Report on the U.S. Program for the International Geophysical Year: July 1, 1957 - December 31, 1958 (1965)

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X V I I DATA PROCESSING AND WORLD DATA CENTER PROGRAM Data P r o c e s s i n g and A n a l y s i s of IGY Data

DATA PROCESSING AND WORLD DATA CENTER PROGRAM Page A. Committee on Data P r o c e s s i n g 783 B. World Data Center Committees 784 C. World Data Center A 785 45.1 S t a f f Study for World Data Center Establishment 787 45.2 World Data Center A Coordination O f f i c e 788 45.3 Aurora Instrumental Subcenter 791 45.4 Aurora V i s u a l Subcenter 793 45.5 Airglow and Ionosphere Subcenter 794 45.6 Cosmic Rays Subcenter 796 45.7 Rockets and S a t e l l i t e s Subcenter 797 45.8 Geomagnetism, Seismology & G r a v i t y Subcenter 801 45.9 G l a c i o l o g y Subcenter 802 45.10 Longitude and L a t i t u d e Subcenter 804 45.11 Meteorology & Nuclear R a d i a t i o n Subcenter 805 45.12 Oceanography Subcenter 807 45.14 S o l a r A c t i v i t y Subcenter 809 782

WORLD DATA CENTER XV I I . DATA PROCESSING AND WORLD DATA CENTER PROGRAM A. Committee on Data Processing 1, Establishment of Committee. This committee was appointed by the USNC early i n 1955 to study the problems of handling large q u a n t i t i e s of data i n order t o provide r e l a t e d advice to i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s c i e n t i s t s and t o consider plans f o r the over- a l l coordination of data processing and handling, 2. Composition of the Committee. ( A f f i l i a t i o n at time of appointment) a. Committee Members W. A. Wildhack, Chairman J. C. Bellamy F. N. Fr e n k i e l H. E. Landsberg R. J. Slutz b. Consultants H. K. Skramstad J. Stern O f f i c e of Basic Instrumentation, NBS Cook Research Laboratories David Taylor Model Basin, USN U. S. Weather Bureau Central Radio Propagation Lab., NBS National Bureau of Standards National Bureau of Standards c. Secr e t a r i a t (IGY S t a f f ) G. F. S c h i l l i n g 3. Committee Meetings. F i r s t Meeting Second Meeting May 4, 1955 June 6-7, 1955 Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. 4. Summary of Committee Actions. The committee discussed w i t h representatives of several of the Technical Panels the problems i n accumulating, analysing, publish- ing and a r c h i v i n g large q u a n t i t i e s of data. While i t was generally agreed t h a t machine processing would considerably a l l e v i a t e the problems of handling data, i t was also recognized that i t would be im p r a c t i c a l t o attempt t o introduce generally throughout the prog^^am recording of data i n such a form as t o f a c i l i t a t e such machine processing. The committee prepared a statement on the u t i l i t y of machine processing f o r guidance t o the discussions of IGY data at the T h i r d Meeting of CSAGI, B r u s e l l s . I t was pointed out t h a t automatically readable forms would f a c i l i t a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchange of data, commonly used form ( i . e . , punch cards) should be used, chart recordings should be designed f o r both photographic reproduction and pho t o e l e c t r i c reading, and p u b l i c a t i o n should take i n t o account the p o s s i b i l i t y of el e c t r o n i c reading. The Committee also recommended t h a t data r e p o s i t o r i e s be established at several l o c a t i o n s , each of which should have complete sets of IGY data i n a l l f i e l d s A f t e r consideration of the committee's r e p o r t and of the funds a v a i l a b l e t o support the data centers, the USNC decided t o accept the a l t e r n a t e plan of sub- centers w i t h a coordination o f f i c e i n the Academy. A p r o j e c t was also funded i n which Drs. Vestine and S c h i l l i n g v i s i t e d many i n s t i t u t i o n s t o gather information and expressions of i n t e r e s t i n operating a data center or sub-center; the outcome of t h i s study was the r e p o r t mentioned above. 783

WORLD DATA CENTER B. World Data Center Committee 1. Establishment of Committee. This committee was appointed by the USNC i n October 1955, f o l l o w i n g the data center discussions at the Third CSAGI Meeting, B r u s e l l s . I t s f u n c t i o n was to study the needs on a general as w e l l as n a t i o n a l basis, w i t h the o b j e c t i v e of e s t a b l i s h i n g a World Data Center f o r IGY i n the United States. 2. Composition of the Committee. ( A f f i l i a t i o n at time of appointment) a. Committee Members E. H. Vestine, Chairman R. J. Stutz W. W. Atwood, J r . b. Secretariat (IGY S t a f f ) C. F. S c h i l l i n g Department T e r r e s t r i a l Magnetism, Cirnegie I n s t i t u t i o n of Washington Central Radio Propagation Lab., NBS National Academy of Sciences 3. Committee Meetings. F i r s t Meeting Second Meeting Third Meeting October 11, 1955 October 21, 1955 February 7, 1956 Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. 4. Summary of Committee Actions. The committee discussed the establishment and operation of a data center i n the United States. I t was recognized that data centers f o r each d i s c i p l i n e could be established at an i n s t i t u t i o n where research work was a c t i v e i n the p a r t i c u l a r d i s c i p l i n e , or possibly a u n i f i e d center might be established which would serve as a center f o r analysis and t h e o r e t i c a l work, as we l l as the IGY archive. I n the event of separate d i s c i p l i n e centers, i t was recognized that a coordinating group would be needed. The recommendations of the Data Processing Committee were studied and i t was concluded t h a t data processing and preliminary analysis should not await the f i n a l s o l u t i o n of the world data center question but that funds should be provided so tha t each group could work on I t s data as the program progressed, A preliminary l i s t of appropriate i n s t i t u t i o n s was drawn up and t e n t a t i v e budgets prepared, based on estimates of the q u a n t i t y of IGY data and i t s format. These preliminary budgets served as guidelines i n the i n i t i a l planning and budgetary requests f o r use by the USNC m seeking supplementary funds f o r the support of the world data center. A r e p o r t was prepared by the committee i n which i t was recommended t h a t a permanent World Data Center Committee be established and tha t a coordination group be established i n the Academy's IGY Se c r e t a r i a t . A d e t a i l e d discussion was also given of a possible system of data centers and branches, which would include data processing and analysis i n a d d i t i o n to the basic f u n c t i o n of c o l l e c t i o n , a r c h i v i n g and exchanging the data. An a l t e r n a t e plan was also o u t l i n e d f o r d i s c i p l i n e sub- centers at appropriate i n s t i t u t i o n s , l i m i t e d p r i m a r i l y to the c o l l e c t i o n , storage and exchange of the IGY data. 784

WORLD DATA CENTER C. World Data Center A There are eleven sub-centers of WDC-A as described i n the f o l l o w i n g p r o j e c t s , they are located a t i n s t i t u t i o n s w i t h a h i s t o r y of a c t i v e research i n the respect- ive d i s c i p l i n e . Each subcenter, t h e r e f o r e , i s convenient to f a c i l i t i e s of a large organization and use was made, i n some cases, of a v a i l a b l e space and the usual o f f i c e equipment. However, most of the sub-centers had t o purchase special storage equipment, p a r t i c u l a r l y where f i l m was involved, and had to provide copying and reading equipment. Each sub-center developed a format f o r cataloguing data and issued six-monthly catalogues, which were then compiled by the Data Center Coordination O f f i c e a t the Academy and published i n the General Report Series, each sub-center r e c e i v i n g a copious supply of r e p r i n t s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n . Each sub- center developed and maintained a m a i l i n g l i s t of a c t i v e research s c i e n t i s t s i n the respective d i s c i p l i n e s and r e g u l a r l y d i s t r i b u t e d t o them catalogues and p u b l i c a t i o n s of general i n t e r e s t . Inasmuch as c o l l e c t i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r World Data Center A was vested i n the Academy, at f i r s t i n the U. S. National Committee f o r IGY and a f t e r 1961 i n the Geophysics Research Board, the Academy was the t i t u l a r head of the c o l l e c t i v e center. Dr. Hugh Odishaw served as D i r e c t o r , WDC-A, f o r the purpose of representing the center on the i n t e r n a t i o n a l committees and f o r being the f o c a l point i n the Academy f o r o v e r - a l l p o l i c y supervision. World Data Center A continues t o operate, even a f t e r the IGY data c o l l e c t i o n has been concluded, p a r t l y i n order t o provide continuing a v a i l a b i l i t y of the IGY data and also because the i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchange of geophysical data has proven so worthwhile t h a t i t has continued under the auspices of ICSU's I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Committee; The World Data Center system embraces newly organized special i n t e r n a t i o n a l programs such as the World Magnetic Survey and the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Years of the Quiet Sun. Other programs of ICSU also make use of the data center system, f o r example, the space research program coordinated by COSPAR and the oceanographic programs organized by SCOR. Because of the f a c t t h a t the world data center system i s continuing to c o l l e c t data and t o service the needs of the s c i e n t i f i c community, i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o draw a sharp d i s t i n c t i o n between IGY and post-IGY a c t i v i t i e s and use of the centers. I n the reports t h a t f o l l o w , i t i s assumed th a t the IGY data c o l l e c t i o n was l a r g e l y concluded early i n 1962 and t h a t use of WDC-A i n 1961 and 1962 i s representative of the continued service. Early i n the IGY data c o l l e c t i o n a c t i v i t y , i t was recognized t h a t summaries of e i t h e r primary or analysed data would be an e f f e c t i v e means of making c e r t a i n data a v a i l a b l e . The p u b l i c a t i o n s of the various data centers, as l i s t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g pages, were given very wide i n t e r n a t i o n a l as w e l l as na t i o n a l c i r c u l a t i o n ; i n some instances these p u b l i c a t i o n s , which could be prepared and d i s t r i b u t e d i n very short time as compared t o formal p u b l i c a t i o n , served as the major c o n t r i b u t i o n of the p a r t i c u l a r center of sub-center t o the need f o r data exchange. I n each of the p r o j e c t s summarized below, some mention i s made of s p e c i f i c use of the sub-center i n terms of v i s i t o r s and requests f o r data. Some general remarks, however, are i n order f o r World Data Center A as a whole. I n 1961, a survey was made of users of WDC-A, th a t i s , a l l persons who had w r i t t e n t o any of the sub- centers requesting data or i n f o r m a t i o n . As of t h a t time, more than eight hundred i n d i v i d u a l s had received data, of whom some four hundred had v i s i t e d one or more of the sub-centers. Approximately two hundred r e p l i e s t o the WDC-A query were received, from which i t was clear that extensive use had been made up t i l l t h at time of 785

WORLD DATA CENTER WDC-A; use of the sub-centers since t h a t time has grown even more extensive. From the r e p l i e s i t was concluded that the a v a i l a b i l i t y of data from the many i n t e r r e l a t e d d i s c i p l i n e s had stimulated i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y studies on a gr e a t l y expanded scale. More than 260 published papers by ninety users were based wholly or i n part on data received from the centers, and more than t h i r t y d octoral d i s - s e r t a t i o n s were based on m a t e r i a l from the WDC's. F i n a l l y , and perhaps most s i g n i f i c a n t l y , the r e p l i e s c l e a r l y showed th a t the WDC's had made a v a i l a b l e a c o l l e c t i o n of data from a large number of sources which would have been d i f f i c u l t , i f not impossible, of access to i n d i v i d u a l research workers, p a r t i c u l a r l y those at small i n s t i t u t i o n s . The above s t a t i s t i c s must be considered only as a small but, I t I S believed, representative sample of the u t i l i t y of the WDC's i n f u r t h e r - ing geophysical research. The p r o j e c t s f o r the World Data Center A Program are described m the f o l l o w i n g pages i n numerical order t o correspond w i t h the o r i g i n a l formulation of the program. Project number 45.13 was combined w i t h other p r o j e c t s . 786

WORLD DATA CENTER Project 45.1 - S t a f f Study f o r World Data Center Establishment 1. Objectives. This p r o j e c t at the National Academy of Sciences provided f o r two senior people to assess the needs of the geophysial community f o r a world data center w i t h regard to the op p o r t u n i t i e s of the IGY and t o prepare a d e t a i l e d study on aspects of the establishment of such a center i n the United States. 2. Operations. Drs. Vestine and S c h i l l i n g communicated w i t h , e i t h e r i n person or by correspondence, some two hundred s c i e n t i s t s i n over twenty u n i v e r s i t i e s and research groups, i n order to acquaint them w i t h the plans f o r establishment of an IGY World Data Center i n the United States and to s o l i c i t t h e i r advice and possible i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n t e r e s t . The mat e r i a l thus c o l l e c t e d was compiled i n t o a d e t a i l e d report to the USNC and was the basis f o r recommendations by the Data Center Committee on possible o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of the data center, 3. Personnel, E. H. Vestine and G. F. S c h i l l i n g were p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r s . 4. Results. As a r e s u l t of t h i s study, a World Data Center Coordination O f f i c e was established i n the National Academy of Sciences and eleven subcenters were e s t a b l i s h - ed f o r the various d i s c i p l i n e s i n i n s t i t u t i o n s which had a h i s t o r y of i n t e r e s t and competence i n the appropriate geophysical d i s c i p l i n e s . These subcenters were located as f o l l o w s : Subcenter Aurora, Instrumental Observations Aurora, Visual Observations Airglow and Ionosphere Cosmic Rays Rockets and S a t e l l i t e s Geomagnetism, Gravity and Seismology Glaciology Longitude and La t i t u d e Meteorology *Oceanography Solar A c t i v i t y I n s t i t u t i o n Geophysical I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y of Alaska Cornell U n i v e r s i t y Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards Location College, Alaska Ithaca, New York Boulder, Colorado U n i v e r s i t y of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minn. National Academy of Sciences Washington, D. C. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Washington, D. C, American Geographical Society New York, N. Y. U. S. Naval Observatory Washington, D. C. U. S. Weather Bureau Texas A. 6e M. Research Foundation A s h e v i l l e , N. C. College S t a t i o n , Texas High A l t i t u d e Observatory Boulder, Colorado *WDC-A Oceanography was tr a n s f e r r e d t o Washington, D. C., m March 1962. 787

WORLD DATA CENTER Project 45.2 - World Data Center A Coordination O f f i c e 1. Objectives. The World Data Center A Coordination O f f i c e at the National Academy of Sciences was established i n order to provide a foc a l point i n the Academy f o r dealing w i t h world data center problems, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n regard to o v e r - a l l operating p o l i c y , r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h s c i e n t i s t s and research groups, and other data centers abroad. The o f f i c e also provided an organization f o c a l point so that World Data Center A could be c e n t r a l l y represented i n IGY and subsequent discussions. 2. Operations. Dr. Rigsby i n the early days of the formation of WDC-A worked closely w i t h the d i r e c t o r s of the various sub-centers i n preparation of budgets and det a i l e d planning f o r t h e i r operation. The Coordinating O f f i c e has since then con- tinued to work w i t h the sub-centers and has served as the means through which the sub-centers could discuss t h e i r common problems. For example, several meetings of the d i r e c t o r s of the various sub-centers were held, at which times the problems of each center were discussed and assistance or advice was rendered by the other p a r t i c i p a n t s . The Coordination O f f i c e has also published on a regular basis 6-monthly catalogues and Items of general IGY i n t e r e s t , or items f o r which no other means of p u b l i c a t i o n was convenient or appropriate, the Coordination O f f i c e also established the "General Report Series," l i s t e d below. These were given wide i n t e r n a t i o n a l c i r c u l a t i o n t o the other data centers, the i n t e r n a t i o n a l committees and the IGY p a r t i c i p a t i n g committees. They were also sent to the cognizant IGY Panels, when appropriate, and given general c i r c u l a t i o n among the s c i e n t i f i c community. The Coordination O f f i c e assisted several sub-centers i n the preparation of de s c r i p t i v e m a t e r i a l of compilations of reduced data f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n the "Annals of the IGY," As a f i n a l task f o r the IGY, the Coordination O f f i c e undertook the compilation and e d i t i n g of the f i n a l IGY catalogue f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n the "IGY Annals." This work, of course, was ca r r i e d out m close cooperation w i t h the sub- centers and w i t h World Data Centers B and C, WDC-A, however, was responsible f o r the preparation of the f i n a l camera-ready manuscript and also prepared s t a t i o n l i s t s and world maps showing s t a t i o n locations f o r each d i s c i p l i n e , ( w i t h geomagnetic g r i d f o r appropriate d i s c i p l i n e s ) . 3. Personnel. G, P. Rigsby was d i r e c t o r of the o f f i c e from i t s Inception u n t i l approximately February 1958, P. J. Hart has been the d i r e c t o r of t h i s o f f i c e since that time, Marion Oakleaf, R, Y. Dow and Stanley Ruttenberg, of the Academy's IGY and subsequent s t a f f s , have also been associated w i t h various aspects of the work of the WDC-A coordination o f f i c e . 4. IGY General Report Series. No. 1. Des c r i p t i o n of the A n t a r c t i c C i r c u l a t i o n Observed from A p r i l t o November 1957 at the IGY A n t a r c t i c Weather Central, L i t t l e America S t a t i o n , by Vladimir I . Rastorguev and Jose A. Alvarez. 69 pp. May 1958. Ten pages of i n t r o d u c t i o n , covering upper a i r c i r c u l a t i o n , surface tracks of pressure systems, tracks of cyclones at the 700-MB l e v e l , cyclonic areas, f r o n t s , and tropopause, and 59 meteorological charts. No. 2, Preliminary Report on Expedition Downwind. U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography, IGY Cruise t o the Southeast P a c i f i c , edited by R. L, Fisher. 79 pp., June 1958. Narrative of the cr u i s e ; preliminary reports on bathymetric and geological observations, shipboard chemical program, hydrographic work, seismic surveys, heat flow measurements, bottom photography, and b i o l o g i c a l r e p o r t s , maps, charts, and photographs. 788

WORLD DATA CENTER No. 3. Preliminary Reports on the IGY Pendulum, Gravimeter and SeismoloRical Programs at the U n i v e r s i t y of Wisconsin, by George P. Woollard. 31 pp., July 1958. Three papers, i n c l u d i n g a n t a r c t i c p r o f i l e s and seismic study i n the Mexican Plateau. No. 4. Some Aspects of the A n t a r c t i c Atmospheric C i r c u l a t i o n i n 1958. by Jean A l t , Paul Astapenko, and N. J. Ropar, J r . 110 pp., May 1959. Twenty-seven pages of t e x t discussing atmospheric c i r c u l a t i o n , f r o n t a l and cyclonic a c t i v i t y , comparison between 1957 and 1958, monthly weather features, and 83 pages of charts. No. 5. United States Program f o r the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year. 1957- 58. edited by Stanley Ruttenberg. 90 pp.,Sept. 1959. Program and s t a t i o n l i s t s f o r United States p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the IGY. No. 6. United States Program f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Cooperation--1959, edited by Stanley Ruttenberg. 69 pp. Sept. 1959, Program and s t a t i o n l i s t s f o r United States p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n IGC-59 program. Appendix I-United States National Space Science Program, Report to COSPAR, Appendix I I - United States Program f o r A n t a r c t i c S c i e n t i f i c Research 1959, Report to SCAR. *No. 7. I n t e r i m Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 169 pp.,Nov. 1959. *No, 8. F i f t h Six-Monthlv Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 206 pp.,Feb. 1960. No. 9. IGY Meteorological Data on Microcards, compiled by William M. McMurray. 142 pp., June 1960. An explanation of the organization and coding of the IGY meteorological data which are a v a i l a b l e on microcards, includes s t a t i o n l i s t s corresponding to the l i s t i n g on the microcards received by WDC-A. *No. 10. Sixth 6-Monthly Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 154 pp.,July 1960. No. 11. The Topography of the 400°K Ise n t r o p i c Surface over A n t a r c t i c a . Spring 1957, by Ronald C. Taylor, 72 pp., Oct. 1960. Contains d a i l y maps of the 400 K is e n t r o p i c surface during October-November 1957, plus a discussion of t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Also contains a r e p r i n t of "The Vernal Breakdown of the Stratospheric Cyclone over the South Pole," by C. E. Palmer and R. C. Taylor, from the Journal of Geophysical Research, October 1960. No. 12. Report on IGY Visual Auroral Observations, by Carl W. G a r t l e i n and Gale C. Sprague. 103 pp., Nov. 1960. Contains preliminary reports on the IGY v i s u a l auroral data, i n p a r t i c u l a r the r e l a t i o n s h i p between occurrences and forms i n the nothern and southern hemispheres. *No, 13. Seventh 6-Monthly Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 229 pp., Jan.1961. No. 14. Upper A i r Temperatures at U.S.Antarctic Stations: 1955-57, by Ronald C. Taylor, 48 pp.,1961. Eight pages of i n t r o d u c t i o n ; 40 pages of charts and tables. Summarizes the temperature data obtained from radiosonde f l i g h t s at seven s t a t i o n s ( L i t t l e America and McMurdo, 1956 and 1957, Amundsen-Scott, Byrd, H a l l e t t , E l l s w o r t h , and Wilkes i n 1957) by presenting means, extremes, standard deviations and frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n s at various constant pressure surfaces. 789

WORLD DATA CENTER No.15. Eighth 6-Monthly Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 329 pp., July 1961. *No. 16. Ninth 6-Monthly Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 392 pp., Jan. 1962. *No. 17. Tenth 6-Monthly Catalogue of Data m IGY World Data Center A. 199 pp., July 1962. No. 18. United States IGY Bibliography 1953-1960. compiled by Frank M. Marson and Janet R. Terner. 391 pp., A p r i l 1963. An annotated bibliography of United States c o n t r i b u t i o n s to the IGY and IGC (1957- 1959); 2853 abstracts of U. S. references on IGY/IGC, by d i s c i p l i n e and geographic area, w i t h index. Preparation of t h i s bibliography was a j o i n t p r o j e c t of the Lib r a r y of Congress, National Science Foundation and National Academy of Sciences. *No. 19. Eleventh 6-Monthlv Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 204 pp.,Jan. 1963. *No. 20. Twelfth 6-Monthlv Catalogue of Data i n IGY World Data Center A. 218 pp. 1963. * Superseded by subsequent cumulative catalogue. 790

WORLD DATA CENTER Project 45.3 Aurora Instrumental Subcenter 1. Ob.iectives. This sub-center was established a t the Geophysical I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y of Alaska, to serve as the archive f o r several kinds of instrumental auroral observations. 2. Operations and Use of the Center. Data c o l l e c t e d by the WDC's f o r aurora (instrumental) were: a. a l l - s k y photographs b. s i n g l e s t a t i o n photographs other than a l l - s k y c. sets of simultaneous photographs on known base-lines f o r determining heights of the aurora d. special i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g spectroscopic, photometric, radar echo, and cosmic noise absorption ( r i o m e t e r ) . The main data i n t h i s d i s c i p l i n e are the a l l - s k y camera photographs taken on 16 or 35 mm f i l m at the minimum r a t e of 12 per hour; U. S, a l l - s k y cameras made 60 or 80 exposures per hour. The burden of copying these f i l m s was d i s t r i b u t e d among the three WDC's by arrangement between the WDC's and the IGY P a r t i c i p a t i n g Committees, as a r e s u l t , 59 st a t i o n s were assigned t o WDC-A 36 to WDC-B, 21 to WDC-C. The primary o b l i g a t i o n s of t h i s WDC are to receive, archive, and copy (as needed) for WDC's B and C a l l - s k y camera f i l m , and to receive, archive, and copy (as needed) fo r WDC's B and C l i s t s of data and time i n t e r v a l s i n f u l l hours during which simultaneous photographs, or spectroscopic, photometric, radar, or cosmic noise absorption data have been obtained, together w i t h the addresses at which these data are stored. As part of the plan f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n the IGY Annals. WDC-A was c a l l e d upon to prepare diagrammatic catalogues of a l l - s k y camera and spectrographic data, c a l l e d ascaplots and spectroplots, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The period covered by the ascaplots was extended t o include the e n t i r e northern observing season of the winter 1958-59, these ascaplots were completed i n 1962. Records from seven riometer s t a t i o n s ( s i x Alaskan, plus Thule) were published i n three issues of the Aurora (Instrumental) Report Series, I n a d d i t i o n to the regular six-monthly catalogue, WDC-A f o r aurora (instrumental) prepared a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i v e catalogue of a l l Alaskan a l l - s k y camera f i l m f o r the IGY period. Special f a c i l i t i e s of the WDC are: humidified f i l m storage cabinets i n f i r e - proof v a u l t , automatic processing machine, water treatment i n s t a l l a t i o n , 16 mm continuous copying machine, 16, 35, and 70 mm continuous p r i n t e r , m i c r o f i l m machine, 16 and 35 mm f i l m readers, 16 mm f i l m p r o j e c t o r s . Owing t o I t s remote l o c a t i o n , d i r e c t use of the WDC f a c i l i t i e s was l a r g e l y confined to personnel of the Geophysical I n s t i t u t e ; approximately 15 persons used the data extensively. However v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s have also used the WDC. Requests fo r data have been received from approximately 20 i n d i v i d u a l s or organizations, i n c l u d i n g an order from the Japanese National Committee f o r the IGY for a complete set of a l l - s k y auroral data. 3. Personnel. C. T. Elvey was pr o j e c t d i r e c t o r f o r the period during which the IGY a c t i v i t i e s were concluded, M. Sugiura was a senior advisor to the center and M, J, Young was supervisor of the operations. 791

WORLD DATA CENTER 4. IGY Aurora (Instrumental) Report Series. No. 1. Riometer Records of 27.6 Mc/s Cosmic Noise f o r Thule. Barrow, and F t . Yukon, compiled by Harold Leinbach, 119 pp., Sept. 1960, Explanation of the IGY riometer ( r e l a t i v e ionospheric opacity meter) system, and 109 pages of reproductions of o r i g i n a l riometer records from Thule, Greenland (May-Dec, 1958), Barrow, Alaska (April-Dec. 1958); and F t . Yukon, Alaska (Feb.-April, Sept., and Oct. 1958). No. 2. Riometer Records of 27.6 Mc/s Cosmic Noise f o r College and Farewell, compiled by Harold Leinbach, 161 pp., Jan. 1961. Ten pages of i n t r o d u c t i o n ; 150 pages of reproductions of o r i g i n a l riometer records from College, Alaska (July 1957-Dec. 1958), and Farewell, Alaska (Nov. 1957-Dec. 1958). No. 3. Riometer Records of 27,6 Mc/s Cosmic Noise f o r King Salmon and Unalaska, compiled by Harold Leinbach, 135 pp. July 1961. 12 pages of i n t r o d u c t i o n and 123 pages of reproductions of o r i g i n a l riometer records from King Salmon, Alaska (Sept. 1957-Dec, 1958); and Unalaska, Alaska (Oct. 1957-Dec. 1958). 792

WORLD DATA CENTER Project 45.4 - Aurora Visual Subcenter 1. Objectives. This sub-center was established at Cornell U n i v e r s i t y m order to c o l l e c t a uroral data from a wide network of volunteer v i s u a l observers, process the data i n order to prepare maps of auroral displays, and c o l l e c t other r e l a t e d data that could also be included i n the auroral maps, 2. Operations and Use of Center, Data c o l l e c t e d by the WDC were p r i m a r i l y charts and tables derived from v i s u a l observations of the aurora. These observations were forwarded t o the WDC from the various n a t i o n a l or region a l auroral reporters (or from WDC's B and C), The charts were prepared f o r exact hours UT during aurora and, i n some instances, on quarter hours. I n the case of the U. S. program of v i s u a l auroral observations, the e n t i r e process of the conduct of the U. S, program of v i s u a l observations of aurora, the c o l l e c t i o n of these observations, reduction t o punched cards and thence t o ta b l e s , and u l t i m a t e l y to charts of auroral p o s i t i o n i s under the d i r e c t i o n of Dr. G a r t l e i n and of necessity i s i n t i m a t e l y r e l a t e d t o the functions of the data center. The WDC's fo r aurora ( v i s u a l ) were required by i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreement to prepare diagrammatic p l o t s of v i s u a l observations ( v i s o p l o t s ) comparable to the ascaplots. WDC-A i n p a r t i c u l a r was c a l l e d upon to prepare v i s o p l o t s f o r auroral data reported p r i m a r i l y t o WDC-A; e s s e n t i a l l y t h i s includes nations of the Western Hemisphere, A u s t r a l i a , and New Zealand, as w e l l as v i s u a l observations i n Ant a r c t i c a under the auspices of these nations. This WDC had i n a d d i t i o n the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r preparing synoptic charts on polar p r o j e c t i o n s . This WDC prepared and sent t o WDC's B and C more than 2,000 preliminary auroral l o c a t i o n maps covering most of the IGY period. The WDC prepared a series of monthly newsletters p r i m a r i l y f o r the p a r t i c i p a n t s m the program of v i s u a l observations. These l e t t e r s were c i r c u l a t e d to a much wider audience, however; m a t e r i a l from these newsletters has been included i n p u b l i c a t i o n s by several s c i e n t i s t s . The data center supplied m a t e r i a l to a dozen s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t o r s , and supplied l a r g e l y d e s c r i p t i v e information t o a v a r i e t y of i n - terested persons and organizations. I n a d d i t i o n , s p e c i f i c information was supplied t o many of the observers. Observations of aurora were received by WDC-A p r i m a r i l y from the programs of the United States, Canada, A u s t r a l i a , New Zealand, and Japan, Copies of charts of auroral p o s i t i o n f o r the e n t i r e IGY period have been forwarded t o WDC's B and C. 3. Personnel. C. W. G a r t l e i n was the p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r ; Gale Sprague was a s s i s t - ant d i r e c t o r . 793

WORLD DATA CENTER Project 45.5 - Airglow and Ionosphere Subcenter 1. Objectives, This sub-center at the Central Radio Propagation Laboratories, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado, was established to receive data from radio studies of the ionosphere and photometer observations of airglow. 2. Operations and use of the center. R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r copying ionospheric data between WDC's was divided by i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreement between the four WDC's i n ionosphere and the relevant n a t i o n a l p a r t i c i p a t i n g committees, p r i m a r i l y to d i s - t r i b u t e the burden of copying v e r t i c a l incidence lonograms. Seventy-three s t a t i o n s were nominally assigned t o t h i s WDC. Ionospheric data were c o l l e c t e d according t o the f o l l o w i n g nine categories: a. V e r t i c a l incidence soundings ( i ) hourly values of 1 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (foF2, h'F2, etc.) as av a i l a b l e ( i i ) median values f o r foF2 (M3000)F2, fpEZ and, as av a i l a b l e , the other 9 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( i l l ) F - p l ots, especially f o r Regular World Days, Special World I n t e r v a l s , and from high l a t i t u d e and other selected s t a t i o n s f o r a l l days ( i v ) copies of lonograms on the minimum schedule of each quarter-hour on Regular World Days and Special World I n t e r v a l s , on 35 mm f i l m (v) indexes of data which have been scaled but not issued ( v i ) dates and times of continuous sequences of c i n e f i l m s ( v i i ) copies of a l l data being issued and c i r c u l a t e d by sta t i o n s under pre-IGY arrangements ( v i i i ) statements of errors i n frequency, height and time from equipment f a u l t s , or changes i n equipment which would a f f e c t f-min or fgEs. ( i x ) as a v a i l a b l e , other data r e g u l a r l y scaled, d i u r n a l (h') height p l o t s , E-plots, and t r u e height (N(h)) p r o f i l e s b. absorption measurements: tables of noon and hourly values (during RWD and SWI) of the absorption c o e f f i c i e n t s , together w i t h tables of median values. c. d r i f t measurements: tables of v e l o c i t y (m/sec) and d i r e c t i o n of d r i f t vector f o r each period of observation and frequency as s p e c i f i e d i n the CSAGI manual. d. atmospheric noise e. w h i s t l e r s f . back scatter g. forward scatter h. radar meteor observations I . miscellaneous measurements Data m airglow c o l l e c t e d by the WDC's were: photometric observations of the airglow emissions, 5577X, 630o8, and OH bands. From the observations made, i n - 794

WORLD DATA CENTER t e n s i t i e s of the night airglow are selected f o r each hour at the hour; p r o v i s i o n a l observations are r e f e r r e d t o the z e n i t h . WDC-Cl (Slough, England) had primary r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r preparation of inospheric data f o r p u b l i c a t i o n and f o r the f i n a l catalogue. As part of the program of publica- t i o n i n the IGY Annals, WDC-A was c a l l e d upon t o prepare tables of monthly medians of hourly values of the various c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r the 73 st a t i o n s assigned t o WDC-A. WDC-A prepared m a t e r i a l r e l a t i n g t o w h i s t l e r s f o r the IGY Annals, and, m conjunction w i t h Dr. F r a n k l i n Roach, m a t e r i a l i n a i r f l o w f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n the IGY Annals. Special f a c i l i t i e s i n the data center include; thermofax m i c r o f i l m reader copies, v e r i f a x copies, m i c r o f i l m readers, scaling tables f o r lonograms, space w i t h desks and c a l c u l a t o r s f o r v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s , humidified storage v a u l t f o r lonogram f i l m . Use of WDC f a c i l i t i e s by CRPL personnel and v i s i t o r s has been continuous. At no time since the center began i t s operation were fewer than 10 people drawing upon the data. The number was normally approximately 20, and has included many f o r e i g n s c i e n t i s t s . Research at the WDC c o n s t i t u t e d an important part of the doctoral thesis f o r one v i s i t o r t o the WDC, A t o t a l of 31 v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s plus twelve guest workers i n CRPL have used the data center f a c i l i t i e s . The WDC received orders f o r data at the r a t e of 3 or 4 per week, mostly f o r v e r t i c a l incidence data or lonograms. Orders range from a few d o l l a r s t o several thousand. Some 3 t o 4 requests f o r information were answered per week; most were r o u t i n e , some required extensive i n v e s t i g a t i o n . 3. Personnel. W. B. Chadwick was p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r , succeeded by A. H. Shapley; S. Ostrow was the supervisor of operations, succeeded by G. L i r a ; P a t r i c i a Smith i s the current supervisor of the Center. 795

WORLD DATA CENTER Project 45.6 - Cosmic Rays Subcenter 1. Objectives. This sub-center at the School of Physics, U n i v e r s i t y of Minnesota was established to c o l l e c t synoptic cosmic-ray data and t o provide a means f o r c i r c u l a t i n g information on special cosmic-ray experiments. 2, Operations and use of the Center. Cosmic ray data c o l l e c t e d by the WDC f e l l under two broad categories: systematic observations by st a t i o n a r y apparatus and t r a n s i t o r y observations by means of a i r c r a f t , balloons, rockets and s a t e l l i t e s . Projects i n the f i r s t category, together w i t h the number of s t a t i o n s p a r t i c i p a t i n g were a. lonozation chamber 24 b. cubical meson telescope 48 c. narrow-angle telescope 8 d. neutron i n t e n s i t y monitor 55 e. shower apparatus 4 f. underground telescope 4 Data from these observations were reported as bi - h o u r l y counting r a t e s , normally submitted as one sheet per month. I n a d d i t i o n to the one sheet of cosmic-ray data, two sheets of meteorological data (only one f o r the neutron monitor) were submitted per month. For each kind of apparatus, the s t a t i o n may have submitted an a d d i t i o n a l sheet presenting the cosmic-ray data corrected f o r meteorological e f f e c t s . I t was the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the WDC's to c o l l e c t data from the various high a l t i t u d e experiments i n the form chosen by the experimenter. On the basis of information received by the WDC, summaries of the a i r c r a f t and balloon f l i g h t s were prepared showing l o c a t i o n , type of c a r r i e r , date and time a l t i t u d e s and l a t i t u d e s , d u ration of f l i g h t , k i n d of detectors and t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y i n p a r t i c l e energy and magnetic r i g i d i t y . Comparable information f o r experiments on rockets and s a t e l l i t e s were derived from F l i g h t Summaries transmitted by the WDC's f o r Rockets and S a t e l l i t e s . WDC-A f o r cosmic rays was assigned the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of preparation of cosmic- ray data f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n the IGY Annals and of preparation of the f i n a l catalogue of cosmic ray data i n the IGY World Data Centers, Upon the termination of the O f f i c e of CSAGI Coordinator, r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r preparation of c o l l a t e d catalogues i n cosmic rays ( f o r WDC's A, B and C) devolved upon WDC-A, The IGY cosmic-ray data have been received by WDC-A and have been entered onto punched cards f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n and p r i n t - out; the p r i n t - o u t s have been returned t o the o r i g i n a l i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r confirmation and sent to Pergamon Press f o r reproduction f o r the IGY Annals, By the end of 1961, more than 30 separate requests f o r data had been received by 13 i n d i v i d u a l s and i n s t i t u t i o n s ; 3500 sheets of data had been reproduced to s a t i s f y these requests. This amount i s roughly equivalent to one copy of each basic data sheet i n the WDC. WDC-A prepared an index of cosmic-ray a c t i v i t y during IGY f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the IGY Calendar Record prepared by Alan Shapley, CSAGI Reporter f o r World Days and Communications, 3. Personnel. P. J. Kellogg was p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r , succeeded by W. Webber, 796

WORLD DATA CENTER Project 45. 7 - Rockets and S a t e l l i t e s Subcenter 1. Objectives. This subcenter at the National Academy of Sciences was established to c o l l e c t , archive, and catalogue rocket and s a t e l l i t e data and make them a v a i l a b l e t o the s c i e n t i f i c community. 2. Operations and use of center. The p r i n c i p a l data c o l l e c t e d by t h i s data center according to the CSAGI Guide were f l i g h t summaries of rocket launchings, and pub- li s h e d reports of rocket and s a t e l l i t e s experiments. A considerable amount of information regarding the launching of s a t e l l i t e s was communicated through the World Days Interchange Network; radio and o p t i c a l observations are transmitted t o the computing center. A l l such data were a v a i l a b l e m or were made a v a i l a b l e t o World Data Center A. The s c i e n t i f i c community i s informed of the data i n WDC-A by means of periodic (6-monthly) catalogues. Rocket and s a t e l l i t e data were reduced and corrected so as t o put them i n the form of p h y s i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t parameters useful for s c i e n t i f i c analysis and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n before being sent t o the WDC's fo r rockets and s a t e l l i t e s . No raw or c a l i b r a t e d data were sent to WDC. Re s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r preparation of m a t e r i a l f o r the IGY Annals f e l l l a r g e l y upon the CSAGI Reporter, and, i n consequence, upon WDC-A. I n a d d i t i o n , WDC-A was responsible f o r preparing the f i n a l catalogue of data for rockets and s a t e l l i t e s , which was published m Volume XXXVI of the IGY Annals. I n order to f u l f i l l and supplement i t s task of exchanging IGY data, WDC-A for Rockets and S a t e l l i t e s i n i t i a t e d two series of rep o r t s : the ,IGY Rocket Report series and the IGY S a t e l l i t e Report Series. Seven p u b l i c a t i o n s were issued i n the IGY Rocket Report series which includes papers on: atmospheric physics and composi- t i o n , t e r r e s t r i a l magnetism, ionosphere physics, solar physics, astrophysics, electron d e n s i t i e s and c o l l i s i o n frequencies, energetic p a r t i c l e s and auroras, solar r a d i a t i o n , cosmic rays, and rocket f l i g h t summaries. Fourteen p u b l i c a t i o n s were issued i n the IGY S a t e l l i t e Report series which includes papers on: observational data and info r m a t i o n on USSR and U. S. s a t e l l i t e s , o r b i t a l data, r a d i a t i o n at high a l t i t u d e s , ionosphere e l e c t r o n count and d i s t r i b u t i o n , corpuscular r a d i a t i o n , magnetic f i e l d , micrometeorite observations. These reports were d i s t r i b u t e d to approximately 1000 s c i e n t i s t s or i n s t i t u t i o n s . A d d i t i o n a l copies of these reports are a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n upon request. 3. Personnel. Hugh Odishaw was p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r , succeeded i n 1959 by J. P. T. Pearman, succeeded i n September 1960 by J. C. Truesdale; R. Y. Dow i s the current d i r e c t o r of the center. 4. IGY Rocket Report Series. No. 1. Experimental Results of the U.S. Rocket Program f o r the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year to 1 July 1958. edited by John Hanessian, J r . and I l e n e Guttmacher. 236 pp., July 1958. T h i r t y papers on: summary r e s u l t s of the US-IGY rocket program t o 1 Jul y 1958, atmospheric s t r u c t u r e ; i o n composi- t i o n of the a r c t i c ionosphere; ionospheric measurements; auroral p a r t i c l e s and s o f t r a d i a t i o n ; solar r a d i a t i o n , cosmic rays, and the earth's mag- n e t i c f i e l d ; U.S. A i r Force and BRL rocket programs f o r the IGY. No. 2. F l i g h t Summaries for the U.S. Rocketry Program f o r the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year, Part 1: 5 July 1956 - 30 June 1958. compiled by Pembroke J. Hart and I l e n e Guttmacher, 193 pp., March 1959. Launching information (time, place, date) o b j e c t i v e s , instrumentation, and pre- l i m i n a r y report on performance of the rocket and instrumentation. 797

WORLD DATA CENTER No. 3. F l i g h t Summaries f o r the U.S. Rocketry Program f o r the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year. Part I I : 23 May - 31 December 1958. compiled by Pembroke J. Hart and Il e n e Guttmacher. 120 pp., Sept. 1959. Includes 20 pre-IGY rockets not i n Part I and 5 rockets planned as part of the IGY program but postponed to 1959. Launching information (time, place, d a t e ) , ob- j e c t i v e s , instrumentation, and preliminary r e p o r t on performance of the rocket and instrumentation. No. 4. Magnetic Exploration of the Upper Atmosphere, by Laurence J. C a h i l l , J r . 87 pp.,Oct. 1959. A report on the program of shipboard launchings of rocket- borne magnetometers conducted by the State U n i v e r s i t y of Iowa. No. 5. Upper A i r Densities and Temperatures from Eight IGY Rocket F l i g h t s by the Falling-Sphere Method, by L.M. Jones, J.W. Peterson, E. J. Schaefer, and H. F. Schulte. 102 pp., Dec. 1959. T h i r t y pages of t e x t , 11 t a b l e s , 68 f i g u r e s . A tec h n i c a l r e p o r t on experimental techniques and ta b u l a t i o n s of observations and r e s u l t s obtained from f a l l i n g - s p h e r e experiments on board eight IGY rockets, conducted by the U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan, (Included i n a pocket i s a r e p r i n t from the Journal of Geophysical Research, Dec. 1959, of an a r t i c l e by the same authors, based on the r e s u l t s of these and other rocket f l i g h t s . ) No. 6. A Second Compilation of U.S. IGY Rocket Program Results, compiled by J. P. T. Pearman and I l e n e Guttmacher. 198 pp., Nov. 1960. Twenty-two papers on: physical properties of the atmosphere; atmospheric composition; e l e c t r o n d e n s i t i e s and c o l l i s i o n frequencies; energetic p a r t i c l e s and auroras; t e r r e s t r i a l magnetism; solar r a d i a t i o n . Reprinted from several j o u r n a l s and symposia. No. 7. A Th i r d Compilation of U.S. IGY-IGC Rocket Program Results, compiled by John C. Truesdale and Ann Wagoner, 374 pp, A p r i l 1963, Forty papers on: atmospheric physics and composition, t e r r e s t r i a l magnetism, ionospheric physics, solar physics, astrophysics. Reprinted from several j o u r n a l s and symposia. 5. IGY S a t e l l i t e Report Series, No. I . Processed Observational Data f o r USSR S a t e l l i t e s 1957 Alpha and 1957 Beta, by R. N. Adams, N, McCumber, and M. Brinkman. 120 pp., March 1958. Four-page i n t r o d u c t i o n on sources and processing of data, 116 pages of catalogue of observations and s t a t i o n coordinate l i s t . No. 2. Status Reports on Opt i c a l Observations of S a t e l l i t e s 1958 Alpha and 1958 Beta, edited by G. F. S c h i l l i n g . 41 pp., A p r i l 1958. Twelve papers on: preliminary r e s u l t s from o p t i c a l t r a c k i n g of the U.S. earth s a t e l l i t e s , o p t i c a l s a t e l l i t e observations, s c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t s ; use and d i s t r i b u t i o n of s a t e l l i t e p r e d i c t i o n s ; and Harvard announcement cards. No. 3. Some Preliminary Reports of Experiments i n S a t e l l i t e s 1958 Alpha and 1958 Gamma, by various authors. 100 pp.. May 1958. Five a r t i c l e s : Status Reports on Optical Observations of S a t e l l i t e s 1958 Alpha and 1958 Beta; Determination of the O r b i t of 1958 Alpha at Vanguard Computing Center; S a t e l l i t e Micrometeorite Measurements; S a t e l l i t e Temperature Measurements fo r 1958 Alpha; The Observation of High I n t e n s i t y Radiation by S a t e l l i t e s 1958 Alpha and Gamma. 798

WORLD DATA CENTER No. 4. Obsc>-vational Information on A r t i f i c i a l E a r t h S a t e l l i t e s , by J . A. Hynek and G. F. S c h i l l i n g . 38 pp., J u l y 1958. Nine papers on: the USSR s a t e l l i t e s ; the U.S. s a t e l l i t e s ; s a t e l l i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and s c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t s . No. 5. Radio Observations of Soviet S a t e l l i t e s 1957 Alpha 2 and 1957 Beta 1. by James W. Warwick. 50 pp., J u l y 1958. Three p a r t s : Determination of Passage Parameters frcun Simple Interferometer Records; P r e l i m i n a r y R e s u l t s of the A n a l y s i s of Ionospheric Fading and Interf e r o m e t e r E f f e c t s ; Spin Fading. No. 6. Reports and Analyses of S a t e l l i t e Observations, by v a r i o u s authors. 60 pp., Aug. 1958. Four papers: Moonwatch Catalogue ( t a b l e s ) ; P r e l i m i n a r y Note on the Mass-Area R a t i o s of S a t e l l i t e s 1958 D e l t a 1 and 1958 D e l t a 2; The Descent of S a t e l l i t e 1957 Beta 1; P o s i t i o n s of S a t e l l i t e 1957 Beta 1 during the f i r s t 100 Revolutions ( t a b l e s ) . No. 7. S i m p l i f i e d S a t e l l i t e P r e d i c t i o n from Modified O r b i t a l Elements, by Leonard N. Cormier, Norton Goodwin, and Reginald K. S q u i r e s , 54 pp., Jan. 1959. T h i s report i s intended p r i m a r i l y to serve the needs of p a r t i c i p a t i n g observers of s a t e l l i t e s . O r b i t a l elements a re disseminated by IGY World Warning s t a t i o n s , and by the volunteer o r g a n i z a t i o n s for t r a c k i n g IGY s a t e l l i t e s — M o o n b e a m ( r a d i o ) , Moonwatch ( t e l e s c o p e ) and Phototrack (camera)--and are not a v a i l a b l e through World Data Center A. No. 8. Ephemeris of S a t e l l i t e 1957 Alpha 2 and C o l l e c t e d Reports on S a t e l l i t e Observations. by v a r i o u s authors. 122 pp., June 1959. Part I : Ephemeris (3-minute r e a d - o u t ) . P a r t I I : Ten papers d e a l i n g w i t h t e c h n i c a l parameters and o r b i t a l a c c e l e r a t i o n of s a t e l l i t e s , e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l , e f f e c t s of sun and moon on s a t e l l i t e s , e m p i r i c a l formula for ephemerides, atmospheric s t r u c t u r e . No. 9. Symposium on S c i e n t i f i c E f f e c t s of A r t i f i c a l l y Introduced R a d i a t i o n s High A l t i t u d e s . 88 pp., Sept. 1959. A r e p r i n t from the Proceedings of the National Academy of S c i e n c e s , August 1959, pp. 1141-1228, con t a i n i n g seven papers presented a t a symposium of the National Academy of S c i e n c e s . Topics i n c l u d e the Argus experiment; s a t e l l i t e observations of e l e c t r o n s a r t i f i c i a l l y i n j e c t e d i n t o the geomagnetic f i e l d ; P r o j e c t Jason measure- ment of trapped e l e c t r o n s from a nuclear device by sounding r o c k e t s ; theory of geomagnetically trapped e l e c t r o n s from an a r t i f i c i a l source; o p t i c a l , electromagnetic, and s a t e l l i t e observations of h i g h - a l t i t u d e n u c l e a r detonations. No. 10. The Determination of Ionospheric E l e c t r o n Content and D i s t r i b u t i o n from S a t e l l i t e Observations, by 0. K. G a r r i o t t . 65 pp., Jan. 1960. A n a l y s i s of 20 mc telemetry and 40 mc second harmonic from s a t e l l i t e 1958 D e l t a 2 (Sputnik I I I ) for the period September 1958-April 1959. No. 11. Observations of Corpuscular R a d i a t i o n with S a t e l l i t e s and Space Probes, by v a r i o u s a u t h o r s . 125 pp., June 1960. Contains 14 a r t i c l e s r e p r i n t e d from s e v e r a l j o u r n a l s and symposia. No. 12. IGY S a t e l l i t e Ionospheric Research, based on observations of 1957 Alpha 2 and 1958 D e l t a 2, by v a r i o u s authors. 80 pp.,Dec. 1960. Three papers on: ionospheric e l e c t r o n content from the F a r a d a y - r o t a t i o n fading and d i s p e r s i v e Doppler e f f e c t of tran s m i s s i o n s from 1958 D e l t a 2 (Sputnik I I I ) , and a n a l y s i s of s c i n t i l l a t i o n of s i g n a l s from 1957 Alpha 2 and 1958 De l t a 2 (Sputniks I and I I I ) . 799

WORLD DATA CENTER No. 13. S a t e l l i t e s 1958 Alpha and Gamma. High I n t e n s i t y R a d i a t i o n Research and Instrumentation, by v a r i o u s authors. 106 pp., Ja n . 1961. Unedited t r a n s c r i p t of the p r e s e n t a t i o n on May 1, 1958, by James A, Van A l l e n of the f i r s t r e s u l t s of h i g h - i n t e n s i t y r a d i a t i o n observations made by s a t e l l i t e s 1958 Alpha and Gamma ( E x p l o r e r s I and I I I ) ; and d e s c r i p t i o n of the r e l a t e d instrumentation c a r r i e d by these s a t e l l i t e s . No. 14. Corpuscular R a d i a t i o n . Magnetic F i e l d and Micrometerorite Observa- t i o n s with S a t e l l i t e s and Space Probes, by v a r i o u s authors. 194 pp., J u l y 1961. Contains 25 a r t i c l e s r e p r i n t e d from s e v e r a l j o u r n a l s and symposia. 800

WORLD DATA CENTER P r o j e c t 45.8 - Geomagnetism, Seismology and G r a v i t y Subcenter 1. O b j e c t i v e s . T h i s subcenter was e s t a b l i s h e d a t the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to c o l l e c t , a r c h i v e , catalogue and exchange magnetograms and geomagnetic t a b u l a t i o n s , r e p o r t s from s e i s m i c s t a t i o n s and g r a v i t y data. 2. Operations and use of the c e n t e r . T h i s WDC-A i s one of four WDC's for geo- magnetism (others- Moscow, Charlottenlund, Kyoto), one of three for g r a v i t y (Moscow, U c c l e ) , and seismology (Moscow, St r a s b o u r g ) . The major p o r t i o n of work i n the cen t e r has been the geomagnetic data. The fol l o w i n g types of data were c o l l e c t e d . a. Geomagnetic duty. ( i ) monthly t a b u l a t i o n s of mean hourly s c a l i n g s of magnetograms and t e l l u r i g r a m s ( i i ) normal (20 mm/hr) and r a p i d run ( f o r USCGS. 240 mm/hr) magnetograms and t e l l u r i g r a m s for a l l days ( i l l ) u l t r a quick run magnetograms and t e l l u r i g r a m s for s p e c i a l periods ( s e l e c t e d by Committee No. 10 of the lAGA) ( i v ) a u x i l i a r y s t a t i o n r e c o r d s , e.g., ionosphere and s a t e l l i t e s t a t i o n s , as requested by Committee No. 10 (v) C and K sheets- C - one sheet per month, one index per day K - one sheet per month, one index per 3 h r s . ( v i ) K i n d i c e s and s f e ' s from s e l e c t e d s t a t i o n s ( v i i ) Q i n d i c e s - one sheet per day, i n d i c e s based on 1/4 hr. readings ( v i i i ) t a b l e s of s p e c i a l events, p u l s a t i o n s and distur b a n c e s b. Seismic data. ( i ) standard s e i s m i c measurements ( i i ) s p e c i a l s y s t e m a t i c o b s e r v a t i o n s , e.g., long-period, s t r a i n accumulation ( i l l ) m i c r o s e i s m i c observations ( i v ) t r i p a r t i t e m i c r o s e i s m i c measurements ( v ) s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of s t r u c t u r e and deformation of the ea r t h ' s c r u s t c. G r a v i t y data. ( i ) pendulum and gravimeter measurements ( i i ) e a r t h t i d e s t u d i e s ( i l l ) s p e c i a l p r o j e c t s I n 1961, two or three r e q u e s t s for data were r e c e i v e d per week. T o t a l orders for t h i s c e n t e r were approximately equivalent to copying a l l data i n the center twic e . I n a d d i t i o n , on recommendation of the U. S. National Committee for the IGY, WDC-A fo r geomagnetism provided a complete s e t of a v a i l a b l e magnetograms to the WDC-A subcenters for a i r g l o w and ionosphere, aurora, cosmic r a y s , and s o l a r a c t i v i t y . A v a i l a b i l i t y of the magnetic records i n these subcenters proved to be of great value to r e s e a r c h e r s i n the v a r i o u s "upper atmosphere" d i s c i p l i n e s . At the same time, the presence of these data i n f i v e subcenters of WDC-A reduced the demands for data from the WDC-A f o r geomagnetism. 3. Personnel. J . H. Nelson was p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r ; a l s o a s s o c i a t e d with t h i s work have been John Gettemy and W i l l i a m P a u l i s h a k . 801

WORLD DATA CENTER P r o j e c t 45.9 - Gl a c i o l o g y Subcenter 1. O b j e c t i v e s . T h i s subcenter a t the American Geographical S o c i e t y was e s t a b l i s h e d to provide a r e p o s i t o r y for g l a c i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s , r e p o r t s , photographs and general information. 2. Operations and use of the c e n t e r . Data exchange i n t h i s d i s c i p l i n e i n c l u d e d b a s i c data forms, progress r e p o r t s , catalogues of photographs, and f i n a l r e p o r t s ( u s u a l l y published) on g l a c i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s . WDC-A for g l a c i o l o g y prepared the r e g u l a r six-monthly catalogues of data. The CSAGI format, which was devised to accommodate d i s c i p l i n e s which have a r e g u l a r station-project-month submission of data, was e a r l y deemed u n s u i t a b l e for g l a c i o l o g i - c a l data. WDC-A devised a format more s u i t e d to the d i s c i p l i n e , t h i s format was adopted e s s e n t i a l l y without m o d i f i c a t i o n by WDC's B and C, Primary r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for p r e p a r a t i o n of m a t e r i a l for p u b l i c a t i o n i n the IGY Annals and prepar a t i o n of the f i n a l catalogue r e s i d e d with the CIG d i s c i p l i n e member for g l a c i o l o g y and WDC-C (Cambridge). WDC-A a s s i s t e d i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of the f i n a l catalogue of data, which was pr o h i b i t e d m Volume XXXVI of the IGY Annals. As part of i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to make important data a v a i l a b l e to a wide audience, WDC-A published a s e r i e s of g l a c i o l o g i c a l r e p o r t s . T h i s r e p o r t s e r i e s included r e s u l t s from programs both i n A n t a r c t i c a and i n the Northern Hemisphere. As a consequence of the IGY data exchange arrangements, many d e t a i l s of r e p o r t s and programs i n g l a c i o l o g y t h a t a r e not normally made g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e have been made a v a i l a b l e through the WDC's sooner than would have been true without the IGY data exchange arrangements. Without p r e j u d i c e to p u b l i c a t i o n i n the s c i e n t i f i c j o u r n a l s , WDC-A has endeavored m i t s r e p o t t s e r i e s to make a v a i l a b l e promptly m a t e r i a l that may ev e n t u a l l y be published and a t the same time to make a v a i l a b l e c e r t a i n e x t e n s i v e t a b l e s , c h a r t s , f i g u r e s , and d e s c r i p t i o n s which would not o r d i n a r i l y be a v a i l a b l e a t a l l . j^n the course of i t s normal a c t i v i t i e s , WDC-A processed a co n s i d e r a b l e amount of informal information on g l a c i o l o g i c a l matters: new a c q u i s i t i o n s of the WDC, re s e a r c h p r o j e c t s proposed or underway, conferences of p o s s i b l e i n t e r e s t to g l a c i - o l o g i s t s , e t c . B e l i e v i n g that t h i s information would be of i n t e r e s t to a wide range of s c i e n t i s t s engaged m g l a c i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s , WDC-A prepared a q u a r t e r l y mimeographed information b u l l e t i n c a l l e d " G l a c i o l o g i c a l Notes," which has been c i r c u l a t e d to some 400 persons. Because the value of much g l a c i o l o g i c a l information gathered during IGY i s epochal, WDC-A assembled for r e s e a r c h and information purposes a co n s i d e r a b l e volume of h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l , as w e l l as cur r e n t m a t e r i a l not emanating from the IGY program. T h i s m a t e r i a l i n c l u d e s a c o l l e c t i o n of g l a c i e r photographs, r e f e r e n c e f i l e s on g l a c i o l o g i c a l and r e l a t e d s u b j e c t s , r e p r i n t s , and unpublished r e p o r t s , maps of g l a c i e r s i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of the world, e s p e c i a l l y the Western Hemisphere, and a small c o l l e c t i o n of c l a s s i c g l a c i o l o g i c a l works. I t i s not known to what extent the information c i r c u l a t e d m the G l a c i o l o g i c a l Report S e r i e s and " G l a c i o l o g i c a l Notes" e l i m i n a t e s the need for copying data. The rep o r t s and "Notes" have been e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y r e c e i v e d by the g l a c i o l o g i c a l community, t h e i r continued i s s u a n c e , e s p e c i a l l y "Notes" has been s t r o n g l y urged by those who responded to the survey of us e r s of WDC-A. The g l a c i o l o g i c a l r e p o r t s were widely d i s t r i b u t e d among g l a c i o l o g i s t s i n the U. S. and abroad upon p u b l i c a t i o n ; orders were subsequently r e c e i v e d at the r a t e of f i v e per week for a few months, d e c l i n i n g to two or three per week t h e r e a f t e r . Requests for information or data are r e c e i v e d a t the r a t e of approximately f i v e per week. 802

WORLD DATA CENTER 3. Personnel. W. 0. F i e l d was p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r . 4. IGY GlacioloRY Report S e r i e s . No. 1. P r e l i m i n a r y Reports of the A n t a r c t i c and Northern Hemisphere G l a c t - ology Programs, by v a r i o u s authors. 144 pp., J u l y 1958 (2nd e d i t i o n , 1959). Contains fourteen r e p o r t s on the U.S. IGY program i n two p a r t s : A n t a r c t i c Program ( s i x r e p o r t s ) : Oversnow T r a v e r s e s 1957-58; A i r l i f t e d Geophsyical E x p l o r a t i o n s ; Snow Accumulation and Meteorology on the Ross I c e S h e l f and V i c t o r i a P l a t e a u , Ross I c e S h e l f Deformation, D r i l l i n g m I c e a t Byrd S t a t i o n ; G l a c i a l Geology a t McMurdo Sound. Northern Hemisphere Program ( e i g h t r e p o r t s ) : Blue G l a c i e r , Mt. Olympus, Cascades; Lemon Creek G l a c i e r ; Southern Alaska; McCall G l a c i e r ; D r i f t i n g S t a t i o n s . No. 2. Oversnow T r a v e r s e Programs. Byrd and E l l s w o r t h S t a t i o n s . A n t a r c t i c a . 1957-58: Seismology. G r a v i t y , and Magnetism, by Edward T h i e l , C h a r l e s R. Be n t l e y , Ned A. Ostenso, and John C. Behrendt. 139 pp., J u l y 1959. Seven r e p o r t s on s e i s m i c , g r a v i m e t r i c , and magnetic s t u d i e s i n A n t a r c t i c a . No. 3. Deformation of the Ross I c e S h e l f near the Bay of Whales. A n t a r c t i c a , by James H. Zumberge, Mario G i o v i n e t t o , Ralph Kehle, and John R e i d . 148 pp.. May 1960. F i n a l r e p o r t of the Ross I c e S h e l f Deformation P r o j e c t ; d i s - c u s s i o n of p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s , f i r n s t r a t i g r a p h , and s t r a i n measurements i n the deformation a r e a , and of p e t r o f a b r i c s of a folded i c e l a y e r . No. 4. Reports of A n t a r c t i c G e o l o g i c a l Observations. 1956-1960. by v a r i o u s authors. 220 pp., Jan. 1961. Nine r e p o r t s on m u l t i p l e g l a c i a t i o n and c o a s t a l geomorphology of McMurdo Sound, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of polar beaches, rock specimens from Ross-Weddell "Graben," geographic f e a t u r e s on the Mane Byrd Land T r a v e r s e , and geology of the Windmill I s l a n d s , H o r l i c k Mountains, and Dufek M a s s i f . No. 5. G l a c i o l o g i c a l S t u d i e s a t L i t t l e America S t a t i o n . A n t a r c t i c a . 1957 and 1958. by A. P. C r a r y . 197 pp., March 1961. P r e s e n t a t i o n and d i s c u s s i o n of r e s u l t s of f o l l o w i n g s t u d i e s : e l e v a t i o n s , i c e t h i c k n e s s ; snow, f i r n , and i c e d e n s i t i e s ; temperature observations; snow accumulation; e l e v a t i o n changes, i c e creep; absolute movement, oceanographic observations; v a l l e y and b a r r i e r edge measurements. No. 6. G l a c i o l o g i c a l Studies of the Ross I c e S h e l f . A n t a r c t i c a . 1957-1960. by A. P. C r a r y , Edwin S. Robinson, Hugh F . Bennett and Walter W. Boyd, J r . ( i n p r e p a r a t i o n ) . D i s c u s s i o n of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and behavior of the Ross I c e S h e l f i n terms of r e s u l t s of t r a v e r s e s t u d i e s . Parameters examined i n c l u d e s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n s , accumulation, i c e t h i c k n e s s , snow and i c e temperatures and d e n s i t i e s , and s t r a i n r a t e s . 803

WORLD DATA CENTER P r o j e c t 45.10 - Longitude and L a t i t u d e Subcenter 1. O b j e c t i v e s . T h i s subcenter was e s t a b l i s h e d a t the U. S. Naval Observatory i n order to c o l l e c t photographs from the Markowitz Moon Camera and astronomical observations of longitude and l a t i t u d e . 2. Operations and R e s u l t s . The IGY program for longitude and l a t i t u d e c o n s i s t e d of two d i s t i n c t p r o j e c t s : the astronomical longitude and l a t i t u d e program c a r r i e d out p r i n c i p a l l y w i t h the Danjon impersonal a s t r o l a b e , and the moon p o s i t i o n program, c a r r i e d out wi t h the moon p o s i t i o n cameras. Astronomical observations of longitude and l a t i t u d e were sent to the Bureau I n t e r n a t i o n a l de I'Heure, P a n s ; l a t i t u d e observations were sent a l s o to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a t i t u d e S e r v i c e , T u r i n , I t a l y . F i n a l longitude r e s u l t s obtained w i t h the Washington PZT up to mid-1961 were published m the Naval Observatory Time S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n s . R e s u l t s obtained w i t h the Washington a s t r o l a b e for the period March 1959 through December 1960 have been forwarded to P a n s . The moon p o s i t i o n program i s conducted under the d i r e c t i o n of Dr. Markowitz, the obse r v a t i o n s , r e d u c t i o n s , and machine processing of the data are c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to the data c e n t e r . I n a l l the longitude and l a t i t u d e programs, however, only the f i n a l r e s u l t s are considered data for the purpose of the WDC's. The U. S. Naval Observatory w i l l p u b l i s h the apparent r i g h t a s c e n s i o n and d e c l i n a t i o n of the moon for each p l a t e . 3. Personnel. W i l l i a m Markowitz i s the p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r . 804

WORLD DATA CENTER P r o j e c t 45.11 - Meteorology and Nuclear R a d i a t i o n Subcenter 1. O b j e c t i v e s . T h i s subcenter at the U. S. Weather Bureau, National Weather Records Center, A s h e v i l l e , Tennessee, was e s t a b l i s h e d to provide for the c o l l e c t i o n of meteorological data and to put i t i n t o the format recommended by the CSAGI. Nuclear r a d i a t i o n data of i n t e r e s t to s t u d i e s of atmospheric c i r c u l a t i o n were a l s o c o l l e c t e d . 2. Operations and use of the c e n t e r . Data exchange i n meteorology has dominated the a c t i v i t y of t h i s c e n t e r ; a great s i n g l e source of expenditure of time and energy of the WDC personnel was the requirement that data m s e v e r a l meteorological p r o j e c t s be t a b u l a t e d i n a form s p e c i f i e d by WMO. The me t e o r o l o g i c a l p r o j e c t s a r e : a. s y n o p t i c and dynamic meteorology ( i ) s u r f a c e land ( i i ) s u r f a c e sea ( i l l ) radiosonde and rawinsonde ( i v ) upper winds b. r a d i a t i o n c. ozone d. atmospherics e. atmospheric e l e c t r i c i t y f . atmospheric chemistry Most data for the Western Hemisphere were sent f i r s t to WDC-A for p r o c e s s i n g and forwarding to WDC-C. Data m synoptic and dynamic meteorology were prepared i n the s p e c i a l format r e q u i r e d by WDC-C; these data were then reproduced on microcards. The t o t a l s e t of microcards for the IGY period numbered approximately 18,000 and could be obtained from WDC-C for $6,000. For IGC-59, only radiosonde and rawinsonde data was put on microcards; the estimated number of cards i s 4,000, the cost $1600. Three s e t s were acquired by WDC-A, two s e t s to be a v a i l a b l e for loan to i n t e r e s t e d s c i e n t i s t s . Data i n n u c l e a r r a d i a t i o n f e l l i n the f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : a. measurement of p a r t i c u l a t e a i r b o r n e f i s s i o n products a t ground l e v e l b. measurement of p a r t i c u l a t e a i r b o r n e a c t i v i t y a t high a l t i t u d e s c. measurement of the d e p o s i t i o n of f i s s i o n product a c t i v i t y d. measurement of the n a t u r a l r a d i o a c t i v i t y of the a i r e. determination of t o t a l f i s s i o n product and ra d i o carbon i n sea water f . i n v e s t i g a t i o n of monthly p r e c i p i t a t i o n samples c o l l e c t e d a t s p e c i a l s t a t i o n s g. i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the t r i t i u m background of the "pre-atomic age" usi n g g l a c i o l o g i c a l techniques R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r e p a r a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l for the IGY Annals r e s i d e d with WDC-C i n meteorology (Geneva), WDC-C2 i n nuclear r a d i a t i o n (Tokyo), and with the CSAGI R e p o r t e r s . By s p e c i a l agreement, WDC-A grepared d a i l y maps for s u r f a c e and 500 mb f o r the Northern Hemisphere (20 - 90°N); s i m i l a r maps are being prepared by the Deutscher Wetterdienst for the t r o p i c a l zone and by the South A f r i c a n Weather Bureau for the Southern Hemisphere (20° - 90°S). Surface maps g i v e : wind, temperature, p r e s s u r e , dew point, clouds, e t c . 500 MB maps give: wind, height, temperature, dew po i n t . 805

WORLD DATA CENTER WDC-A a l s o prepared d a i l y pole-to-pole c r o s s - s e c t i o n s along the 75° W meridian from s u r f a c e to 10 mb (approximately 31 km) showing: temperature, p o t e n t i a l tempera- t u r e , west wind component, humidity, tropopause; the monthly means of these pole-to- pole c r o s s s e c t i o n s were completed i n mid-1961. The U. S. Weather Bureau a l s o prepared booklets of d a i l y 1 0 0 - m i l l i b a r , 5 0 - m i l l i b a r and three times monthly 3 0 - m i l l i b a r synoptic weather maps. From 64 i n q u i r i e s concerning IGY data, 18 orders f o r data have been r e c e i v e d . WDC-A prepared d e s c r i p t i v e m a t e r i a l to make b e t t e r known the e x i s t e n c e and nature of the microcards; t h i s r e p o r t was published i n IGY General Report No. 9. 3. Personnel. H. E . Landsberg i s p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r ; a l s o a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s work I S W. McMurray. 806

WORLD DATA CENTER P r o j e c t 45.12 - Oceanography Subcenter 1. O b j e c t i v e s . T h i s subcenter was e s t a b l i s h e d a t the A g r i c u l t u r a l and Mechanical College of Texas i n order to provide a r e p o s i t o r y for p h y s i c a l oceanographic data from IGY c r u i s e s and for t i d e and wave data from i s l a n d s t a t i o n s . 2. Operations and use of the c e n t e r . The oceanographic data exchanged f a l l i n t o two c a t e g o r i e s : measurements ashore and a f l o a t . I n the f i r s t category were r e c o r d - ings of sea l e v e l and long period waves. From s t a t i o n s a f l o a t came the f o l l o w i n g data: a. s e r i a l s t a t i o n for depth, temperature, s a l i n i t y , and chemical a n a l y s i s b. c o l o r and transparency c. s t a t e of sea and s w e l l d. c u r r e n t s e. bottom sediments f . bathymetry g. bathythermography h. meteorology and actinometry i . biology R e s p o n s i b i l i t y for p r e p a r a t i o n of m a t e r i a l i n oceanography for the IGY Annals f e l l upon the CSAGI Reporter. R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r prepa r a t i o n of the f i n a l catalogue i n oceanography was assigned j o i n t l y to WDC's A and B. WDC-A i s s u e d a s e r i e s of r e p o r t s c o n t a i n i n g t r a c k c h a r t s to c r u i s e s i n the North A t l a n t i c and data compilations which the WDC was conveniently s i t u a t e d to i s s u e . I n ad d i t i o n , the WDC and the National Oceanographic Data Center have j o i n t l y i s s u e d a p u b l i c a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of oceanographic r e s e a r c h v e s s e l s of the world. P r i o r to 1962, f o r t y - t h r e e r e q u e s t s for data were r e c e i v e d from s c i e n t i s t s i n 14 i n s t i t u t i o n s ; approximately 15,000 sheets of data were reproduced to s a t i s f y these r e q u e s t s . I n a d d i t i o n , some req u e s t s were r e c e i v e d f o r data i n processed or rearranged form; many of these requests were s a t i s f i e d by the WDC by machine proc e s s i n g of the data, not o r i g i n a l l y envisaged as a data c e n t e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , but for which the WDC arranged as a s e r v i c e to u s e r s . A f t e r the completion of the IGY f i n a l catalogue, t h i s subcenter was moved to Washington, D. C. 3. Personnel. Dale F . Leipper was p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r , a s s o c i a t e d with him have been Commander J . R. Lumby and Captain L u i s R. A. Capurro. 4. IGY Oceanography Report S e r i e s . No. 1. A t l a s of Track Charts of IGY C r u i s e s . P art I : North A t l a n t i c , compiled by J . R. Lumby. 46 pp., Aug. 1960. Contains t r a c k c h a r t s prepared by WDC-A for 42 IGY c r u i s e s and 9 pre-IGY c r u i s e s i n the North A t l a n t i c ; with g r a p h i c a l index showing the period of the c r u i s e . No. 2. Hyd r o l o g i c a l Observations i n the Southern Oceans, compiled by L u i s R. A. Capurro, 386 pp.. May 1961. A l l the hydrographic s t a t i o n s a v a i l a b l e i n WDC-A for the IGY and IGC are reported. The p h y s i c a l data i n c l u d e : depth, temperature, s a l i n i t y , , anomaly of s p e c i f i c volume, dynamic h e i g h t s and sound v e l o c i t i e s a t a l l i n t e r p o l a t e d 807

WORLD DATA CENTER l e v e l s . The chemical data reported a r e : the c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of d i s s o l v e d oxygen, phosphorous, nitrogen and s i l i c o n compounds, pH, and a l k a l i n i t y . The dynamic heights and sound v e l o c i t i e s were obtained from a s p e c i a l IBM computation program a t the Texas A & M data p r o c e s s i n g c e n t e r . Chart shows l o c a t i o n of a l l s t a t i o n s south of l a t i t u d e 50°S. Oceanographic V e s s e l s of the World, compiled by L u i s R. A. Capurro, A l b e r t M. Ba r g e s i , and W i l l i a m H. Myers, L o o s e l e a f , 1961. A report on the s c i e n t i f i c c a p a b i l i t i e s of r e s e a r c h v e s s e l s to the extent that they have been reported. The information i s very s p e c i f i c and provides a p i c t u r e of the p o s s i b i l i t i e s and l i m i t a t i o n s of performing oceanographic work i n most of the f i e l d s of oceanographic r e s e a r c h . The purpose of t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n i s to promote the r e a l i z a t i o n of i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o i n t c r u i s e s and f a c i l i t a t e t h e i r planning. T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n was is s u e d as a j o i n t p u b l i c a t i o n of WDC-A for Oceanography and the U. S. National Oceanographic Data Center. I t has a decimal type index and can be kept up-to-date with p e r i o d i c amendments. No. 3.Oceanographic Observations m the I n t e r t r o p i c a l Region of the World Ocean, compiled by L u i s R. A. Capurro, Part 1: A t l a n t i c and I n d i a n Oceans, P a r t s I l a and l i b . P a c i f i c Ocean, September 1961. A l l the hydrographic s t a t i o n s a v a i l a b l e m WDC-A for the i n t e r t r o p i c a l r e g i o n for the IGY and IGC are reported. The observed data had been processed by the WDC-A i n t e r p o l a t i o n techniques and s p e c i a l computational program. The reported data i n c l u d e depth, temperature, s a l i n i t y . Of, anomaly of s p e c i f i c volume, i n t e g r a t e d dynamic heights anomalies, sound v e l o c i t i e s and "Q" val u e s for t r a n s p o r t computations. No. 4. P r o d u c t i v i t y Observations i n the World Ocean. P a r t I and Pa r t I I , compiled by Maxwell S, Doty and L u i s R. A. Capurro. 625 pp., Sept. 1961. T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n i n c l u d e s the data a v a i l a b l e i n WDC-A on p r o d u c t i v i t y and pigment determinations c a r r i e d out i n the A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c Oceans during the period of the IGY and IGC-1959. The data were punched on IBM cards according to the program used i n the Botany Department a t the U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii, read-out of these cards comprises t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n . 808

WORLD DATA CENTER P r o j e c t 45.14 - S o l a r A c t i v i t y Subcenter 1. O b j e c t i v e s . T h i s subcenter a t the High A l t i t u d e Observatory, was e s t a b l i s h e d to c o l l e c t s o l a r a c t i v i t y data and to provide r a p i d data summaries on s e v e r a l time s c a l e s to the IGY World Warning Agency for t h e i r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n c a l l i n g A l e r t s and SWI. 2. Operations and use of the c e n t e r . Data i n the s o l a r a c t i v i t y program were obtained from the fo l l o w i n g ten phenomena* a. Wolf sunspot numbers and s p e c i a l data on changes during the day b. s p e c i a l sunspot numbers c. c a l c i u m plages d. s o l a r magnetic f i e l d s e. s o l a r f l a r e s , sudden disappearances of filaments and prominences, low r a t e changes of chromospheric s t r u c t u r e s f. f l a r e and plage i n d i c e s based on photometric measurements g. b r i g h t and dark surges, a c t i v e prominence regions h. chromospheric s t r u c t u r e s w i t h s p e c i a l regard to day v a r i a t i o n s 1. corona isophotes and data J . r a d i o emission The data center for s o l a r a c t i v i t y a t the High A l t i t u d e Observatory i s operated i n c l o s e cooperation w i t h the C e n t r a l Radio Propagation Laboratory, e s p e c i a l l y as regards s o l a r r a d i o n o i s e data. The CRPL a l s o has r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for a l l s p e c i a l sunspot number data and for s o - c a l l e d intermediate p u b l i c a t i o n . I n accordance w i t h the CSAGI recommendations and s p e c i a l request of the CSAGI Reporter, WDC-A undertook a c o n s i d e r a b l e burden of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r e p a r a t i o n of m a t e r i a l for the IGY Annals. These t a s k s were a. to coordinate p r e p a r a t i o n of the Dj^ d a i l y maps of the sun for the IGY period. These are m u l t i c o l o r e d maps showing: sunspots ( b l a c k ) , calcium plages ( b l u e ) , f l a r e s ( r e d ) , surges and a c t i v e prominence regions ( g r e e n ) . b. to prepare surge and a c t i v e prominence region sketches and f i n a l t a b u l a t i o n s for the Dj maps. c. to prepare green coronal polar diagrams at the limb for the D2 d a i l y s o l a r maps. The D2 maps show: sunspot by symbol and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( b l a c k ) ; limb prominences, d i s k f i l a m e n t s and d i s p a r i t i o n s brusques ( r e d ) ; g r a p h i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of the green (5303) coronal l i n e i n t e n s i t i e s ( g r e e n ) ; r a d i o heliograms of the 1420 mc/s r a d i a t i o n ( b l u e ) . d. to prepare 21 synoptic maps showing coronal isophotes, one for each 27-day period. The D]̂ and D2 maps have been completed and were published i n the "Annals of the IGY" e a r l y i n 1962. The synoptic maps have a l s o been completed. I n order to prepare the summary IGY coronal observations ( f o r the D2 d a i l y maps and 27-day synoptic maps) the data center undertook s t u d i e s to t r y to r e l a t e data from a l l of the 9 coronographs onto a common s c a l e . These e f f o r t s were reported to the c o l l a b o r a t i n g o b s e r v a t o r i e s and to the members of an lAU Working Committee charged with t h i s problem. The I n d i r e c t F l a r e Detector program was evolved too l a t e f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the IGY l i s t of ten s o l a r phenomena, but occupied a co n s i d e r a b l e portion of the e f f o r t s of the s o l a r a c t i v i t y groups a t HAO and CRPL. T h i s program were 809

WORLD DATA CENTER were regarded as e s p e c i a l l y v a l u a b l e : the two groups, working together, organized the r e p o r t i n g procedures (both for the p r o f e s s i o n a l o b s e r v a t o r i e s and the American A s s o c i a t i o n of Volunteer S o l a r O b s e r v e r s ) , s c a l e d r e c o r d s , published l i s t s of events, and d i s t r i b u t e d m i c r o f i l m copies of the tapes. As part of the CSAGI Reporter's plan for intermediate p u b l i c a t i o n i n s o l a r a c t i v i t y , WDC-A prepared a s e r i e s of s o l a r a c t i v i t y r e p o r t s which c o n t a i n r e p o r t s of surges and a c t i v e prominence regions for each day of IGY and IGC-59, reduced observations by the K-coronameter developed a t the High A l t i t u d e Observatory; McMath Hulbert Observatory Working l i s t of f l a r e s f or IGY and IGC-59; i n d i c e s of s o l a r corona and f l a r e s . Recognizing that prompt r e p o r t s of s o l a r a c t i v i t y a re of value to workers i n the f i e l d of s o l a r p h y s i c s as w e l l as s e v e r a l r e l a t e d d i s c i p l i n e s , t h i s c e n t e r emphasized r a p i d compilation and d i s t r i b u t i o n of incoming o b s e r v a t i o n s . The prompt dissemina- t i o n of these r e p o r t s , through CRPL or HAO channels, a s appropriate, has presumably g r e a t l y reduced the number of requests for data from the data center; of those r e q u e s t s r e c e i v e d , v i r t u a l l y a l l were s a t i s f i e d by m a t e r i a l i n the r e p o r t s e r i e s i n the HAO " S o l a r A c t i v i t y Summary" and "Weekly Reports of S o l a r and Geophysical A c t i v i t y , " or i n the CRPL-F s e r i e s , e s p e c i a l l y Part B. 3. Personnel. The p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r was W. 0. Roberts; R. T. Hansen was s u p e r v i s o r of the center during the period of IGY data c o l l e c t i o n and p u b l i c a t i o n . Dorothy T r o t t e r i s c u r r e n t l y the s u p e r v i s o r of the c e n t e r . 4. IGY S o l a r A c t i v i t y Report S e r i e s . No. 1. Intermediate Reports of Surges and A c t i v e Priminence Regions. J u l y - September 1957. 97 pp.. May 1958. D a i l y l i s t s of surges and a c t i v e prominence regions c o l l a t e d from the d a i l y r e p o r t s of IGY s o l a r observa- t o r i e s i n accordance w i t h a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the procedure d e s c r i b e d i n Vo l . V, P a r t IV, of the Annals of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year. These r e p o r t s are the o r i g i n a l , uncorrected c o m p i l a t i o n s . No. 2. Intermediate Reports .... October-December 1957. 93 pp.. May 1958. No. 3. Intermediate Reports January-March 1958. 91 pp., June 1958. No. 4. Observations of the S o l a r E l e c t r o n Corona. September 1956. January 1958, by G. Newkirk, J r . , G. W. C u r t i s , and K. Watson, 48 pp., Aug. 1958. D i s c u s s i o n of the K-coronameter developed a t HAO for study of the e l e c t r o n corona outside of e c l i p s e , and 38 p l o t s of reduced o b s e r v a t i o n s . No. 5. Intermediate Reports A p r i l - J u n e 1958.92 pp., Jan. 1959. No. 6. Intermediate Reports.....July-September 1958. 93 pp.,Jan. 1959. No. 7. Intermediate Reports.... October-December 1958.93 pp.,June 1959. No. 8. Intermediate Reports.... January-March 1959. 93 pp.,Sept. 1959. No. 9. Intermediate Reports.... A p r i l - J u n e 1959. 92 pp., Feb. 1960. No. 10. Intermediate Reports ....July-September 1959.93 pp., A p r i l 1960. No. 11. Intermediate Reports October-December 1959. 93 pp.. June 1960. 810

WORLD DATA CENTER No. 12. Mc-Math-Hulbert Observatory Working L i s t of IGY F l a r e s , by Helen W. Dodson and E. Ruth Hedeman. 153 pp., June 1960. Chronological l i s t of a l l f l a r e s of reported importance > 1 (6656 f l a r e s during the period 1 J u l y 1957-31 Dec. 1958). T a b u l a t i o n i n c l u d e s date, times of beginning and end of f l a r e , maximum of the Ha f l a r e , importance, h e l i o g r a p h i c c o o r d i n a t e s , s e r i a l number of McMath plage, and number of s t a t i o n s r e p o r t i n g . No. 13. I n d i c e s of the S o l a r Corona. J u l y 1957-December 1959. by Dorothy T r o t t e r . 37 pp., Dec. 1960. Coronal g r e e n - l i n e measurements from coronagraph s t a t i o n s at Climax, K i s l o v o d s k , Pic-du-Midi, and Sacramento Peak are com- bined (and t a b u l a t e d ) i n quadrant and t o t a l d i s c i n d i c e s of t o t a l emission. No. 14. F l a r e Index for Each Day of IGY Based on McMath-Hulbert Observatory Working L i s t of IGY F l a r e s , by Helen W. Dodson and E. Ruth Hedeman. 17 pp January 1961. A d a i l y f l a r e index i s computed and f l a r e s a re given weights approximately p r o p o r t i o n a l to the average area of f l a r e s i n the r e s p e c t i v e importance c a t e g o r i e s . These i n d i c e s and t h e i r frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n are p l o t t e d . No. 15. McMath-Hulbert Observatory Working L i s t of F l a r e s and D a i l y F l a r e Index for IGC-1959. by Helen W. Dodson and E. Ruth Hedeman. 82 pp., June 1961. Chronological l i s t of a l l f l a r e s during IGC-1959 reported (by a t l e a s t one observer) to be of importance > 1 i n the Q u a r t e r l y B u l l e t i n of S o l a r A c t i v i t y . ~ No. 16. Observations of the S o l a r E l e c t r o n Corona. February 1958.December 1960. by C h r i s t i a n E. Heynekamp. 156 pp., J u l y 1962. A c o n t i n u a t i o n of S o l a r A c t i v i t y Report No. 4. No. 17. National Bureau of Standards L i s t of IGY F l a r e s w i t h Normalized Values of Importance and Area, by Constance S. Warwick. 243 pp.. May 1962; Addenda, c o r r e c t i o n s , 15 pp.. May 1963. The l i s t ( 1 ) provides a complete and con- venient compilation of a l l a v a i l a b l e data on occurrence of s o l a r f l a r e s , l a r g e and s m a l l , together w i t h information on completeness of f l a r e o b s ervations; (2) b r i n g s each estimate of the magnitude of a given f l a r e event onto a common s c a l e . No. 18. McMath-Hulbert Observatory Working L i s t of F l a r e s and D a i l y F l a r e Index for 1960. by Helen W. Dodson and E. Ruth Hedeman. 68 pp.. May 1962. C h r o n o l o g i c a l l i s t of a l l f l a r e s during 1960 reported to be of importance > 1 i n the Q u a r t e r l y B u l l e t i n of S o l a r A c t i v i t y . No. 19. Intermediate Reports ....January-December 1960. 195 pp., J u l y 1962. No. 20. Intermediate Reports ....January-December 1961. 145 pp. August 1962. No. 21, McMath-Hulbeit Observatory Working L i s t of F l a r e s and D a i l y F l a r e Index f o r 1961. by Helen W. Dodson and E. Ruth Hedeman. 50 pp. March 1963. Chronological l i s t of a l l f l a r e s during 1961 reported to be of importance 1 i n the Q u a r t e r l y B u l l e t i n of S o l a r A c t i v i t y . No. 22. Intermediate Report of Prominence ( F i l a m e n t ) A c t i v i t y . January-Decem- ber 1962. 48 pp.. May 1963. A c o n t i n u a t i o n of the r e p o r t s that have p r e v i o u s l y appeared under the t i t l e Intermediate Reports of Surges and A c t i v e Prominence Regions. No. 23. S o l a r Radio Emission. S p e c t r a l Observations i n the Decameter Range. 24 J u l y 1959 - 28 February 1961. by J . W. Warwick. 52 pp., J u l y 1, 1963. 811

WORLD DATA CENTER No. 24. (Not y e t published. A l i s t i n g of r a d i o d i s t u r b a n c e s during the IGY-IGC period.) No. 25. McMath-Hulbert Observatory Working L i s t of F l a r e s and D a i l y F l a r e Index for 1962, by Helen W, Dodson and E. Ruth Hedeman. 42 pp., A p r i l 1, 1964. No 26. Intermediate Report of Prominence (F i l a m e n t ) A c t i v i t y , 1963. 48 pp.. May 1, 1964. No. 27. Occurrences of the Yellow Coronal L i n e , May 1, 1957 - May 31. 1964. by Dorothy E. T r o t t e r and De A r l i s s Henderson. 8 pp., August 3, 1964. No. 28. Observations of J u p i t e r ' s Sporadic Radio Emission m the Range 7.6 - 41 Mc/s for the years 1960-1963, by James W. Warwick and W i l l i a m T. K r e i s s . 96 pp., November 2, 1964. No. 29. Normalized S o l a r F l a r e Data J u l y 1955 through June 1957, by Constance S. Warwick. 121 pp., November 16, 1964. No. 30. Addenda to Reports of Prominences, 1960-1963. 45 pp., December 15, 1964. No. 31. Intermediate Report of Prominence (Filament) A c t i v i t y , 1964. 81 pp., May 1, 1965. No. 32. Observation of J u p i t e r ' s Sporadic Radio Emission i n the Range 7.6 - 41 Mc/s January 1964 through May 1965. by James W. Warwick and George A. Dulk. 37 pp., August 16, 1965. 812