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FOREWORD This r e p o r t , the f i n a l one, of the Advisory Board on Hardened E l e c t r i c Power Systems (ABHEPS), i s being prepared a t the request of the O f f i c e of the Chief of Engineers, U. S, Army, and I f e e l t h a t t h i s Foreword, even though placed a t the beginning of t h i s r e p o r t , w i l l serve as a f i t t i n g coda to the ABHEPS work extending over a period c l o s e to a decade. But there i s another good reason f o r t h i s r e p o rt over and beyond the d e s i r e of the O f f i c e of the Chief of Engineers to bring the work of t h i s Committee to a f i t t i n g c l o s e . I t seems to me t h a t , i n the s e t t i n g up of the Committee on ZMAR Power Systems (the predecessor of ABHEPS) under the s o l e aegis of the National Academy of S c i e n c e s , we challenged the s c i e n t i f i c - t e c h n o l o g i c community of the United S t a t e s to come to g r i p s with a most d i f f i - c u l t , unprecedented problem i n power-supply design m the g r e a t cause of n a t i o n a l defense. The challenge being c l e a r , i t was not too d i f f i c u l t to bring together a group of outstanding s c i e n t i s t s and engineers i n the s e r v i c e of t h e i r country i n a m u l t i p l e - d i s c i p l i n e a r e a of s p e c i a l i z e d s e r v i c e , and to serve i t with a high degree of s k i l l , competence, and d e d i c a t i o n . Even more i n t e r - e s t i n g was the f a c t t h a t , the problem of supply being s t a t e d i n a l l i t s d i f f i c u l t f a c e t s , t h i s group was able competently and exhaustively to analyze the prospects of s u c c e s s f u l l y applying the most advanced ideas i n energy conversion and e v e n t u a l l y to r e j e c t them, because of the many d i f f i c u l t problems of r e l i a b i l i t y and a v a i l a b i l i t y , i n f a v o r of a c o n s e r v a t i v e l y and c a r e f u l l y
designed and t e s t e d device of long standing and a c c e p t a n c e â t h e slow-speed d i e s e l engine. I t was my s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e to organize and serve as chairman of t h i s group of engineers and s c i e n t i s t s organized as the Advisory Board on Hardened E l e c t r i c Power Systems. I can only express the hope that the needs of our country w i l l not get to a stage acute enough to t e s t the instrument th a t the power- supply system was designed to v i t a l i z e but, i f t e s t e d , t h a t i t w i l l give a s o l i d account of i t s e l f and e f f e c t i v e l y serve the p r e s e r v a t i o n of the s a f e t y of the country. P h i l i p Spom, Chairman Advisory Board on Hardened E l e c t r i c Power Systems National Academy of S c i e n c e s - National Academy of Engineering August 25, 1970 11
MEMBERSHIP ROSTER ADVISORY BOARD ON HARDENED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS Dr. P h i l i p Spom (Chairman)* R e t i r e d P r e s i d e n t M e r i c a n E l e c t r i c Power Company Prof. Manson Benedict*+ Head, Nuclear Engineering Dept. Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology Mr. James H. Campbell, P r e s i d e n t Consumers Power Company Jackson, Michigan Dr. Richard G. Folsom Pr e s i d e n t R e n s s e l a e r P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e Mr. William Murray J o s l i n * Consultant Oak Park, I l l i n o i s Dr. Theos J . Thompson+ P i o f . ©f Nuclear Engineering Mass. I n s t i t u t e of Technology Mr. Glenn B. Warren Consulting Engineer Schenectady, New York Mr. William Webster*+ Chaixman and Chief Executive New England E l e c t r i c System Mr. G a b r i e l 0. Wessenauer* Manager of Power, R e t i r e d Tennessee V a l l e y Authority SPECIAL ADVISORY GROUP ON INTERCONNECTION Mr. Robert Brandt Vice P r e s i d e n t New England Power Company Mr. John K. Bryan+ Chief Engineer Union E l e c t r i c Company S t . L o u i s , Missouri Mr. Pe t e r G. Ipsen+ Supervisor, Turbine Control Engrg, Turbine Generator Department General E l e c t r i c Company Mr. George W. K e s s l e r , V. Pre s . Engineering £⢠Technology Power Generation D i v i s i o n The Babcock & Wilcox Company Mr. Michael J . Lacopo S r . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e A s s i s t a n t Section Head of Int e r c o n n e c t i o n Agreement Department M e r i c a n E l e c t r i c Power S e r v i c e Corp. Mr. Vernon M. Marquis Vice P r e s . & A s s t . to President M e r i c a n E l e c t r i c Power S e r v i c e Corp. I l l
ROSTER, continued PANEL #1 (ELECTRIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC PROBLEMS) Dr. John A. M. Lyon, Chairman Prof. of E l e c t r i c a l Engineering College of Engineering U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan Mr. Arthur Hauspurg V i c e P r e s i d e n t Consolidated Edison of New York Mr. Lo y a l V. Bewley Consultant-Engineering Education General E l e c t r i c Co. Schenectady, New York Dr. Lee A. K i l g o r e Consulting Engineer E. P i t t s b u r g h D i v i s i o n Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp, Dr. John S. Malik P h y s i c i s t Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Lab. Los Alamos, New Mexico PANEL #2 (DYNAMICS) Dr. Edward G. F i s c h e r , Chainnan Advisory Engineer Mechanics Department Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp. Prof. Ray Wm. Clough Dept. of C i v i l Engineering College of Engineering U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Dr. H. Norman Abramson, D i r e c t o r Dept. of Mechanical Sciences Southwest Research I n s t i t u t e San Antonio, Texas Dr. J . P. Den Hartog+ Prof. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology Dr. Roy W. Carlson C i v i l Engineer Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a Dr. Lydik S. Jacobsen+ P r o f e s s o r Emeritus Stanford U n i v e r s i t y Dr. Nathan M. Newmark, Head-H- Department of C i v i l Engineering U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s a t Urbana-Champaign I V
ROSTER, continued PANEL #3 (PRIME MOVERS) Mr. Glenn B. Warren, Chairman Consulting Engineer Schenectady, New York Mr. Robert A. Baker Vice P r e s i d e n t i n Charge of Combined Operations P u b l i c S e r v i c e E l e c t r i c and Gas Company Newark, New J e r s e y Mr. Theodore T. Frankenberg Consulting Mechanical Engineer American E l e c t r i c Power S e r v i c e Corp. Dr. Charles H. Lipson Prof. of Mech. Engineering College of Engineering U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan Mr. Ralph L. Boyer, Retd.+ The Cooper-Bessemer Corp. Mt. Vernon, Ohio Prof. Edward F. Obert Dept. of Mechanical Engineering U n i v e r s i t y of Wisconsin Mr. Bruce 0. Buckland Consultant Gas Turbine Department General E l e c t r i c Co. Prof. C. Richard Soderberg+= I n s t i t u t e P r o f e s s o r Emeritus Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology PANEL #4 (AIR SUPPLY AND COOLING) Dr. Warren M. Rohsenow, Chairman Pro f e s s o r i n Charge Heat T r a n s f e r Laboratory Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology Mr. Arthur J . LaCroix P r o j e c t Engineer New England Power S e r v i c e Co Westboro, Mass. Prof. E r n s t G. F r a n k e l Dept. of Naval A r c h i t e c t u r e Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology Mr. A l l e n Latham, J r . + Chairman of the Board Cryogenic Technology, I n c . Waltham, Mass. Dr. D i m i t r i Kececioglu College of Engineering U n i v e r s i t y of Arizona Mr. David A. Mooney Engineering D i r e c t o r Jackson & Moreland D i v i s i o n of United Engineers & Construction, I n c . Dr. H. Guyford Stevers+ The P r e s i d e n t ' s O f f i c e Carnegie I n s t i t u t e of Technology V
ROSTER, continued PROFESSIONAL STAFF Robert M. Ginnings Executive D i r e c t o r Henry R. Reed, Executive D i r e c t o r , l a t e r Consultant John F. C a l v e r t * * Executive D i r e c t o r William R. Crooks, S r . S t a f f Engineer, l a t e r Consultant R i c h a r d S. Dougall, Consultant+ Dona2,d H. G i l l o t t , Consul tan t+ Donald E. Rathbone, Consultant+ Andrew W. Revay, J r . , Consultant Wesley M. Rohrer, J r . , Consultant Paul S. B a s s e t t , Consultant+ William J . H a r r i s , J r . , Executive S e c r e t a r y Committee on ZMAR Power Systems+ * + ++ + Served i n same c a p a c i t y on Committee on ZMAR Power Systems Resigned before t e m i n a t i o n of f i n a l m o d i f i c a t i o n of Contract No. DA-49-129-ENG-496 Preceded F i s c h e r as Panel Chairman Was Panel Chairman u n t i l r e s i g n a t i o n ** Deceased December 26, 1966 V I
ABSTRACT The Engineering D i v i s i o n of the O f f i c e of the Chief of Engineers (OCE), under the d i r e c t i o n of Mr. Harry B. Z a c k r i s o n , S r . , i n the Spring of 1961 responded to a request from the NIKE- ZEUS P r o j e c t Manager and met with r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from the National Academy of Sciences and d i s c u s s e d the p o s s i b i l i t y of c r e a t i n g an advisory board to guide the Corps of Engineers i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a research and development program to meet weapons system requirements. An Advisory Board on Hardened E l e c t r i c Power Systems (ABHEPS), under the D i v i s i o n of Engineering of the National Research C o u n c i l , was e s t a b l i s h e d i n May 1963 under the C h a i r - manship of Dr. P h i l i p Sporn. The o r i g i n a l requirements f o r q u a l i t y of supply s t i p u - l a t e d by the P r o j e c t O f f i c e r and the Weapons System Contractor were considered to be extremely r i g i d . Hence numerous attempts were made to e s t a b l i s h the background and b a s i s f o r t h i s r i g i d i t y . As a r e s u l t of e f f o r t s by OCE and ABHEPS a t numerous meetings attended by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of ABHEPS, the Weapons System Con- t r a c t o r , the OCE, and the P r o j e c t O f f i c e , the amount of p r e c i s e power required f o r m i s s i l e s i t e operation was reduced from 17 megawatts to about 3 megawatts. Once the o r i g i n a l weapons system requirements were e s t a b l i s h e d , OCE proceeded to develop the c r i t e r i a f o r the M i s s i l e S i t e Power P l a n t s . These c r i t e r i a n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t e d the hardened aspect i n regard to a i r i n t a k e and exhaust systems, V l l
cooling systems, and n u c l e a r electromagnetic pulse (NEMP). A f t e r the s t r i n g e n t power-quality requirements were found unnecessary f o r the ma j o r i t y of the power, the p o s s i b i l i t y of commercial i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n was i n v e s t i g a t e d and i t s economic d e s i r a b i l i t y was e s t a b l i s h e d . Deployment, along with the completion of a l l design c r i t e r i a , r e s u l t e d i n t r a n s f e r of ABM c o n s t r u c t i o n r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to the H u n t s v i l l e D i v i s i o n of the Corps of Engineers. V l l l
PREFACE During 1951, the O f f i c e of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, was delegated by the ZEUS P r o j e c t Manager, U. S. Army M a t e r i e l Command, Redstone A r s e n a l , Alabama to do the engineering e v a l u a t i o n and r e s e a r c h and development work necessary to produce the c r i t e r i a f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the ZEUS M u l t i - Function Array Radar (ZMAR)-Power System, i n c l u d i n g the housing s t r u c t u r e . The Corps awarded c o n t r a c t s to Stone and Webster, and Bec h t e l to study the four systems that were the prime candidates f o r providing the required power. These were d i e s e l , gas t u r b i n e , conventional steam, and n u c l e a r steam. The System name was changed to NIKE-X. C r i t e r i a were developed and deployment ordered f o r the NIKE-X System, which became the SENTINEL System. This was l a t e r changed to the SAFE- GUARD Defense System, which in c l u d e s M i s s i l e S i t e Radar (MSR) and Parameter A c q u i s i t i o n Radar (PAR) Systems. The OCE was given the broad r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to s e l e c t the most s u i t a b l e prime movers, e l e c t r i c generators, and a s s o c i a t e d equipment, i n c l u d i n g hardened i n s t a l l a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , f o r the ABM Power System which would meet the fo l l o w i n g requirements: 1. The power system was to have the maximum a v a i l a b i l i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y , using known technology. While one of the requirements was an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of newer re s e a r c h p r o j e c t s f o r p o s s i b l e outstanding performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h i s was modified by a proviso t h a t the R6-D r e s u l t s could be applied I X
very q u i c k l y . 2. The q u a l i t y of the e l e c t r i c power had to meet very exacting requirements as to voltage and frequency d e v i a t i o n s , as s p e c i f i e d by 28 the G u i d e l i n e s 3. The a v a i l a b i l i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of e x i s t i n g power systems s u i t a b l e f o r the ABM Power System were to be thoroughly e s t a b l i s h e d . I f t h i s r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e d areas of improve- ment, they were to be developed and i n c o r - porated i n the power systems. S u f f i c i e n t redundancy was to be provided to meet the systems e f f e c t i v e n e s s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . 4. When the c r i t e r i a were developed so th a t the ABM Power System would meet the Guide- l i n e s requirements, then the matters of c a p i t a l c o s t and operating c o s t s were to be c a r e f u l l y s c r u t i n i z e d . The l a r g e number of continuously operated power systems then expected d i c t a t e d t h a t economies be c a r e f u l l y considered i n order to obtain an acceptable ABM System. The O f f i c e of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Amy, negotiated a c o n t r a c t ( C o n t r a c t No. DA-49-129-ENG-496, dated May 16, 1963) with the National Academy of Sciences to provide guidance i n the areas l i k e l y to b e n e f i t by engineering s t u d i e s and R&D i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , and to help evaluate such s t u d i e s and recommend the most promising equipment and power systems arrangement. To t h i s end, the Chairman of what came to be known as the Advisory Board on Hardened E l e c t r i c Power Systems was given the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of organizing a group s k i l l e d i n a l l the
phases of e l e c t r i c a l power-system design, c o n s t r u c t i o n , and operation, and t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n was brought i n t o being. This group, under the D i v i s i o n of Engineering of the National Research C o u n c i l , con- s i s t e d of an o v e r - a l l ABHEPS Advisory Board a s s i s t e d by four panel groups s e l e c t e d f o r t h e i r s p e c i f i c s k i l l s i n the fo l l o w i n g f i e l d s : 1. P r e c i s e e l e c t r i c power, e s p e c i a l l y with r e s p e c t to m i t i g a t i o n of NEMP and EMP i n e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t s . 2. Dynamics of s o i l s and s t r u c t u r e s , r e l e v a n t to the c o n s t r u c t i o n necessary to assure t h a t the p l a n t would meet the o p e r a t i o n a l requirements a f t e r being subjected to nu c l e a r detonation as d e l i n e a t e d by the Gu i d e l i n e s , 3. Prime movers and a s s o c i a t e d equipment, e s p e c i a l l y a l l energy conversion equip- ment problems. 4. A i r supply, cooling systems, combustion a i r , and exhaust systems. L a t e r , a S p e c i a l Advisory Group on In t e r c o n n e c t i o n was s e t up. A l i s t of a l l papers prepared by ABHEPS i n the course of i t s work i s presented i n Appendix A, and a l i s t of a l l ABHEPS inventions i s contained i n Appendix B. X I
