National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

References

29 U.S.C. § 203(s). (1963). The Equal Pay Act. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/203

29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1). (1963). The Equal Pay Act. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/206

29 U.S.C. § 213(a). (1963). The Equal Pay Act. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/213

29 U.S.C. § 503. (1973). The Rehabilitation Act of 1973. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/503

29 U.S.C. § 626(e). (1967). The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/626

29 U.S.C. § 701. (1973). The Rehabilitation Act of 1973. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/701

41 C.F.R. section 60-1.12(a). (2017). Records retention. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-41/subtitle-B/chapter-60/part-60-1/subpart-A/section-60-1.12

41 C.F.R. section 60-2.17. (2017). Additional required elements of affirmative action programs. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-41/subtitle-B/chapter-60/part-60-2/subpart-B/section-60-2.17

42 U.S.C. § 2000 (e) 8 (c). (1991). The Government Employee Rights Act of 1991. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e-8

42 U.S.C. § 12101. (1990). Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12101

44 U.S.C. § 3501. Sec. 3501. (2010). Paperwork Reduction Act. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2010-title44/USCODE-2010-title44-chap35-subchapI-sec3501

Abraham, K.G., Spletzer, J.R., and Harper, M.J. (eds.). (2009). Are the new jobs good jobs? Studies in Income and Wealth: Labor In the New Economy, 71. University of Chicago Press. https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/labor-new-economy

AccuSource. (2021). Salary History Bans by State. https://accusource-online.com/salary-history-bans-by-state-interactive-map/

Albelda, R.P. (1986). Occupational segregation by race and gender, 1958–1981. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 39(3), 404–411.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

Alexander, L., and Roberts, P. (2017). US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions to John M. Mulvaney, director, US Office of Management and Budget. [Letter]. https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Letter%20to%20OMB%20re.%20EEO-1%204-12-17.pdf

Altonji, J.G., and Blank, R.M. (1999). Race and gender in the labor market. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, 3143–3259. Elsevier Science.

Becker, R., Elvery, J., Foster, L., Krizan, C.J., Nguyen, S., and Talan, D. (2005). A Comparison of the Business Registers Used By the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census. Paper presented at 2005 Joint Statistical Meetings.

Blau, F.D., Brummund, P., and Liu, A.Y. (2013). Trends in occupational segregation by gender 1970-2009: Adjusting for the impact of changes in the occupational coding system. Demography, 50(2), 471–492.

Biemer, P.P. (2011). Total survey error: Design, implementation, and evaluation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(5), 817–848. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq058

Biemer, P.P., and Lyberg, L.E. (2003). Introduction to Survey Quality. John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471458740

Booker, C., Murray, P., and Gillibrand, K. (2017). C. Booker, P. Murray, and K. Gillibrand to J.M. Mulvaney, director, U.S Office of Management and Budget. https://www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-murray-gillibrand-urge-omb-to-maintain-revision-of-employment-form-to-improve-wage-data-address-pay-gap

Boren, Z., Brown, S., Scott, M., Sirois, M., and Crawford, S. (2022). Pay Data Reporting to the US Equal Opportunity Commission. Urban Institute, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/pay-data-reporting-us-equal-employment-opportunity-commission

Bostock vs. Clayton County, Georgia. (2020). No. 17–1618. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/17-1618_hfci.pdf

Brown, J.E., Rhee, N., Saad-Lessler, J., and Oakley, D. (2016). Shortchanged in Retirement: Continuing Challenges to Women’s Financial Future. National Institute on Retirement Security. https://www.nirsonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/final_shortchanged_retirement_report_2016.pdf

Buckner-Petty, S., Dale, A.M., and Evanoff, B.A. (2019). Efficiency of autocoding programs for converting job descriptors into standard occupational classification (SOC) codes. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 62(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22928

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2021a). Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_ques.htm#have

———. (2021b). Survey Methods and Reliability Statement for the May 2021 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics Survey. https://www.bls.gov/oes/methods_21.pdf

———. (2021c). Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cewbd.t08.htm

———. (2021d). Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: Establishment Size Data Available from QCEW. https://www.bls.gov/cew/classifications/size/size-data-info.htm

———. (2021e). Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: Industry Classification Systems Used By QCEW. https://www.bls.gov/cew/classifications/industry/home.htm

———. (2022a). Women in the Labor Force: A Databook. https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-databook/2021/home.htm

———. (2022b). Current Employment Statistics: Technical Notes for the Current Employment Statistics Survey: Hours and Earnings. https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section3b

———. (2022c). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey Overview. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_over.htm#available

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

Cadle, E. Dougherty, B., Edwards, R., Hobson, S., Kaminski, A., Martin, G., Mastroianni, P., O’Neill, M.J., Pierre, C., Rowe, J., Scanlan, J., Tejani, S., Viramontes, R., Weinstein, M. (2006). Systemic Task Force Report to the Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. US EEOC. https://www.eeoc.gov/systemic-task-force-report-chair-equal-employment-opportunity-commission#

California Department of Fair Employment and Housing. (2020). California Pay Data Reporting Portal: User Guide. https://www.dfeh.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2021/01/CA-Pay-Data-Reporting-User-Guide.pdf

California Department of Fair Employment and Housing. (2021). Pay Data Reporting FAQs. https://www.dfeh.ca.gov/paydatareporting/faqs/

Castilla, E.J. (2008). Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers. American Journal of Sociology, 113(6), 1479–1526.

Clements, L.A., Minicozzi, K., Tapp, D., Estevez, V., and Kaylin, A. (November 3, 2021). Perspective of Human Resource Information System Stakeholders. Presentations to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Panel to Evaluate the Quality of Compensation Data Collected from US Employers by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission through the EEO-1 Form. Virtual meeting.

Census Bureau. (2010). Industry and Occupation Indexes. https://www.census.gov/topics/employment/industry-occupation/guidance/indexes.html

———. (2018). American Community Survey. www.ipums.org

———. (2020). Business Dynamics Statistics: Firm Size: 1978-2019. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=BDSTIMESERIES.BDSFSIZE&tid=BDSTIMESERIES.BDSFSIZE&hidePreview=true

———. (2021a). PINC-10. Wage and Salary WorkersPeople 15 Years Old and Over by Total Wage and Salary Income, Work Experience, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-pinc/pinc-10.2019.html

———. (2021b). Questionnaire for the American Community Survey, 2021. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology/questionnaires/2021/quest21.pdf

———. (2021c). Equal Employment Opportunity Data. https://www.census.gov/acs/www/data/eeo-data/

———. (2021d). About this Program. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds/about.html

———. (2021e). BDS FAQ. Available: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds/documentation/faq.html

———. (2021f). Economic Census Methodology: Survey Design. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/technical-documentation/methodology.html#survey-design

———. (2021g). County Business Patterns (CBP) Methodology. https://www.census.gov/programssurveys/cbp/technical-documentation/methodology.html#par_textimage_36648475

———. (2022). Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics. https://lehd.ces.census.gov/

Cohen, D.B., Fortney, D.S., and Silberman, M. (January 27, 2017). [Letter from OFCCP Institute to Victoria A. Lipnic, Acting Chair, US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and Edward Hugler, Acting Secretary of Labor, US Department of Labor].

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. (2017). The Promise of Evidence-Based Policymaking: Report of the Commission on Evidence-Based Policymaking, 3. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/download/?file=/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Full-Report-The-Promise-of-Evidence-Based-Policymaking-Report-of-the-Comission-on-Evidence-based-Policymaking.pdf

Eastman, M. (March 20, 2017). [Letter from Equal Employment Advisory Council to M. Mulvaney, Director, U.S Office of Management and Budget].

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

Education and Labor Committee. (2017). The Need for More Responsible Regulatory and Enforcement Policies at the EEOC: Hearing before House Workforce Protections Subcommittee, 115th Cong. https://edlabor.house.gov/hearings/the-need-for-more-responsible-regulatory-and-enforcement-policies-at-the-eeoc

Ehrenberg, R.G., Smith, R., and Hallock, K.F. (2021). Gender, race, and ethnicity in the labor market. Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy. Routledge.

Elivira, M.M., and Graham, M.E. (2002). Not just formality: Pay system formalization and sex-related earnings effects. Organization Science, 13(6), 601–617.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). (2016a). Notice of Submission for OMB Review, Final Comment Request: Revision of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1). Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/07/14/2016-16692/agency-information-collection-activities-notice-of-submission-for-omb-review-final-comment-request

———. (2016b) Supporting Statement [A] Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements for Employer Information Report (EEO-1). OMB Control No. 3046-0007. https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewDocument?ref_nbr=201607-3046-001

———. (2018). Job Patterns for Minorities and Women in Private Industry (EEO-1). https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/employment/jobpatterns/eeo1

———. (2019a). Commissioner Charges and Directed Investigations. https://www.eeoc.gov/commissioner-charges-and-directed-investigations

———. (2019b). Notice of Information Collection—Request for new Control Number for a Currently Approved Collection: Employer Information Report (EEO-1) Component 1; Revision of Existing Approval for EEO-1 Component 2. Notice. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/09/12/2019-19767/agency-information-collection-activities-existing-collection

———. (2019c). Reinstatement of Revised EEO-1: Pay Data Collection. Notice. Federal Register. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-05-01/pdf/2019-09002.pdf

———. (2019d). EEO-1 Pay Data Collection for 2017. Notice. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/03/2019-09225/eeo-1-pay-data-collection-for-2017

———. (2020a). Charge Statistics (Charges filed with EEOC) FY 1997 Through FY 2020. https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/charge-statistics-charges-filed-eeoc-fy-1997-through-fy-2020

———. (2020b). Veterans and the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Guide for Employers. https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/veterans-and-americans-disabilities-act-guide-employers#

———. (2020c). 2020 EEO-5 Data Collection Fact Sheet. https://eeocdata.org/pdfs/EEO-5%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf

———. (2020d). Fact Sheet for Component 2 EEO-1 Compensation Data Filers. In EEOC Component 2 Pay Data Project Methodology Report, Redacted. Report prepared by NORC at the University of Chicago.

———. (2020e). Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Component 2 Pay Data Project Methodology Report, Redacted. Report prepared by NORC at the University of Chicago.

———. (2020f). Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Collection of 2017 and 2018 EEO-1 Component 2 Compensation Data: Instruction Booklet. In EEOC Component 2 Pay Data Project Methodology Report, Redacted. Report prepared by NORC at the University of Chicago.

———. (2020g). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): Collection of 2017 and 2018 Component 2 Compensation Data. In EEOC Component 2 Pay Data Project Methodology Report, Redacted. Report prepared by NORC at the University of Chicago.

———. (2020h). Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Component 2 Pay Data Project Report: Data Cleaning and Post-Processing. Report prepared by NORC at the University of Chicago.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

———. (2021a). Bases by Issue (Charges filed with EEOC) FY 2010 - FY 2020. https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/bases-issue-charges-filed-eeoc-fy-2010-fy-2020

———. (2021b). EEO Data Collection. https://www.eeoc.gov/employers/eeo-data collections

———. (2021c). What You Should Know about the Publication of EEO-1 30-Day Notice. https://www.eeoc.gov/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-publication-eeo-1-30-day-notice#:~:text=Pursuant%20to%20its%20statutory%20authority,%22EEO%2D1%22%20data

———. (2021d). 2021 EEO-4 Data Collection Fact Sheet. https://eeocdata.org/pdfs/EEO-4_Fact_Sheet.pdf

———. (2021e). Charge Statistics (Charges filed with EEOC) FY 1997 Through FY 2021. https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/charge-statistics-charges-filed-eeoc-fy-1997-through-fy-2020

———. (2021f). Special Reports. https://www.eeoc.gov/special-reports

———. (2021g). Final EEOC Responses to CNSTAT Regarding the EEO-1 Frame, July 9, 2021.

———. (2021h). EEOC Responses to Panel Questions: April 13, 2021.

———. (2021i). EEOC’s Response to Additional Request for Information: November 15, 2021.

———. (2021j). Diversity in High Tech. https://www.eeoc.gov/special-report/diversity-high-tech

———. (2022a). Sex-Based Discrimination. https://www.eeoc.gov/sex-based-discrimination

———. (2022b). What You Can Expect After a Charge is Filed. https://www.eeoc.gov/employers/what-you-can-expect-after-charge-filed

———. (2022c). Retaliation-BasedCharges (Charges filedwithEEOC)FY1997–FY2021. https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/retaliation-based-charges-charges-filed-eeoc-fy-1997-fy-2021

———. (2022d). The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967#

———. (2022e). Disability Discrimination. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/disability-discrimination

———. (2022f). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination. https://www.eeoc.gov/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-sogi-discrimination

Executive Office of the President. (1965). Executive Order 11246—Equal Employment Opportunity. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ofccp/executive-order-11246.

Executive Office of the President. (2014a). Executive Order 13672—Further Amendments to Executive Order 11478, Equal Employment Opportunity in the Federal Government, and Executive Order 11246, Equal Employment Opportunity. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201400553/pdf/DCPD-201400553.pdf

Executive Office of the President. (2014b). Executive Order 13665—Non-Retaliation for Disclosure of Compensation Information. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201400250/pdf/DCPD-201400250.pdf

Executive Office of the President. (2021). Executive Order 13985—Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/25/2021-01753/advancing-racial-equity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal-government/

Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology. (2005). Statistical Policy Working Paper 22: Report on Statistical Disclosure Limitation Methodology. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/spwp22.pdf

Fortney, D.S. (May 28, 2021). NAS-EEOC Study on Compensation Data: Open Panel Meeting Presentation. Presentation to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Panel to Evaluate the Quality of Compensation Data Collected from US Employers by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission through the EEO-1 Form. Virtual meeting.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

Foster, L., Fairman, K., Krizan, C., and Ruckerr, I. (2021). An Analysis of Key Differences in Micro Data: Results from the Business List Comparison Project. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2008/st080020.htm

Grigorian, K. (June 8, 2021). EEOC EEO-1 Component 2Data Collection & Delivery Review. Presentation to the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Panel to Evaluate the Quality of Compensation Data Collected from U.S. Employers by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission through the EEO-1 Form. Virtual meeting.

Groves, R.M. (1989). Survey Errors and Survey Costs. John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471725277

Groves, R.M. (2006). Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(5), 646–675. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfl033

Groves, R.M., Brick, J.M., Couper, M., Kalsbeek, W., Harris-Kojetin, B., Krueter, F., Pennell, B. E., Raghunathan, T., Schouten, B., Smith, T., Tourangeau, R., Bowers, A., Jans, M., Kennedy, C., Levenstein, R., Olson, K., Peytcheva, E., Ziniel, S., and Wagner, J. (2008). Issues facing the field: Alternative practical measures of representativeness of survey respondent pools. Survey Practice, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.29115/SP-2008-0013

Groves, R.M., Fowler, F. J. Jr., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J.M., Singer, E., and Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey Methodology (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Henderson, W., and Zirkin, N. (April 3, 2017). [Letter from The Leadership Conference to M. Mulvaney, Director, U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Comments in Opposition to Reopening Review of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s Employment Information (EEO-1) Report (OMB Control Number 3046-0007)]. Economic Justice News, Economic Justice Resources. https://civilrights.org/resource/comments-in-opposition-to-reopening-review-of-the-eeo-1-report/

Herzog, T.N., Scheuren, F.J., and Winkler, W.E. (2007). Data Quality and Record Linkage Techniques. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-69505-2

Hirsh, C.E. (2009). The strength of weak enforcement: The impact of discrimination charges, legal environments, and organizational conditions on workplace segregation. American Sociological Association, 74, 245–271.

Hirsh, E. (March 16, 2016). Written Testimony of Elizabeth Hirsh Associate Professor Sociology and Canada Research Chair in Inequality and Law University of British Columbia, provided to the U.S. EEOC. https://www.eeoc.gov/es/node/19338

Holt, J., and Wagoner, A. (August 4, 2021). Overview of the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics OEWS Survey. Presentation to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Panel to Evaluate the Quality of Compensation Data Collected from U.S. Employers by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission through the EEO-1 Form, Virtual meeting.

Hyde, A. (2003). Working in Silicon Valley: Economic and Legal Analysis of a High-velocity Labor Market: Economic and Legal Analysis of a High-velocity Labor Market. Routledge.

Illinois Department of Labor. (October 19, 2021). Equal Pay Data of 2003. Presentation to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Panel on Compensation Data Measured by the Component 2 Form. Virtual meeting.

Ingram, D.D., Parker, J.D., Schenker, N., Weed, J.A., Hamilton, B., Arias, E., and Madans, J.H. (2003). United States Census 2000 population with bridged race categories. Vital and Health Statistics, 2(135). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_135.pdf

Internal Revenue Service (IRS). (2019). General Instructions for Forms W-2 and W-3: Specific Instructions for Form W-2. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/18inallw2.xls

———. (2022). Statistics of Income: 2018 Elective Retirement Contribution Statistics. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/18inallw2.xls

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

Johnson, R., and Plunkett, J. (2017). Request for Review; EEOC’s Revision of the Employer Information Report. U.S. Chamber of Commerce. https://www.uschamber.com/assets/archived/images/2-27-17_comment_letter_-_us_chamber_eeo-1_request_for_review.pdf

Kaplan, R. (2020). OES Point Wage Data May 2020 Test Results Memo. US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Kaplan, R., Biagas, D., and Edgar, J. (2019). Summary of Cognitive Testing of the OES Point Estimate. Internal memo in the Occupational Employment Statistics Program Office, shared with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Panel to Evaluate the Quality of Compensation Data Collected from US Employers by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission through the EEO-1 Form.

Kim, C., and Tamborini, C.R. (2012a). Do survey data estimate earnings inequality correctly? Measurement errors among Black and White male workers. Social Forces, 90(4), 1157–1181. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor042

———. (2012b). Response error in earnings: An analysis of the survey of income and program participation matched with administrative data. Sociological Methods and Research, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124112460371

Liao, D. (2021a). TM-SE5-Task SE5 [Response Rates]. Technical memo prepared by contractor RTI International for the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Panel to Evaluate the Quality of Compensation Data Collected from US Employers by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission through the EEO-1 Form.

———. (2021b). Merging Datasets for Data Quality Assessment. Technical memo prepared by contractor RTI International for the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Panel to Evaluate the Quality of Compensation Data Collected from US Employers by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission through the EEO-1 Form.

McDonald’s Corporation. (2021). Annual Report 2020. https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/content/dam/gwscorp/assets/investors/financial-information/annual-reports/2020%20Annual%20Report.pdf.

Micklewright, J., and Schnepf, S.V. (2007). How reliable are income data collected with a single question? Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 173(2), 409–430. http://ftp.iza.org/dp3177.pdf

Morgan, R.E., Dragon, C., Daus, G., Holzberg, J., Kaplan, R., Menne, H., Symens Smith, A., and Spiegelman, M. (2020). Updates on Terminology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Survey Measures. FCSM 20-03. Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology. https://nces.ed.gov/FCSM/pdf/FCSM_SOGI_Terminology_FY20_Report_FINAL.pdf

Mousa, J.A. (2020). New Integrated Point Wage Data Form and Weblite Page for Small Establishments. US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2022). Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26424

National Institutes of Health. (2020). Examples of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Questions. National Institutes of Health. https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/sgmro/measurement/questions

National Research Council. (2013). Collecting Compensation Data from Employers. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13496

National Women’s Law Center ((April 12, 2017). [Letter from National Women’s Law Center to M. Mulvaney, director, U.S Office of Management and Budget]. https://nwlc.org/resource/coalition-letter-to-omb-in-support-of-pay-data-collection/

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

National Women’s Law Center and Labor Counsel for Latin American Advancement v. OMB, the Administrator for the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2019a). Civil Action No. 17-cv-02458 (TSC) Document 45 (D.D.C. 2019). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2017cv02458/191146/45/

———. (2019b). Civil Action No. 17-cv-2458 (TSC) Document 46 (D.D.C. 2019). https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EEO-Order-Opinion.pdf

———. (2019c). Civil Action No. 1.17-cv-2458 (TSC) Document 71 (D.D.C. 2019).

———. (2020). Civil Action No. 17-cv-02458 (TSC) Document 102 (D.D.S. 2020). https://www.affirmativeactionlawadvisor.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/858/2020/02/102-Order.pdf

OFCCP (Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs). (2000). Equal Opportunity Survey of Federal Contractor Establishments. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-10-05/html/99-25811.htm [June 2022].

Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration. (1996). 61 FR 1209 - Establishing the Armed Forces Service Medal. [Government]. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-1996-01-18/96-622

Office of Management and Budget (OMB). (1997). Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Notice. Federal Register, 62(10), 58782–58790. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-10-30/pdf/97-28653.pdf

———. (2007). Implementation Guidance for Title V of the E-Government Act, Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002 (CIPSEA): Notice. Federal Register, 72(115). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2007-06-15/pdf/E7-11542.pdf

———. (2014). Statistical Policy Directive No. 1: Fundamental Responsibilities of Federal Statistical Agencies and Recognized Statistical Units; Notice. Federal Register, 79(231). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2014-12-02/pdf/2014-28326.pdf

———. (2017). Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System—Revision for 2018; Notice. Federal Register, 82(227). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2017-11-28/pdf/2017-25622.pdf

———. (2019). Memorandum for Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Phase 1 Implementation of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018: Learning Agendas, Personnel, and Planning Guidance. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/M-19-23.pdf

———. (2021). North American Industry Classification System-Revision for 2022; Update of Statistical Policy Directive No. 8, North American Industry Classification System: Classification of Establishments; and Elimination of Statistical Policy Directive No. 9, Standard Industrial Classification of Enterprises; Notice. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/12/21/2021-27536/north-american-industry-classification-system-revision-for-2022-update-of-statistical-policy

———. Federal Interagency Working Group on Improving Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys. (2016a). Evaluations of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Survey Measures: What Have We Learned? Available:https://dpcpsi.nih. gov/sites/default/files/Evaluations_of_SOGI_Questions_20160923_508.pdf

———. Federal Interagency Working Group on Improving Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys. (2016b). Toward a Research Agenda for Measuring Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal Surveys: Findings, Recommendations, and Next Steps. https://nces.ed.gov/FCSM/pdf/SOGI_Research_Agenda_Final_Report_20161020.pdf

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

Park, A. (2016). Reachable: Data Collection Methods for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. The Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/SOGI-Data-Collection-Mar-2016.pdf

Penner, A., Petersen, T., Skeie Hermansen, A. S., Rainey, A., Boza, I., Elvira, M., Godechot, O., Hällsten, M., Henriksen, L.F., Hou, F., Kanjuo Mrčela, A., King, J., Kodama, N., Kristal, T., Křížková, A., Lippényi, Z., Melzer, S.M., Mun, E., Apascaritei, P., Avent-Holt, D., Bandelj, N., Hajdu, G., Jung, J., Poje, A., Sabanci, H., Safi, M., Soener, M., Tomaskovic-Devey, D., and Tufail, Z. (2022). Within-Job Gender Pay Inequality in 15 Countries. https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03606541/document.

Public Act 102-0036. (2021). An act concerning human rights. Illinois General Assembly. https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=1847&GAID=16&DocTypeID=SB&SessionID=110&GA=102

Public Law 101-433. (1990) Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-104/pdf/STATUTE-104-Pg978.pdf

Public Law 102-166. (1991). Civil Rights Act of 1991. https://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/102/166.pdf

Public Law 115-435. (2019). Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-115publ435

Richards, E., and Terkanian, D. (2013). Occupational employment projection to 2022. Monthly Labor Review, September 2013. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/article/occupational-employment-projections-to-2022.htm

Rosenfeld, J. (2017). Don’t ask or tell: Pay secrecy policies in U.S. workplaces. Social Science Research, 65, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.01.009

Sage Computing. (2015). To Conduct a Pilot Study for How Compensation Earning Data Could Be Collected from Employers on EEOC’s Survey Collection Systems (EEO-1, EEO-4, and EEO-5 Survey Reports) and Develop Burden Cost Estimates for Both EEOC and Respondents for Each of EEOC Surveys (EEO-1, EEO-4, and EEO-5). https://www.eeoc.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_files/employers/eeo1survey/pay-pilot-study.pdf

Sempowich vs. Tactile Systems, Inc., No. 20-2245 19. (2021a). United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina Western Division. https://www.bloomberglaw.com/iframe/document/X5LV9C5QEEO9J7O7BB2BH3RV957/download

———. (2021b). United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina Western Division. October 23. https://casetext.com/case/sempowich-v-tactile-sys-techinc-1#:~:text=On%20September%204%2C%202018%2C%20Tracy,%22EPA%22)%2C%2029%20U.S.C

———. (2021c). Brief of the EEOC as Amicus Curiae in Support of the Plaintiff/Appellant and in Favor of Reversal. https://www.eeoc.gov/sites/default/files/2021-04/Sempowich%20v%20Tactile%20Sys%20Tech%204C%20am-brf%202-21%20jlg.html [May 2022].

Skaggs, S. (2009). Legal-political pressures and African American access to managerial jobs. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 225–244.

Smith-Doerr, L., Alegria, S., Fealing, K.H., Fitzpatrick, D., and Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (2019). Gender pay gaps in US federal science agencies: An organizational approach. American Journal of Sociology, 125(2), 534–576.

Speer, J. (2016). How bad is occupational coding error? A task-based approach. Economics Letters, 141(C), 166–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2016.02.025

Stainback, K., and Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (2012). Documenting Desegregation: Racial and Gender Segregation in Private Sector Employment Since the Civil Rights Act. Russell Sage Foundation.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×

Tomaskovic-Devey, D., Leiter, D.J., and Thompson, S. (1994). Organizational survey nonresponse. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(3), 439–457. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2393298?seq=1

———. (1995). Item nonresponse in organizational surveys. Sociological Methodology, 25, 77.

Towarnicky, J.M. (2021). “Can Plan Sponsors Close the Retirement Savings Gap? Successful Plan Sponsor Strategies, Solutions and Approaches Options/ Opportunities to Further Reduce Disparities in Retirement Savings.” Testimony provided to ERISA Advisory Council Working Group. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/about-ebsa/about-us/erisa-advisory-council/towarnicky-08272021.pdf

Wikipedia. (2021). Professional Employer Organization. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_employer_organization

Williams, J.C. (2015). The 5 Biases Pushing Women out of STEM. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2015/03/the-5-biases-pushing-women-out-of-stem

Workplace Gender Equality Agency. (2019). Progress Report 2017-2018. Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/wgea-progress-report2017-18_0.pdf

Yang, J.R. and Liu, J. (2021). Strengthening Accountability for Discrimination: Confronting Fundamental Power Imbalances in the Employment Relationship. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org//unequalpower/publications/strengthening-accountability-for-discrimination-confronting-fundamental-power-imbalances-in-the-employment-re

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 325
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 326
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 327
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 328
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 329
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 330
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 331
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 332
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 333
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26581.
×
Page 334
Next: Appendix A: Biosketches of Panel Members and Project Staff »
Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form Get This Book
×
 Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form
Buy Paperback | $50.00 Buy Ebook | $40.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) expanded EEO-1 data collection for reporting years 2017 to 2018 in an effort to improve its ability to investigate and address pay disparities between women and men and between different racial and ethnic groups. These pay disparities are well documented in national statistics. For example, the U.S. Census Bureau (2021) found that Black and Hispanic women earned only 63 percent and 55 percent as much, respectively, of what non-Hispanic White men earned.

Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form examines the quality of pay data collected using the EEO-1 form and provides recommendations for future data collection efforts. The report finds that there is value in the expanded EEO-1 data, which are unique among federal surveys by providing employee pay, occupation, and demographic data at the employer level. Nonetheless, both short-term and longer-term improvements are recommended to address significant concerns in employer coverage, conceptual definitions, data measurement, and collection protocols. If implemented, these recommendations could improve the breadth and strength of EEOC data for addressing pay equity, potentially reduce employer burden, and better support employer self-assessment.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!