Medicine, Changing the Culture of Data Sharing and Management, and An Examination of Emerg- ing Bioethical Issues in Biomedical Research, among others. In 2022, Sarah was awarded a National Academy of Medicine Cecil Award for Individual Excellence for her contributions to the National Academies. Prior to her time at the National Academies, Dr. Beachy completed an AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellowship in diplomacy at the U.S. Department of State, working closely with the Office of the Science and Technology Ad- viser to the Secretary. She was selected as a Mirzayan Science and Technol- ogy Policy Fellow at the National Academies in 2011. Prior to moving into science policy, Dr. Beachy was a postdoctoral fellow in the Genetics Branch at the National Cancer Institute, where she generated and characterized transgenic mouse models of leukemia and lymphoma. She earned her Ph.D. in biophysics from the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Graduate Division at the University at Buffalo. Samantha Schumm, Ph.D., is an Associate Program Officer with the Board on Health Sciences Policy at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineer- ing, and Medicine. Prior to joining the National Academies, she studied mild traumatic brain injury at the University of Pennsylvania, using a va- PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

210 POPULATION DESCRIPTORS IN GENETICS AND GENOMICS RESEARCH riety of neuroscience techniques. Dr. Schumm developed a novel computa- tional network model of the hippocampus and analyzed emergent complex behaviors of neuronal networks. Her other interests include writing and promoting effective, inclusive mentorship in the sciences. Dr. Schumm holds a Ph.D. in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania and a B.S. in biomedical engineering from Yale University. Leah Cairns, Ph.D. (Study Codirector, until October 2022), is a Program Officer in the Board on Health Sciences Policy. Her primary interests in- clude health policy and biomedical research. Prior to joining the National Academies she served as an AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow working as legislative staff for a member of Congress focusing on health policy and appropriations. Dr. Cairns also previously served as a Christine Mirzayan Science & Technology Policy Fellow at the National Academies in the Policy and Global Affairs Division. Dr. Cairns received her Ph.D. in biophysics from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a B.A. in biochemistry and molecular biology from Hamilton College. Kathryn Asalone, Ph.D., is an Associate Program Officer in the Board on Health Sciences Policy at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Her primary interests include genomics research, science communication, and diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice issues. Prior to her time at the National Academies, she studied the germline restricted chromosome in zebra finch using computational genomics methods. Dr. Asalone received her Ph.D. in behavior, cognition, and neuroscience and M.A. in psychology from American University and a B.S. in zoology from the University of Maine. Meredith Hackmann is an Associate Program Officer on the Board on Health Sciences Policy at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineer- ing, and Medicine. She joined the National Academies in 2014 and has facilitated public workshops, action collaboratives, and working groups with the Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Forum on Regenerative Medicine. She also currently supports a consensus study on A Fairer and More Equitable, Cost-Effective, and Transparent System of Donor Organ Procurement, Allocation, and Distribution. She has provided background research and writing support for proceedings and consensus studies within the Board on Health Sciences Policy on topics such as bio- ethics, implementing genomic screening programs, digital health, and con- sumer genomics. Prior to joining the Academies, she was an intern with the U.S. House of Representatives. She has volunteered with several nonprofit organizations on projects related to community health improvement in Cen- tral America, refugee and immigration issues, and hospice care. Meredith PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

APPENDIX E 211 earned a bachelor’s degree in international studies from the University of Missouri and is currently pursuing a master’s degree in public affairs. Lydia Teferra is a research assistant with the Board on Health Sciences at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, serving as a staff member with the Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Forum on Regenerative Medicine. She graduated from Northwestern University in 2020 with a B.A. in psychology and global health and has been working at the National Academies for more than a year. Prior to her time at the National Academies, Ms. Teferra interned and volunteered for local nonprofit organizations addressing a number of public health issues. She hopes to pursue a master’s degree in public health in the near future. Aparna Cheran is a Senior Program Assistant with the Board on Health Sciences Policy at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. She graduated from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni- versity in 2020 with a B.S. in Microbiology, and a B.A. in Religion and Culture. She is currently pursuing a master’s in health administration from George Mason University, and hopes to establish a career in Global Health in the future. Michael Zierler, Ph.D., is the founder and co-owner of RedOx Scientific Editing, a small shop that provides developmental editing and related editorial and writing services. He has an undergraduate degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in biology from Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, where he worked on the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, stockpiling of DNA polymerases during embryogenesis, and intramolecu- lar movements in hemoglobin studied using hydrogen exchange. Prior to graduate school, he spent a summer studying the behavior of lemon sharks off the Florida Keys and worked for a cardiothoracic surgeon at the West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center, doing research in the laboratory and the operating room on monitoring and improving the physiology of the heart during open heart surgery using mass spectrometry and a minia- turized pH electrode. After graduate school, he completed a postdoctoral position at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, helping to iden- tify the molecular components of the Salmonella injectisome, a bacterial invasion system. He has taught biological sciences at the high school and college levels. He has also served as the deputy mayor and the chair of the planning board in his hometown of New Paltz, New York. Andrew M. Pope, Ph.D. (until July 2022), was the Director of the Board on Health Sciences Policy until retiring in the summer of 2022. He has a Ph.D. in physiology and biochemistry from the University of Maryland and has PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

212 POPULATION DESCRIPTORS IN GENETICS AND GENOMICS RESEARCH been a member of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine staff since 1982, and of the Health and Medicine Division staff since 1989. His primary interests are science policy, biomedical ethics, and environmental and occupational influences on human health. During his tenure at the Academies, Dr. Pope has directed numerous studies on topics that range from injury control, disability prevention, and biologic markers to the protection of human research participants, National Institutes of Health priority-setting processes, organ procurement and transplantation policy, and the role of science and technology in countering terrorism. Since 1998, Dr. Pope has served as Director of the Board on Health Sciences Policy, which oversees and guides a program of activities that is intended to encourage and sustain the continuous vigor of the basic biomedical and clinical research enterprises needed to ensure and improve the health and resilience of the public. Ongoing activities include Forums on Neurosci- ence, Genomics, Drug Discovery and Development, and Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events. Dr. Pope is the recipient of the Health and Medicine Division’s Cecil Award and the National Academy of Sciences President’s Special Achievement Award. Clare Stroud, Ph.D. (from July 2022), is Senior Board Director for the Board on Health Sciences Policy. In this capacity, she oversees a program of activities aimed at fostering the basic biomedical and clinical research enterprises; addressing the ethical, legal, and social contexts of scientific and technologic advances related to health; and strengthening the pre- paredness, resilience, and sustainability of communities. Previously, she served as director of the National Academies’ Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, which brings together leaders from government, academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations to discuss key challenges and emerging issues in neuroscience research, development of therapies for nervous system disorders, and related ethical and societal issues. She also led consensus studies and contributed to projects on topics such as pain management, medications for opioid use disorder, traumatic brain injury, preventing cognitive decline and dementia, supporting persons living with dementia and their caregivers, the health and well-being of young adults, and disaster preparedness and response. Dr. Stroud first joined the National Academies as a Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Gradu- ate Fellow. She has also been an associate at AmericaSpeaks, a nonprofit organization that engaged citizens in decision making on important public policy issues. Dr. Stroud received her Ph.D. from the University of Mary- land, College Park, with research focused on the cognitive neuroscience of language, and her bachelor’s degree from Queen’s University in Canada. PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

APPENDIX E 213 Malay K. Majmundar, J.D., Ph.D., directs the Committee on Population (CPOP). He is currently overseeing CPOP activities on social and eco- nomic mobility, structural racism, and the workplace and aging. He is also developing a future research portfolio for CPOP. While at the National Academies, he has worked on studies on demography, criminal justice, im- migration enforcement and statistics, and the federal budget. He has a B.A. in political science from Duke University, a J.D. from Yale University, and a Ph.D. in public policy from the University of Chicago. PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

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