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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Appendix A

Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables

The committee referenced the Ocean-Shots and the United Nations (UN) Ocean Decade–endorsed actions in the formulation of each of the foundational and topical themes. For the UN Ocean Decade–endorsed actions, the committee focused on those that have prominent U.S. participation as a first step toward integrating new U.S. initiatives, identified through the Ocean-Shots, with the international efforts endorsed by the United Nations. However, the committee recognizes that other UN-endorsed actions offer opportunities for collaboration with U.S. researchers and encourage project teams to review the full list of UN-endorsed actions to identify potential collaborators in the international community.

The Ocean-Shot Decade Directory¹ is populated with the “Titles” and “Authors” as submitted by the authors. The descriptions are either sourced directly from the summaries of the Ocean-Shots or paraphrased by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine staff based on the abstracts or content of the Ocean-Shots.

The tables below contain the titles and descriptions (i.e., summaries) for a subset of Ocean-Shots and UN Ocean Decade–endorsed actions relevant to each foundational or topical theme. The titles and summaries of the latter were sourced directly from the UN Ocean Decade’s Endorsed Decade Actions.²

___________________

¹ See https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/us-national-committee-on-ocean-science-forsustainable-development-2021-2030/ocean-shot-directory#:~:text=%E2%80%9COcean%2DShots%E2%80%9D%20are%20ambitious,ocean%20science%20for%20sustainable%20development.

² An Excel file of the PDF version of the document can be downloaded from https://oceanexpert.org/document/29188.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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TABLE A.1 Connections of the Foundational Theme An Inclusive and Equitable Ocean to Ocean-Shots and UN Ocean Decade Actions

Title	Description
Ocean-Shots
FantaSEAS Project: Incorporating Inspiring Ocean Science in the Popular Media	Promoting ocean literacy and diversity in ocean science, by engaging industries and the general public through art, television, and literature.
EquiSea: The Ocean Science Fund for All	EquiSea aims to improve equity in ocean science by establishing a philanthropic fund to provide direct financial support to projects, coordinating capacity development activities, fostering collaboration and co-financing of ocean science between academia, government, NGOs, and private sector actors, and supporting the development of low-cost and easy-to-maintain ocean science technologies.
The Ocean Decade Show	The Ocean Decade Show is your monthly source of behind-the-scenes information about the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. This podcast will be a guide exploring the history, planning, preparation, and execution of the Ocean Decade.
The Estuarine Ecological Knowledge Network (EEKN): The View from SE Louisiana and Future Prospects	Increase communication between coastal community members, scientists, and policymakers in Pilot Project Sites.
TRITON: A Social Media Network for the Ocean	A different, unified approach to outreach and communication: TRITON, a social media platform. The platform will serve as a one-stop-shop for information about the ocean and society, a place where scientists and organizations can share and amplify science-based information and for dissemination of original content that connects people to the ocean through the lens of their own community experiences.
Ocean Technology Field Academy	The Ocean Technology Field Academy will support ocean-focused communities and advance ocean understanding by providing competency-driven micro-credentials representing a participant’s ability to exploit, enhance and promote sensors, sensor platforms, sensor networks, crewed and uncrewed underwater vehicles, sonar systems, and process data.
Small Islands, Big Impact	Global declines in ocean health combined with the upheaval of COVID-19 are unraveling Pacific Island states’ social, economic, and cultural fabric. This concept is designed to co-develop science innovation and ocean solutions that foster crisis readiness and are scalable to multiple geographies.
ICOFS (Integrated Coastal Ocean Forecast Systems)	ICOFS: Integrated Coastal Ocean Forecast Systems is the U.S. component of the international “CoastPredict: Observing and Predicting the Global Coastal Ocean” Programme coastpredict. org that has been proposed to the Decade and is being developed as a component of the IOC/GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System).

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
An Ocean Science Education Network for the Decade	A coordinated ocean science education network will leverage resources across sectors and nations to reach global citizenry. A flow of information among scientists, education professionals, indigenous leaders, policymakers, business leaders, and the public will help guide research priorities and enhance global ocean literacy.
Building Ocean Collaborations	The project’s objectives are to sustain ocean observations, identify a funding model for special projects, support pan-regional products, super-regional services, connect ocean programs across sectors, and meet Administration priorities.
Envisioning an Interconnected Ocean: Understanding the Links Between Geological Ocean Structure and Coastal Communities in the Pacific	The Ocean Explorations Trust (OET) will conduct scientific expeditions to better understand the ocean through seafloor mapping and ocean exploration. OET seeks to collaborate with local communities to reveal the structural significance and interconnected nature of oceanic features, making a link to the livelihoods of Pacific islanders.
Ocean Memory Project: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Global Scale Challenges	Ocean Memory Project’s (OMP) vision is to grow a network of interconnected regional or themed nodes, each able to engage with an array of local challenges and partners while remaining in dialog with our larger community of thought and practice, thus allowing for engaged community growth that links people, and a growing knowledge base, from local to a global scale.
The 4Site Pacific Transect Collaborative	Combining scientific and culturally-grounded data, knowledge, values, and perspectives to equitably achieve Sustainable Development Goals and resilient wellbeing of coastal social-ecological systems.
Just, Equitable, Diverse, and Inclusive (JEDI) Aquanautics: Democratizing Innovation in the Networked Blue Economy	JEDI Aquanautics will fuse the world’s most powerful experiential supercomputer, the NSF Holodeck, with Ocean Space Habitat’s SM transformative capabilities—creating a world-class sociotechnical convergence catalyst for the Networked Blue Economy (NBE). JEDI “Inventioneering” will foster open-access passion-based convergence research, education, and innovation to inspire and train the next generation of lifelong learners and innovators. The overarching project vision is to lay the foundations of a vibrant JEDI Aquanautics ecosystem across academia, industry, government, public and private organizations, diverse multi-stakeholder communities and end-users. Significantly increasing human engagement with ocean environments, JEDI Aquanautics will deliver profound benefits throughout the global NBE.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
Revolutionizing Coastal Ocean Research through a Novel Share Model for the Long-term Sustainability of Humanity	We propose a bold vision for conducting ocean science. While the coastal ocean is essential to the well-being and long-term sustainability of humanity, our scientific knowledge on coastal ecosystems falls woefully short. We are calling for a new model that addresses social, economic, political, and logistical factors that impede participation in coastal ocean science through instruments and community relationships. Our new model will build on familiar tenets of the share economy developed to respond to the needs of coastal ocean research and science.
An Ocean Corps for Ocean Science (also a UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Programme)	Forming collaborations between US scientists and scientists in under-resourced countries can help address the unequal distribution of ocean science infrastructure worldwide. Just as the Peace Corps inspired young Americans, Ocean Corps will inspire US oceanographers to engage the world.
UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actions^a
Ocean Voices: Building transformative pathways to achieve the Decade’s outcomes (Decade Programme 16)	The contribution of ocean science to sustainable development is determined by people. Understanding the actors involved, their culture and wellbeing, and how power dynamics and decision-making processes influence our oceans is crucial to achieve the goals of the Decade and ensure knowledge, strategy and governance frameworks enable all to participate in, contribute to and benefit equitably from the Decade. The Oceans for Everyone program will conduct research, incubate ideas, facilitate critical discussions and convene capacity building partnerships to identify barriers and pathways and enabling conditions for equity in the Decade.
An Ocean Corps for Ocean Science (Decade Programme 9)	Motivated by the example of the US Peace Corps, we propose “An Ocean Corps for Ocean Science” as a unifying concept for sustaining long-term education and research collaborations between scientists from under-resourced nations and higher-resourced nations. Based upon our experience in Peace Corps and with the Coastal Ocean Environment Summer School in Ghana (https://coessing.org), we are confident that an Ocean Corps would inspire large numbers of scientists, especially early-career scientists, into its ranks, thus “internationalizing” their outlook, molding many of them into champions for international capacity development for the remainder of their careers, and fostering true ocean science collaborations worldwide.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
AGU’s Mentoring365: UN Decade of Ocean Sciences (Decade Contribution 226)	AGU’s Mentoring365: UN Decade of Ocean Sciences increases equitable access to mentoring through a virtual global peer-to-peer mentorship program that will support and cultivate the career pipeline of those engaging in the Decade, particularly through the Early Career Ocean Professionals Programme. M365 matches and provides mentors and mentees with structured, relationship-building tools to develop and accomplish focused career goals. These connections range from one-on-one to small group discussions and often transcend national borders to bring a global perspective to the mentoring experience. The mentoring platform can be integrated into the online experience for specific Decade events or related activities including Ocean Sciences Meeting, Ocean Visions Summit, and AGU’s Annual Fall Meeting with more than 25,000 scientists in attendance. In addition, the platform can also leverage other training capacities of AGU to further enhance the mentoring experience, such as professional trainings on communicating effectively with policy makers, the media, and public as well as fellowship opportunities through the Thriving Earth Exchange to learn how to work directly with local communities to co-create solutions. In discussions with representatives of the Early Career Ocean Professionals Programme, there was strong interest in leveraging M365 to support their programming needs and they have provided a letter of support for this proposal.
A Multi-Dimensional and Inclusive Approach for Transformative Capacity Development (CAP-DEV 4 the Ocean) (Decade Project 39)	This initiative brings together a diverse multi-national partnership to address the critical need for capacity development in ocean science, literacy and conservation in low- and middle-income countries. We seek to strengthen systems (funding, mentorship, recognition, learning, communication and evaluation) that address the challenges of the Ocean Decade and support the capacity to deliver ocean science and leadership, which is central to healthy oceans and sustainable development. This will proactively advance the integration of capacity development in the design and implementation of priorities for the Ocean Decade.

Title

Description

AGU’s Mentoring365: UN Decade of Ocean Sciences (Decade Contribution 226)

AGU’s Mentoring365: UN Decade of Ocean Sciences increases equitable access to mentoring through a virtual global peer-to-peer mentorship program that will support and cultivate the career pipeline of those engaging in the Decade, particularly through the Early Career Ocean Professionals Programme. M365 matches and provides mentors and mentees with structured, relationship-building tools to develop and accomplish focused career goals. These connections range from one-on-one to small group discussions and often transcend national borders to bring a global perspective to the mentoring experience. The mentoring platform can be integrated into the online experience for specific Decade events or related activities including Ocean Sciences Meeting, Ocean Visions Summit, and AGU’s Annual Fall Meeting with more than 25,000 scientists in attendance. In addition, the platform can also leverage other training capacities of AGU to further enhance the mentoring experience, such as professional trainings on communicating effectively with policy makers, the media, and public as well as fellowship opportunities through the Thriving Earth Exchange to learn how to work directly with local communities to co-create solutions. In discussions with representatives of the Early Career Ocean Professionals Programme, there was strong interest in leveraging M365 to support their programming needs and they have provided a letter of support for this proposal.

A Multi-Dimensional and Inclusive Approach for Transformative Capacity Development (CAP-DEV 4 the Ocean) (Decade Project 39)

This initiative brings together a diverse multi-national partnership to address the critical need for capacity development in ocean science, literacy and conservation in low- and middle-income countries. We seek to strengthen systems (funding, mentorship, recognition, learning, communication and evaluation) that address the challenges of the Ocean Decade and support the capacity to deliver ocean science and leadership, which is central to healthy oceans and sustainable development. This will proactively advance the integration of capacity development in the design and implementation of priorities for the Ocean Decade.

NOTE: AGU, American Geophysical Union; IOC, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; NGO, nongovernmental organization; NSF, National Science Foundation.

^a See https://www.oceandecade.org/decade-actions.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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TABLE A.2 Connections of the Foundational Theme An Ocean of Data to Ocean-Shots and UN Ocean Decade Actions

Title	Description
Ocean-Shots
Advancing Ocean Science through Open Science and Software on the Cloud	Seek to advance community awareness and practice around open science by taking advantage of innovative development tools and environments that will better enable science by decreasing barriers to collaborations, reproducibility, interdisciplinary research. For data, this would mark a shift from the central repository model to the central service model, enabling data-proximate computing.
Boundary Ocean Observation Network for the Global South (BOON-GS)	An existing network of established time series transects and areas collecting long-term data sets. The UN should build on the success of BOON and establish a BOON for the Global South. Increased observation coverage will improve understanding of the Ocean-Climate System.
COVERAGE: Next Generation Data Service Infrastructure for a Digitally Integrated Ocean Observing System in Support of Marine Science and Ecosystem Management	Coordinated international, multi-agency effort seeking to implement the next generation value-added data service infrastructure necessary to power a digitally integrated ocean observing system.
FathomNet: Exploring Our Ocean Using Artificial Intelligence	The adoption of AI in the ocean is limited by the availability of curated data, particularly underwater imagery and video, to train algorithms. FathomNET seeks to automate the processing of underwater imagery and video, to fully explore and discover our ocean.
Forward-Looking Decision Making in Fisheries in the Face of Climate Change	Bringing together a transdisciplinary team to transform data, capacity for predictive modeling, and the effectiveness of fisheries decision making. This team will work closely with stakeholders to design products that address key questions and help them make forward-looking climate-informed decisions.
Improved Value of the Observing System through Integrated Satellite and in situ Design	Over the decade this work will demonstrate the value of sustained remotely sensed data to the global ocean observing system and how uncertainties can be overcome through better-informed system design.
OceanCloud: Transforming Oceanography with a New Approach to Data and Computing	OceanCloud is a new vision for data infrastructure with three pillars: Analysis-ready data shared openly in the cloud On-demand, scalable distributed processing Interactive, data-proximate computing, available to anyone

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
OceanPredict.US	Leveraging national and international collaborations and partnerships, OceanPredict.US aims to coalesce national global and basin-scale ocean assessment and prediction capabilities into operational implementations supporting nested regional and coastal activities. OceanPredict.US targets the full operational oceanography value chain, spanning: needs, observations, data management, analysis, ocean prediction, dissemination via a digital ocean, and information service delivery, culminating in end use while enabling innovation and value-added development.
An INFOstructure solution to the socio-ecological hazards of coastal flood control infrastructure	Our Ocean Shot concept is towards creating an information structure (Info-structure) to support decision making surrounding the use of engineering infrastructure for flood hazards in coastal areas. Often, use of such infrastructure occurs in the absence of socio-ecological data about coastal ecosystems and communities and result in unforeseen and multifaceted coastal disasters. The concept will be framed around case studies in the U.S. Gulf South and The Netherlands that highlight the increasing and changing use of flood control structures in response to climate impacts. The concept is scalable other ecosystems and geographies facing climate change related flooding.
UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actions^a
Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (Decade Programme 129)	DOOS represents an interconnected network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, exploration, and modelling programs working together for the coming decade to 1) characterize the physics, biogeochemistry and biology of the deep ocean in space and time, 2) establish a baseline required to understand changes to its habitats and services, and 3) provide the information needed to have a healthy, predicted, resilient and sustainably-managed (deep) ocean. DOOS will promote the human capital and observing infrastructure needed to address critical scientific and management questions related to the climate, biodiversity and sustainability, while growing a diverse and inclusive next generation of deep-ocean leaders.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
The World Ocean Database Programme (WODP) (Decade Contribution 122)	Countries need access to oceanographic profile data of known quality to address current and emergent scientific and socio-economic issues at all spatial and temporal scales. The challenge is that data users cannot access the immense and growing globally distributed data that exists in diverse digital formats. The World Ocean Database (WOD) mitigates this challenge. WOD is the world largest unrestricted, uniformly formatted, quality controlled, digital ocean profile database available with data from 1778 to present. WOD acquires and receives ocean data worldwide for ocean Climate Essential Variables (EOV), plankton, and other variables including data from the World Data Service for Oceanography; part of the World Data System. WOD is hosted at NOAA and it is a project of the International Oceanographic Data Exchange (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Committee (IOC). WOD is a Center for Marine Meteorology and Oceanographic Climate Data (CMOC) in the Marine Climate Data System; a joint system of IOC and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In partnership with IODE, NOAA proposes to develop and deploy a data ingestion tool at the IODE project office in Belgium together with Cloud services as a starting point. This effort builds on IODE’s Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) and will enable National Oceanographic Data Centers worldwide and other digital repositories to (i) upload their oceanographic data into WOD and (ii) retrieve data in an uniform interoperable format; a value-added proposition. The vision is to achieve openly discoverable, accessible, and adaptable digital profile oceanographic data of known quality.
WOC SMART Ocean-SMART Industries (SO-SI): Science/Industry Partnerships for Data Collection and Sharing (Decade Project 83)	The WOC SMART Ocean-SMART Industries (SO-SI) Program is the global, multi-industry initiative creating partnerships between science and the ocean private sector on data collecting and sharing. The SO-SI Program for the UN Ocean Decade will improve and scale this by developing the 1) Community of Practice - Engaging tens of thousands of ocean companies around data collecting and sharing 2) Clearinghouse and Knowledge Base - Assembling information from science on data collection programs, priorities, technologies and from industry on opportunities for using vessels and platforms 3) Matchmaking/Brokering Capacity - Expanding the efforts to connect science priorities with industry potential.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
OneArgo: an integrated global, full depth and multidisciplinary ocean observing array for beyond 2020 (Decade Project 114)	OneArgo will transform the revolutionary “core” Argo array (which tracks the upper ocean physical state) to one that has truly global reach, including the polar oceans and marginal seas, extending to the full ocean depth and including ocean biogeochemical measurements. Through Argo’s novel data management system, all data will be freely shared in realtime with a very high quality version delivered within 12 months. Implementing OneArgo will greatly increase Argo’s already remarkable impact on ocean and climate services, predictions and research, and enable groundbreaking developments in understanding ocean ecosystems, forecasting ocean productivity and constraining the global carbon and energy budgets.
GO-SHIP Evolve (Decade Project 3)	“GO-SHIP Evolve” will focus on emerging opportunities for the fourth decadal GO-SHIP survey in: New science areas: Addition of biological and ecosystem measurements which will enable GO-SHIP to determine trends and variability in key indicators of ocean health. Accelerating use of knowledge: Expanding provision of real-time data. Fit-for purpose provision of calibration data with evolving partner networks. Creating new stakeholder-driven data products. Multi-national capacity enabling contributions from more countries: Developing access and training opportunities. Supporting and facilitating multinational voyages and shared facilities. Exploring new funding models for program-wide support and capacity.
Digital Twins of the Ocean - DITTO (Decade Programme 137)	DITTO will establish and advance a digital framework on which all marine data, modelling and simulation along with AI algorithms and specialized tools including best practice will enable shared capacity to access, manipulate, analyse and visualise marine information. It will enable users and partners to create ocean related development scenarios addressing issues such as energy, mining, fisheries, tourism and nature-based solutions. Digital-Twins can quantify benefits and environmental change and provide powerful visualizations. DITTO will empower ocean professionals including scientific users to create their own local or topical digital twins of “their ocean issue” by using standard workflows.

NOTE: NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; WOC, World Ocean Council.

^a See https://www.oceandecade.org/decade-actions.

Page 90 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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TABLE A.3 Connections of the Topical Theme The Ocean Revealed to Ocean-Shots and UN Ocean Decade Actions

Title	Description
Ocean-Shots
Long-Term, Global Seafloor Seismic, Acoustic and Geodetic Network	Establishment and maintenance of autonomous ships to collect and send data, including seafloor mapping, ocean sampling, and seafloor system maintenance ashore.
Unlocking the secrets of the evolving Central Arctic Ocean Ecosystem: A foundation for successful conservation and management	The Central Arctic Ocean is changing as fast as any other region, but understanding of the ecosystem is inadequate for effective protection, conservation, and management. A comprehensive expeditionary and autonomous approach will help quantify uncertain biological characteristics and rates over pan-Arctic spatial and temporal scales. This need is particularly timely given the recent international ratification of the “International Agreement to Prevent Unregulated Fishing in the High Seas of the Central Arctic Ocean,” which has now come in to force. Meeting the challenges of the Agreement will require multiple nations and diverse stakeholders, including Indigenous coastal communities, to work together.
Arctic Shelves: Critical Environments in Flux	Arctic Seafloor Observatory Program: A new paradigm for ocean observing in a critical region. This concept supports the development of new approaches to sustain long-term seafloor observatories suitable for pan-Arctic shelf and ecosystem research.
Integrated Ocean Observing Across the Northwest Atlantic	We envision an interconnected system to track oceanographic and ecological changes from the Arctic to the Gulf of Maine, integrating state-of-the-art technologies, Indigenous knowledge, and citizen science to better understand the rapidly changing Northwest Atlantic.
Ocean Arc: An Ocean Shot for the Arctic	Photography can be a powerful instrument for change. Combining scientific research, new imaging technologies, Artificial Intelligence, and underwater photography, we’ll share near to real-time changes of biodiversity in the Arctic and highlight these rapidly changing and unique environments.
Challenger150: A Global Survey of Deep Sea Ecosystems to Inform Sustainable Management	A blueprint for an inclusive, global, Deep-Sea field program. Emerged from Deep Ocean Stewardship working groups, the project’s goal is to coordinate deep ocean research around the globe. With coordination, the project will harness the ability to use ocean knowledge to get us to the Deep Ocean that is wanted.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
DORIS: Deep Ocean Research International Station	DORIS will map the Ocean’s dynamic currents and patterns of marine life migration in a systematic manner using multispectral sensors deployed aboard the station, and with extra-vehicular arrays of edge-computing devices, Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) arrays, and Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles (UUV).
Observing the Oceans Acoustically	Our vision is a global-spanning multi-purpose ocean acoustic network in direct analogy with GPS required to transform use and observation of the world below the ocean surface. A small number of judiciously-placed low-frequency acoustic sources transmitting to globally distributed receivers enable monitoring of acoustic geo-positioning, ocean measurements, and ocean sound time series.
Ocean Sound Atlas	The Ocean Sound Atlas will be a digital global ocean sound map. This interactive system will compile and integrate passive acoustic data by location of recording, for use by researchers, educators, policy-makers, engineers, explorers, sound artists, and other stakeholder groups.
Auscultating the Oceans: Developing a Marine Stethoscope	Auscultate is to examine a patient by listening to sounds. Just like doctors need stethoscopes, we need tools to measure ocean health.
Implementing a Global Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (iDOOS)	The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS) is a GOOS project envisioning a globally integrated network of systems that observes the deep ocean (> 200m, with emphasis > 2000m) in support of strong science, policy and planning for sustainable oceans. This ocean shot (iDOOS) will implement an interconnected network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, exploration, and modelling programs working together for the coming decade.
SMART Subsea Cables for Observing the Ocean and Earth	SMART Cables’ vision is to observe the oceans and Earth with a planetary-scale network of sensor-enabled submarine telecommunications cables to support climate, ocean circulation, sea-level monitoring, and tsunami and earthquake early warning and disaster risk reduction.
Measuring the Pulse of Earth’s Global Ocean	We plan to deploy a unique, deep-ocean capable hydrophone-lander system at each of these deep-sea sites (>7k meters) Our goal is to make the first, simultaneous measurement of baseline ocean sound levels in what should be the quietest (i.e., lacking human-made noise) locations on Earth.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
The Endless Dive: Marine Species 3D response to climate change in oceans	It is well known throughout different ecological systems that with a warming climate, plant and animal species have moved northward to combat the changing climate. This has also been seen with respect to elevation, from reptilian microhabitats to large-scale mountain ranges. Could marine life follow this pattern? With such a unique, 3D landscape, species can move both deeper and northward in response to climate change. This could lead to impacts on fisheries as well as food chains and communities.
Accelerating Global Ocean Observing: Monitoring Coastal Ocean Through Broadly Accessible, Low-Cost Sensor Networks	This proposal seeks to develop a global network of low-cost, easily produced, and readily deployed ocean graphic censors for use on a wide variety of platforms in the coastal ocean.
Great Global Fish Count by DNA	Information on species diversity & abundance from DNA in 1 liter of water is comparable to information from 66 million liters trawled by a net. Time for the Great Global Fish Count! A project to collect data on millions of species through sediments in water.
A Global eDNA Monitoring System (GeMS)	GeMS would harness the readings provided by Environmental DNA, genetic material suspended in seawater. Molecular techniques can be used to see who was there, from viruses to top predators. The technology provides many opportunities to further understand ocean life and how to protect its species.
The US Ocean Biocode	The Ocean Biocode seeks to create a comprehensive DNA sequence library for all marine species by 2030. Marine biodiversity is the heart of ecosystems. Advancing DNA sequencing abilities give us the chance to sequence more, and now we need to translate this gathered information to species.
Boundary Ocean Observation Network for the Global South (BOON-GS)	An existing network of established time series transects and areas collecting long-term data sets. The UN should build on the success of BOON and establish a BOON for the Global South. Increased observation coverage will improve understanding of the Ocean-Climate System.
Measuring the Ocean: A Plan for Open Source Underwater Robots and Sensors to make Ocean-Science more Accessible	Open-source robots that are simpler in design, cheaper to construct and operate, and carry interoperable and similarly open-source sensors will be more broadly adopted and vastly reduce the barriers to usage and will accelerate the explosion of profiling robots in research, education, and ocean monitoring.
METEOR: A Mobile (Portable) Ocean Robotic Observatory	A paradigm shift in reliable, efficient, near real-time, affordable, integrated data-gathering, assimilating, and ocean modeling to monitor, understand, predict and effectively manage key ocean processes essential to ocean health.

Page 93 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
Sustained, Open Access, In-situ, Global Wave Observations for Science and Society	We propose to leverage the NOAA-funded Global Drifter Program (GDP) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography to implement a global array of directional wave spectral drifters (DWSD). Our approach is designed to improve air-sea interaction science and climate assessment. In-situ global wave observations are essential to progress in coupling oceanography, meteorology, and climate science.
Measuring Global Mean Sea Level Changes With Surface Drifting Buoys	We propose to implement a new ocean observing system for monitoring regional and global-mean sea-level rise. This system with consist of a global array of thousands of GPS-driven water-following drifting buoys which will continuously record their geographical positions and the sea levels they ride on.
Super Sites for Advancing Understanding of the Oceanic and Atmospheric Boundary Layers	We propose the concept of “Super Sites” to provide multi-year suites of measurements at specific locations to simultaneously characterize physical and biogeochemical processes within the coupled boundary layers at high spatial and temporal resolution. Measurements will be made from floating platforms, buoys, towers, and autonomous vehicles, utilizing both in situ and remote sensors.
Twilight Zone Observation Network: A Distributed Observation Network for Sustained, Real-time Interrogation of the Ocean’s Twilight Zone	The ocean’s twilight zone is a vast, globe-spanning region of the ocean. Design and deploy a scalable observation network that, when replicated across the global ocean, will provide data to sustainably manage the oceans twilight zone while conserving the ecosystem services that the zone provides.
Persistent Mobile Ocean Observing: Marine Vehicle Highways	Global infrastructure for Ocean and Planetary Health Monitoring by a fleet of marine vehicles compatible with a standard interface and observe difficult-to-predict transient events that drive ocean processes not accessible to fixed instrumentation. MVH is an opportunity for global partnerships and open to any vehicle developer.
FathomNet: Exploring Our Ocean Using Artificial Intelligence	The adoption of AI in the ocean is limited by the availability of curated data, particularly underwater imagery and video, to train algorithms. FathomNET seeks to automate the processing of underwater imagery and video, to fully explore and discover our ocean.
Battery-free Ocean Internet-of-Thing (IoT)	The Ocean IoT would allow us to monitor aquaculture in realtime, optimize feeding, and other applications. This project seeks to build an underwater IoT using a new backscatter approach, which works better underwater than the traditional approach.
Improved Value of the Observing System through Integrated Satellite and in situ Design	Over the decade this work will demonstrate the value of sustained remotely sensed data to the global ocean observing system and how uncertainties can be overcome through better-informed system design.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
A Real-Time Global Rivers Observatory	To understand and document changes in ocean temperatures and mineral sequestering we need to gauge their impact on river basins and the coastal ocean by using the integrative power of fluvial networks to transmit landscape signals. We need to preserve a physical record of changing rivers by building archives of river water and sediment to give future generations a chance to ask novel questions as changes become deeper and more widespread, and to seek answers with new methodologies.
Butterfly: Revealing the Ocean’s Impact on Our Weather and Climate	A NASA Earth Venture Mission - EVM3 - Proposed Mission. EVMs are science-driven, competitively selected, low-cost satellite missions.
A Global Network of Surface Platforms for the Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS)	Air-Sea exchanges of energy, moisture, and gases drive the earth’s climate. These interactions influence weather, carbon dioxide distribution, marine life, and human life. OASIS seeks to create a coordinated, multidisciplinary network to observe ocean-atmosphere exchange.
Southern Ocean Storms - Zephyr	We propose a carefully planned addition to the scatterometer constellation to increase the frequency of observations and better constrain high winds. More observations, in conjunction with higher spatial resolution, will reduce the uncertainty in estimates of the global carbon and heat budgets.
UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actions^a
Ocean Biomolecular Observing Network (OBON) (Decade Programme 26)	Ocean life - from viruses to whales - is built from “biomolecules”. Biomolecules such as DNA infuse each drop of ocean water, grain of sediment, and breath of ocean air. The Ocean Biomolecular Observing Network (OBON) will develop a global system that will allow science and society to understand ocean life like never before. The programme will transform how we sense, harvest, protect, and manage ocean life, which faces multiple stresses including pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. It will also help communities detect biological hazards like harmful algal blooms and pathogens, and be a key component of next-generation ocean observing systems.

Page 95 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
OneArgo: An Integrated Global, Full Depth and Multidisciplinary Ocean Observing Array for Beyond 2020 (Decade Project 114)	OneArgo will transform the revolutionary “core” Argo array (which tracks the upper ocean physical state) to one that has truly global reach, including the polar oceans and marginal seas, extending to the full ocean depth and including ocean biogeochemical measurements. Through Argo’s novel data management system, all data will be freely shared in realtime with a high-quality version delivered within 12 months. Implementing OneArgo will greatly increase Argo’s already remarkable impact on ocean and climate services, predictions and research, and enable ground-breaking developments in understanding ocean ecosystems, forecasting ocean productivity and constraining the global carbon and energy budgets.
Ocean Decade Research Programme on the Maritime Acoustic Environment (UN-MAE) (Decade Programme 12)	Sound is a persistent yet dynamic component of the maritime environment reflecting both physical and biological properties and phenomenology that define oceanography. Understanding sound in the ocean is critical to support users of, and life within, the ocean. The UN Research Programme on the Maritime Acoustic Environment will establish a comprehensive science-based program aimed at measuring and objectively characterizing underwater acoustic environments - the physical, biological and anthropogenic - at regional to global scales. It will foster new scientific knowledge, technologies, approaches to data collection and dissemination that facilitate the use of sound for analyzing, evaluating and predicting ocean-life systems.
IOGP Environmental Genomics Joint Industry Programme (Decade Contribution 1)	The IOGP Environmental Genomics Joint Industry Programme (eDNA JIP) was launched in June 2019 to coordinate research aimed at exploring the application of eDNA-based analyses in environmental assessments and monitoring of oil and gas offshore and onshore operations. • Oil and gas companies undertake a variety of ecological assessments aimed at characterizing and monitoring the environments in which they operate. • Available conventional approaches for ecological assessment, such as direct sampling and visual/acoustic observation, tend to be more time consuming, expensive, and yield less comprehensive data. • Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used to detect organisms and estimate biodiversity. This method can help to reduce field time, sampling cost, and be less invasive while often significantly improving the information found by the assessments.

Page 96 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
International Ocean Discovery Program (Decade Contribution 140)	The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is an international marine research collaboration that explores Earth’s history and dynamics using ocean-going research platforms to recover data recorded in seafloor sediments and rocks and to monitor subseafloor environments. IODP depends on facilities funded by three platform providers with financial contributions from five additional partner agencies. These entities represent twenty-three nations whose scientists are selected to staff IODP expeditions conducted throughout the world’s oceans. IODP expeditions are developed from hypothesis-driven science proposals. The program’s science plan identifies 14 challenge questions in the four areas of climate change, deep life, planetary dynamics, and geohazards.
IOGP Sound and Marine Life (SML) Joint Industry Programme (JIP) (Decade Contribution 42)	The SML JIP, administered by IOGP, is a partnership of multiple oil and gas companies and the International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC). Established in 2006, the oil and gas exploration and production industry has adopted a pro-active role to improving scientific knowledge and understanding of potential impacts associated with underwater sound, through the establishment of the Sound and Marine Life Joint Industry Programme (SML JIP). Research projects funded through the JIP are categorised into several disciplines: Sound source characterisation and propagation Physical effects of sound on the hearing system Behavioural responses and biological significance Mitigation and monitoring Development of research tools.
Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (Decade Programme 129)	DOOS represents an interconnected network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, exploration, and modelling programs working together for the coming decade to 1) characterize the physics, biogeochemistry and biology of the deep ocean in space and time, 2) establish a baseline required to understand changes to its habitats and services, and 3) provide the information needed to have a healthy, predicted, resilient and sustainably-managed (deep) ocean. DOOS will promote the human capital and observing infrastructure needed to address critical scientific and management questions related to the climate, biodiversity and sustainability, while growing a diverse and inclusive next generation of deep-ocean leaders.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

×

Title	Description
The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project (Decade Programme 107)	Ocean knowledge is critical to understanding our planet yet today we know little about the shape of the ocean floor with 81% yet to be fully mapped. The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project is a collaboration between The Nippon Foundation and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) to produce the definitive bathymetric map of the entire ocean by 2030. This is driven by strong motivation to empower the world to make policy decisions, use the ocean sustainably and undertake scientific research informed by detailed understanding of the ocean floor. The map will be freely available for all users.
Promote Seabed 2030 and Ocean Mapping (Decade Contribution 133)	“Promote Seabed 2030 and Ocean Mapping” contributes to the development of a comprehensive digital representation of the ocean. Only 20 percent of the world’s ocean is mapped to modern standards, and many parts of the ocean are not surveyed comprehensively with modern multibeam sonar. A full map of the ocean is a crucial starting point for the desired outcomes of the Decade, and failure to produce an adequate map prevents us from globally achieving the “ocean we want.”
Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Array (GO-BGC Array) (Decade Contribution 142)	The Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Array (GO-BGC Array) creates a global fleet of robotic floats, transforming how we observe the ocean. The program will release a network of 500 robotic floats into the global ocean to collect chemistry and biology data from the surface to more than 1 mile deep. This program drives a shift in our ability to observe and predict, at the global scale, the effects of climate change on ocean metabolism, carbon uptake, and living marine resource management. Collected data will be freely accessible in near real-time. The program includes an outreach program to diversify the blue workforce.

NOTE: GOOS, Global Ocean Observing System; GPS, global positioning system; IOGP, International Association of Oil & Gas Producers; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

^a See https://www.oceandecade.org/decade-actions.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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TABLE A.4 Connections of the Topical Theme The Restored and Sustainable Ocean to Ocean-Shots and UN Ocean Decade Actions

Title	Description
Ocean-Shots
The Coral Reef Sentinels: A Mars Shot for Blue Planetary Health	Working alongside NASA AMES and a large international team, this project focuses on more efficient coral reef imaging and analyses. Satellite and drone remote sensing abilities, as well as imaging technology, can be used to get more accurate information about corals, more quickly.
Challenger150: A Global Survey of Deep Sea Ecosystems to Inform Sustainable Management	A blueprint for an inclusive, global, Deep-Sea field program. Emerged from Deep Ocean Stewardship working groups, the project’s goal is to coordinate deep ocean research around the globe. With coordination, the project will harness the ability to use ocean knowledge to get us to the Deep Ocean that is wanted.
Twilight Zone Observation Network: A Distributed Observation Network for Sustained, Real-time Interrogation of the Ocean’s Twilight Zone	The ocean’s twilight zone is a vast, globe-spanning region of the ocean. Design and deploy a scalable observation network that, when replicated across the global ocean, will provide data to sustainably manage the oceans twilight zone while conserving the ecosystem services that the zone provides.
Implementing a Global Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (iDOOS)	The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS) is a GOOS project envisioning a globally integrated network of systems that observes the deep ocean (> 200m, with emphasis > 2000m) in support of strong science, policy and planning for sustainable oceans. This ocean shot (iDOOS) will implement an interconnected network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, exploration, and modelling programs working together for the coming decade.
Marine Life 2030: Forecasting Changes to Ocean Biodiversity to Inform Decision-Making - A Critical Role for the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON)	Marine Life 2030 will establish a globally coordinated system to deliver actionable, transdisciplinary knowledge of ocean life to those who need it, promoting human wellbeing, sustainable development, and ocean conservation.
Ecological Forecasts for a Rapidly Changing Coastal Ocean	Provide accessible, informative, high-resolution predictions on how changes - from genomes to cells to organisms to ecosystems - may impact people’s lives, livelihoods, and property.
Net Ecosystem Improvement: An Evidence-Based Approach	A proposal to continue increasing the size and natural functions of an ecosystem, or natural components of the ecosystem, alongside continuing human development.

Page 99 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
Feeding 10 Billion: Contributions from a Marine Circular Bioeconomy	The marine circular bioeconomy will leverage marine aquaculture to sustainably intensify global food production. Nutrient recycling will lead to the co-production of more environmentally favorable, algae-based energy products and materials. Sustainability benefits will include reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, freshwater use, arable land demand, eutrophication, and biodiversity loss.
Future Fisheries in a Changing World	Marine fisheries provide food, income, jobs, and cultural identity for millions of people. Future fisheries face multiple stressors, including climate change. Scientific advances integrating multiple dimensions will be needed to devise effective strategies for climate-resilient fisheries.
Science Enables Abundant Food (SEAFood) with Healthy Oceans	Building SEAFood lifeboat ecosystems that will be able to survive changing ocean temperature and chemistry. Using nutrients from people and agriculture runoff, the effective use of all nutrients could grow 1 billion tons of SEAFood a year.
Transforming Ocean Predictions for Seafood Security and Sustainability (TOPS3)	Understanding interconnected ecosystem observations to forecast seafood security and sustainability.
Meeting Protein & Energy Needs for 10 Billion People While Restoring Oceans	Shellfish and seaweed farming provide resources, opportunities, and solutions to address a wide range of seemingly intractable global problems. Properly placed and managed, aquaculture operations can be restorative to ocean environments, counter climate change, and relieve pressure to farm sensitive terrestrial environments.
The Endless Dive: Marine Species 3D response to climate change in oceans	It is well known throughout different ecological systems that with a warming climate, plant and animal species have moved northward to combat the changing climate. This has also been seen in regards to elevation, from reptilian microhabitats to large-scale mountain ranges. Could marine life follow this pattern? With such a unique, 3D landscape, species can move both deeper and northward in response to climate change. This could lead to impacts on fisheries as well as food chains and communities.
A Call for Health Diagnostics to Preserve Coral Reefs	A set of health diagnostics based on an emerging understanding of the biochemistry of coral reef ecosystems would help mitigate future reef decline and improve remediation efforts of currently compromised reefs by identifying early-stage stress and health decline in corals and other reef organisms.
Plant a Million Corals	The global coral reef crisis requires a scalable solution for communities of varied economies. Plant a Million Corals is an effort to provide affordable access to immediate operations of coral restoration technology.

Page 100 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

×

Title	Description
Reef Solutions: Convergence of Research and Technology to Restore Coral Reefs	A convergence of diverse research expertise and approaches paired with new technological advances are essential to overcoming the challenges associated with rebuilding biodiverse, complex and iconic coral reef ecosystems and ensuring the future of resources utilized by one-eighth of the world’s population.
The TeleConnected Reef	Coral reefs are the tropics’ most valuable ecosystem. Lack of information about the changing physical and biogeochemical reef environment is a major obstacle to effective efforts. Universal access to real-time and archived model output will enhance predictive capabilities and early warning systems, and transform efforts to manage, conserve, and restore these critical ocean ecosystems in the 21st century.
Seascape Genomics of North Pacific Forage Fishes	We will use a seascape genomics approach to integrate information from multiple disciplines to address large-scale ecosystem and population dynamics as climate conditions continue to change.
Developing Thermally Tolerant Kelp Broodstock to ensure the Global Persistence of Kelp Mariculture in Response to Ocean Change	Transformative work with a holistic approach in which stress memory is used to revitalize wild kelp forests and support the increasing mariculture industry.
PERSEUS (Pelagic Ecosystem Research: Structure, Emergent FUnctions, and Synergies)	A visionary program aims to characterize the composition, connectivity, and complexity of the ocean ecosystem as emergent properties that vary over ecological and evolutionary time skills.
Development of Health Indices for Microbe-Dominated Ocean Systems	Ocean microbes are fundamental to the habitability of Earth. Oceans are changing with climate change, affecting ecosystem processes with unknown consequences. In order to diagnose the health of the oceans, we need to distill oceanographic observations into actionable tools that help us understand and predict the health of the oceans.
Nature-Based Nutrient Reduction for Seagrass Restoration	A three-pillar solution to restore seagrass by addressing natural process bottleneck in shallow waters (<80 meters) and issues with nitrogen levels for seagrass growth. The solutions offer the steps needed to clear a healthy path for new seagrass seedings.

Page 101 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

×

Title	Description
UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actions^a
Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS) (Decade Programme 129)	DOOS represents an interconnected network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, exploration, and modelling programs working together for the coming decade to 1) characterize the physics, biogeochemistry and biology of the deep ocean in space and time, 2) establish a baseline required to understand changes to its habitats and services, and 3) provide the information needed to have a healthy, predicted, resilient and sustainably-managed (deep) ocean. DOOS will promote the human capital and observing infrastructure needed to address critical scientific and management questions related to the climate, biodiversity and sustainability, while growing a diverse and inclusive next generation of deep-ocean leaders.
Fisheries Strategies for Changing Oceans and Resilient Ecosystems by 2030 (Fish-SCORE 2030) (Decade Programme 63)	Fish-SCORE 2030 will bring together scientists, fishers, resource managers, community practitioners, and policymakers to drive marine fisheries toward climate resilience by 2030. We will develop assessment and modeling frameworks that synthesize complex ecological, social, cultural, economic, and governance dimensions of fishery systems in changing oceans to illuminate specific vulnerabilities and actionable adaptation options. We will delve into evidence and experiences from fishery systems around the globe to find what works in the real world. We will nurture partnerships to apply and improve our frameworks and put to them to work to change the climate outlook of local and regional fisheries.
Global Ecosystem for Ocean Solutions (GEOS) (Decade Programme 172)	GEOS will develop and deploy a series of equitable, durable, and scalable ocean-based solutions for addressing climate change and Ocean Decade’s challenges. It will achieve this through three synergistic mechanisms: the GEOS Network made up of researchers, engineers, innovators, investors, decision-makers, and others, which will co-design the GEOS Task Forces for the co-creation of solution-delivering projects, and the GEOS Innovation Engine that will prototype and deploy those solutions. GEOS initial projects focus on ocean-based carbon dioxide removal, providing adaptation tools to coastal communities, and improving ocean-based human health, with further projects to be developed throughout the Ocean Decade.

Page 102 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

×

Title	Description
Ocean Biomolecular Observing Network (OBON) (Decade Programme 26)	Ocean life - from viruses to whales - is built from “biomolecules”. Biomolecules such as DNA infuse each drop of ocean water, grain of sediment, and breath of ocean air. The Ocean Biomolecular Observing Network (OBON) will develop a global system that will allow science and society to understand ocean life like never before. The programme will transform how we sense, harvest, protect, and manage ocean life, which faces multiple stresses including pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. It will also help communities detect biological hazards like harmful algal blooms and pathogens, and be a key component of next-generation ocean observing systems.
Sustainability of Marine Ecosystems through global knowledge networks (SMARTNET) (Decade Programme 90)	SMARTNET will establish a global knowledge network (GKN) for ocean science by strengthening and expanding the collaboration of ICES/PICES and partner organizations. It will support and leverage ICES/PICES member countries’ activities related to UNDOS, by emphasizing areas of mutual research interest including climate change, fisheries and ecosystem-based management, social, ecological and environmental dynamics of marine systems, coastal communities and human dimensions, and communication and capacity development. It also incorporates strategies to facilitate UNDOS cross-cutting inclusivity themes relating to gender equality, early career engagement, and involvement of indigenous communities and developing nations in the planning and implementation of joint activities.
NOAA Coastal Aquaculture Siting and Sustainability Program (Decade Contribution 51)	The NOAA Coastal Aquaculture Siting and Sustainability (CASS) Program provides high quality science, guidance, and technical support to coastal managers to grow sustainable aquaculture while maintaining and improving ecosystem health. Efforts through the CASS Program are providing needed information to regulatory, industry, and research stakeholders to make sound decisions about permitting, siting, and operating marine fish farms. Continued support of these efforts is guiding monitoring and further research toward ensuring that sustainable practices continue and in minimizing environmental effects. Discharge from marine farms and associated issues of siting such operations are among the most important environmental questions facing this industry.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
NSF Coastlines and People (Decade Contribution 135)	The NSF Coastlines and People (CoPe) program supports diverse, innovative, multi-institution Coastal Research Hubs that are focused on critically important coastlines and people research that is integrated with broadening participation goals. The hubs are structured using a convergent science approach, at the nexus between coastal sustainability, human dimensions, and coastal processes to transform understanding of interactions among natural, human-built, and social systems in coastal, populated environments. CoPe supports Focused Hubs, projects $1 million or less per year for 3 to 5 years, as well as Large-scale Hubs, projects of $2-4 million per year, for up to 5 years.
SUstainability, Predictability and REsilience of Marine Ecosystems (SUPREME) (Decade Programme 118)	Changing oceans are significantly impacting valuable marine species and the many people, communities, and economies that depend upon them. Warming oceans, rising seas, decreasing ocean ice, increasing ocean acidification, and extreme events (e.g., marine heat waves) are affecting the distribution and abundance of marine species in many regions. These changes are expected to increase with continued climate change and there is much at risk. The SUPREME programme seeks to globally implement an infrastructure to support robust climate- and ocean-related forecasts, predictions, and projections to guide marine ecosystem management and adaptation strategies that reduce risks and increase resilience of marine/coastal resources and the people who depend on them.
Coral Reef Restoration Engaging Local Stakeholders Using Novel Biomimicking IntelliReefs (Decade Project 112)	In November 2018, IntelliReefs deployed three nanotechnology artificial reefs underwater near Philipsburg, Sint Maarten to restore coral reefs after Hurricane Irma (2017). IntelliReefs mimic natural, healthy reefs and provide bioengineered habitat for faster growing and more resilient reefs. IntelliReefs are designed down to the nanoscale for site, species and function, allowing for immediate marine integration. IntelliReefs provide food and shelter for fish populations, attract wild corals, rapidly grow healthy coral reef communities, and enhance local biodiversity. Over the next decade, we will deploy additional IntelliReefs and further analyze the benefits and applications of IntelliReefs for fish, corals, and local economies.

NOTE: GOOS, Global Ocean Observing System; ICES, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; NSF, National Science Foundation; PICES, The North Pacific Marine Science Organization; UNDOS, United Nations Decade on Ocean Science and Sustainable Development.

^a See https://www.oceandecade.org/decade-actions.

Page 104 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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TABLE A.5 Connections of the Topical Theme Ocean Solutions for Climate Resilience to Ocean-Shots and UN Ocean Decade Actions

Title	Description
Ocean-Shots
Butterfly: Revealing the Ocean’s Impact on Our Weather and Climate	A NASA Earth Venture Mission - EVM3 - Proposed Mission. EVMs are science-driven, competitively selected, low-cost satellite missions.
Southern Ocean Storms - Zephyr	We propose a carefully planned addition to the scatterometer constellation to increase the frequency of observations and better constrain high winds. More observations, in conjunction with higher spatial resolution, will reduce the uncertainty in estimates of the global carbon and heat budgets.
Observing the Oceans Acoustically	Our vision is a global-spanning multi-purpose ocean acoustic network in direct analogy with GPS required to transform use and observation of the world below the ocean surface. A small number of judiciously-placed low-frequency acoustic sources transmitting to globally distributed receivers enable monitoring of acoustic geo-positioning, ocean measurements, and ocean sound time series.
SMART Subsea Cables for Observing the Ocean and Earth	SMART Cables’ vision is to observe the oceans and Earth with a planetary-scale network of sensor-enabled submarine telecommunications cables to support climate, ocean circulation, sea-level monitoring, and tsunami and earthquake early warning and disaster risk reduction.
Carbon Sequestration via Drilling-Promoted Seawater-Rock Interactions	Finding effective methods to limit the accumulation of atmospheric CO₂ through sequestration encouraged by seawater-rock interactions.
Caribbean Observatories (CARIBO): Ocean Storminess at the Western Boundary and Its Impacts on Shelf/Slope Environment and Ecosystems	Innovative, multi-disciplinary, multi-scale, observations at the inflow and outflow of the Caribbean Seas, one of the ocean’s most biologically diverse ecosystems serving 38 countries/dependencies with large inequalities in governance and wealth.
Measuring Global Mean Sea Level Changes With Surface Drifting Buoys	We propose to implement a new ocean observing system for monitoring regional and global-mean sea-level rise. This system with consist of a global array of thousands of GPS-driven water-following drifting buoys which will continuously record their geographical positions and the sea levels they ride on.
A Global Network of Surface Platforms for the Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS)	Air-Sea exchanges of energy, moisture, and gases drive the earth’s climate. These interactions influence weather, carbon dioxide distribution, marine life, and human life. OASIS seeks to create a coordinated, multidisciplinary network to observe ocean-atmosphere exchange.

Page 105 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
Navigating the Ocean’s Role in Carbon Dioxide Removal	We propose an Ocean Shot to develop the science we need to assess the ocean’s ability to sequester atmospheric CO₂ and understand how the ocean can intentionally and responsibly be modified to increase uptake of atmospheric CO₂.
A Real-Time Global Rivers Observatory	To understand and document changes in ocean temperatures and mineral sequestering we need to gauge their impact on river basins and the coastal ocean by using the integrative power of fluvial networks to transmit landscape signals. We need to preserve a physical record of changing rivers by building archives of river water and sediment to give future generations a chance to ask novel questions as changes become deeper and more widespread, and to seek answers with new methodologies.
Super Sites for Advancing Understanding of the Oceanic and Atmospheric Boundary Layers	We propose the concept of “Super Sites” to provide multi-year suites of measurements at specific locations to simultaneously characterize physical and biogeochemical processes within the coupled boundary layers at high spatial and temporal resolution. Measurements will be made from floating platforms, buoys, towers, and autonomous vehicles, utilizing both in situ and remote sensors.
Mining Five Centuries of Climate and Maritime Weather Data from Historic Records	Building on established protocols from prior data rescue efforts to transfer qualitative information to quantitative weather records, digitizing and extracting historic observations greatly expands current records of maritime weather around the world back to ~1500 CE, feeds into community reanalysis modeling efforts, and offers the opportunity to engage the public through citizen science.
Why Paleoceanographic Observations are Needed to Improve Future Climate Projections	Ocean heat uptake is an important determinant of the earth’s climate sensitivity to atmospheric carbon dioxide. A proposal about breaking the impasse in improving climate sensitivity estimates by considering instrumental and proxy evidence simultaneously.
OceanPredict.US	Leveraging national and international collaborations and partnerships, OceanPredict.US aims to coalesce national global and basin-scale ocean assessment and prediction capabilities into operational implementations supporting nested regional and coastal activities. OceanPredict. US targets the full operational oceanography value chain, spanning: needs, observations, data management, analysis, ocean prediction, dissemination via a digital ocean, and information service delivery, culminating in end use while enabling innovation and value-added development.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

×

Title	Description
A Sensor Network for Mixing at the Ocean’s Bottom Boundary	A community-level project gathering observationalists, turbulence modelers, and general circulation model users and builders. The project core will be the development of a sensor network to estimate momentum and buoyancy fluxes within the planetary boundary layer, stress-driven drag at the bottom boundary, and energy conversion rates associated with the flow over topography.
UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actions^a
Global Ecosystem for Ocean Solutions (GEOS) (Decade Programme 172)	GEOS will develop and deploy a series of equitable, durable, and scalable ocean-based solutions for addressing climate change and Ocean Decade’s challenges. It will achieve this through three synergistic mechanisms: the GEOS Network made up of researchers, engineers, innovators, investors, decision-makers, and others, which will co-design the GEOS Task Forces for the co-creation of solution-delivering projects, and the GEOS Innovation Engine that will prototype and deploy those solutions. GEOS initial projects focus on ocean-based carbon dioxide removal, providing adaptation tools to coastal communities, and improving ocean-based human health, with further projects to be developed throughout the Ocean Decade.
Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) (Decade Programme 97)	Air-sea exchanges of energy, moisture, and gases drive and modulate the Earth’s weather and climate, influencing life, including our own. These air-sea interactions fuel the hydrological cycle and affect precipitation across the globe. Air-sea interactions affect the distribution of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and ocean, how seawater flows and winds blow, and how pollutants floating on the ocean surface move - information critical to policymakers, industry, and civil society. The Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) PROGRAMME will provide observational-based knowledge to fundamentally improve weather, climate and ocean prediction, promote healthy oceans, the blue economy, and sustainable food and energy.

Page 107 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

×

Title	Description
Blue Climate Initiative - Solutions for People, Ocean, Planet (Decade Programme 138)	Human health and well-being depend upon a healthy ocean for needs as diverse as food, oxygen, a stable climate, moderate weather and livelihoods - and a well-managed and thriving ocean can greatly contribute to improved human health and well-being. The Blue Climate Initiative brings together scientists, community groups, engineers, entrepreneurs, investors, government leaders and global influencers to collaboratively identify, develop and implement science-based programs to protect the ocean and use the ocean’s remarkable power and potential to tackle climate change and other urgent issues of our time, from renewable energy and sustainable food supplies to human health and resilient ocean economies.
A Transformative Decade for the Global Ocean Acidification Observing System (Decade Contribution 116)	Ocean acidification (OA) is the ongoing observed increase in seawater acidity (pH) primarily due to the ocean’s uptake of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). The rate of the ocean’s changing chemistry is measured by a suite of stations worldwide, and conditions expected by 2100 will have several negative effects on marine life. Many challenges to understanding OA and its impacts remain. A robust understanding of OA and its impacts requires interdisciplinary monitoring and research efforts, including carbonate chemistry, physical oceanography, biogeochemistry, ecology, biology, natural resource economics, and other social and hard sciences. It also requires a global workforce that can analyze, assessing, and applying this data. This Decade Programme expands CO₂ observing systems by developing the next generation of sensors, training new experts, ensuring materials are available for accurate measurements, and filling in under-observed regions. It also builds capacity for publicly-available data that is fed into products useful for stakeholders.
NASA Sea Level Change Science Team (Decade Contribution 33)	Since 2014, the NASA Sea Level Change Science Team (N-SLCT) has been conducting interdisciplinary sea level science by collecting and analyzing observational evidence of sea level change, quantifying underlying causes and driving mechanisms, producing projections of future changes in sea level, and communicating NASA’s latest discoveries to the public through the Sea Level Portal at https://sealevel.nasa.gov. N-SLCT has made progress many important problems in sea level science, resulting in a better understanding of ice sheet dynamics, ocean processes, the development of tools and assessments of mass loss impacts from ice sheets and glaciers on coastal cities, and improved representation of vertical land motion related to coastal subsidence, tectonics, and Earth’s post-glacial rebound.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
ForeSea - The Ocean Prediction Capacity of the Future (Decade Programme 28)	ForeSea’s vision is for strong international coordination and community building of an ocean prediction capacity for the future. The overarching goal are to (1) improve the science, capacity, efficacy, use, and impact of ocean prediction systems and (2) build a seamless ocean information value chain, from observations to end users, for economic and societal benefit. These transformative goals aim to make ocean prediction science more impactful and relevant.
CoastPredict - Observing and Predicting the Global Coastal Ocean (Decade Programme 144)	CoastPredict will transform the science of observing and predicting the Global Coastal Ocean, from river catchments, including urban scales, to the oceanic slope waters. It will integrate observations with numerical models to produce predictions with uncertainties from extreme events to climate, for the coastal marine ecosystems (their services), biodiversity, co-designing transformative response to science and societal needs. CoastPredict will re-define the concept of the Global Coastal Ocean, focusing on the many common worldwide features, to produce observations and predictions of natural variability and human-induced changes in the coastal areas and upgrade the infrastructure for exchange of data with standard protocols.
Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (SMART) Subsea Cables: Observing the Global Ocean for Climate Monitoring and Disaster Risk Reduction (Decade Project 94)	The Joint Task Force for Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (JTF SMART) subsea cables is facilitating the integration of environmental sensors into trans-ocean commercial submarine telecommunications cables toward a planetary scale array that monitors ocean climate and sea level rise. The network will revolutionise real-time warning systems for earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation. The first major SMART project is underway in Portugal, with others in various stages of planning and funding - “Big Tech Blue Economy. The JTF will provide coordination between all stakeholders while catalyzing education, training and outreach programs to build capacity and societal benefit.”

NOTE: GPS, global positioning system; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

^a See https://www.oceandecade.org/decade-actions.

Page 109 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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TABLE A.6 Connections of the Topical Theme Healthy Urban Seas to Ocean-Shots and UN Ocean Decade Actions

Title	Description
Ocean-Shots
EquiSea: The Ocean Science Fund for All	EquiSea aims to improve equity in ocean science by establishing a philanthropic fund to provide direct financial support to projects, coordinating capacity development activities, fostering collaboration and co-financing of ocean science between academia, government, NGOs, and private sector actors, and supporting the development of low-cost and easy-to-maintain ocean science technologies.
Feeding 10 Billion: Contributions from a Marine Circular Bioeconomy	The marine circular bioeconomy will leverage marine aquaculture to sustainably intensify global food production. Nutrient recycling will lead to the co-production of more environmentally favorable, algae-based energy products and materials. Sustainability benefits will include reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, freshwater use, arable land demand, eutrophication, and biodiversity loss.
Global Ocean and Human Health Program	This Ocean Shot addresses the need for an international program to meet the challenges at the intersection of ocean health and human health. A Global Ocean and Human Health (GOHH) Program would build a transformative network encompassing essential research and engineering, policy, and economic concerns relevant to ocean and human health in the U.S. and globally.
TRITON: A Social Media Network for the Ocean	A different, unified approach to outreach and communication: TRITON, a social media platform. The platform will serve as a one-stop-shop for information about the ocean and society, a place where scientists and organizations can share and amplify science-based information and for dissemination of original content that connects people to the ocean through the lens of their own community experiences.
OceanCloud: Transforming Oceanography with a New Approach to Data and Computing	OceanCloud is a new vision for data infrastructure with three pillars: Analysis-ready data shared openly in the cloud On-demand, scalable distributed processing Interactive, data-proximate computing, available to anyone
Marine Health Hubs: Building Interdisciplinary Regional Hubs of Excellence to Research and Address the Societal Impacts of Marine Debris Across the Globe	Marine Health Hubs (MHH) program will build capacity for and mobilize interdisciplinary teams worldwide to address marine debris across the continuum of research to application. We will establish self-sustaining regional hubs of excellence to promote interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle plastic marine waste from an environmental, economic, and societal lens.

Page 110 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
An Ocean Science Education Network for the Decade	A coordinated ocean science education network will leverage resources across sectors and nations to reach global citizenry. A flow of information among scientists, education professionals, indigenous leaders, policymakers, business leaders, and the public will help guide research priorities and enhance global ocean literacy.
Novel Coastal Ecosystems: Engineered Solutions to Accelerate Water Quality Restoration using Engineered Aeration	Low-oxygen conditions occurring in coastal waters are increasingly driven by nutrient release from human activities impairing ecosystems. Climate changes and ecosystem regime shifts have altered the baselines used to generate restoration targets, so remediation trajectories are now uncertain and management efforts may fall short. A solution involves augmenting nutrient reduction efforts with engineered aeration to make up the difference. Aeration of the water column could not only reverse hypoxia but also accelerates processes that naturally remove nutrients. Thoughtful studies of ecosystem function under engineered conditions are needed to determine feasibility of these solutions and document potential unintended consequences.
OceanPredict.US	Leveraging national and international collaborations and partnerships, OceanPredict.US aims to coalesce national global and basin-scale ocean assessment and prediction capabilities into operational implementations supporting nested regional and coastal activities. OceanPredict.US targets the full operational oceanography value chain, spanning: needs, observations, data management, analysis, ocean prediction, dissemination via a digital ocean, and information service delivery, culminating in end use while enabling innovation and value-added development.
An INFOstructure solution to the socio-ecological hazards of coastal flood control infrastructure	Our Ocean Shot concept is towards creating an information structure (Info-structure) to support decision making surrounding the use of engineering infrastructure for flood hazards in coastal areas. Often, use of such infrastructure occurs in the absence of socio-ecological data about coastal ecosystems and communities and result in unforeseen and multifaceted coastal disasters. The concept will be framed around case studies in the U.S. Gulf South and The Netherlands that highlight the increasing and changing use of flood control structures in response to climate impacts. The concept is scalable other ecosystems and geographies facing climate change related flooding.

Page 111 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
Revolutionizing Coastal Ocean Research through a Novel Share Model for the Long-term Sustainability of Humanity	We propose a bold vision for conducting ocean science. While the coastal ocean is essential to the well-being and long-term sustainability of humanity, our scientific knowledge on coastal ecosystems falls woefully short. We are calling for a new model that addresses social, economic, political, and logistical factors that impede participation in coastal ocean science through instruments and community relationships. Our new model will build on familiar tenets of the share economy developed to respond to the needs of coastal ocean research and science.
UN Ocean Decade Endorsed Actions^a
Fisheries Strategies for Changing Oceans and Resilient Ecosystems by 2030 (Decade Programme 63)	Fish-SCORE 2030 will bring together scientists, fishers, resource managers, community practitioners, and policymakers to drive marine fisheries toward climate resilience by 2030. We will develop assessment and modeling frameworks that synthesize complex ecological, social, cultural, economic, and governance dimensions of fishery systems in changing oceans to illuminate specific vulnerabilities and actionable adaptation options. We will delve into evidence and experiences from fishery systems around the globe to find what works in the real world. We will nurture partnerships to apply and improve our frameworks and put to them to work to change the climate outlook of local and regional fisheries.
NSF Coastlines and People (Decade Contribution 135)	The NSF Coastlines and People (CoPe) program supports diverse, innovative, multi-institution Coastal Research Hubs that are focused on critically important coastlines and people research that is integrated with broadening participation goals. The hubs are structured using a convergent science approach, at the nexus between coastal sustainability, human dimensions, and coastal processes to transform understanding of interactions among natural, human-built, and social systems in coastal, populated environments. CoPe supports Focused Hubs, projects $1 million or less per year for 3 to 5 years, as well as Large-scale Hubs, projects of $2-4 million per year, for up to 5 years.

Page 112 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Connections to Ocean-Shots and United Nations Ocean Decade Actions: Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the UN Ocean Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26363.

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Title	Description
Estuarine Ecological Knowledge Network (EEKN) (Decade Project 43)	The Estuarine Ecological Knowledge Network (EEKN) is designed to utilize the everyday experiences and traditional ecological knowledge of coastal community members in informing scientific research and policy decisions regarding estuarine environments which are crucial in maintaining the health and productivity of Earth’s oceans. The EEKN will create a dispersed network of community observers and “citizen scientists,” who will document the ecological conditions that they encounter, providing data for ocean scientists and feedback to policy makers. The EEKN will also document and preserve the knowledge of indigenous peoples and encourage the participation of under-represented groups in marine science and management.
An Ocean Corps for Ocean Science (Decade Programme 9)	Motivated by the example of the US Peace Corps, we propose “An Ocean Corps for Ocean Science” as a unifying concept for sustaining long-term education and research collaborations between scientists from under-resourced nations and higher-resourced nations. Based upon our experience in Peace Corps and with the Coastal Ocean Environment Summer School in Ghana (https://coessing. org), we are confident that an Ocean Corps would inspire large numbers of scientists, especially early-career scientists, into its ranks, thus “internationalizing” their outlook, molding many of them into champions for international capacity development for the remainder of their careers, and fostering true ocean science collaborations worldwide.
A multi-dimensional and inclusive approach for transformative capacity development (CAP-DEV 4 the Ocean) (Decade Project 39)	This initiative brings together a diverse multi-national partnership to address the critical need for capacity development in ocean science, literacy and conservation in low- and middle-income countries. We seek to strengthen systems (funding, mentorship, recognition, learning, communication and evaluation) that address the challenges of the Ocean Decade and support the capacity to deliver ocean science and leadership, which is central to healthy oceans and sustainable development. This will proactively advance the integration of capacity development in the design and implementation of priorities for the Ocean Decade.

NOTE: NGO, nongovernmental organization; NSF, National Science Foundation.

^a See https://www.oceandecade.org/decade-actions.