D
Acronyms
A/C | air conditioning |
AC | alternating current |
ACC | adaptive cruise control |
ACE | Affordable Clean Energy |
ACEEE | American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy |
ADAS | advanced driver assistance system |
AEM/AAEM | anion exchange membrane/alkaline anion exchange membrane |
AEMFC | anion exchange membrane fuel cell |
AFDC | Alternative Fuels Data Center |
AFV | alternative fuel vehicle |
AGS | active grill shutter |
AHSS | advanced high-strength steel |
AI | artificial intelligence |
AMFA | Alternative Motor Fuels Act |
ANL | Argonne National Laboratory |
ARPA-E | Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy |
AV | autonomous vehicle |
AVM | around-view monitor |
AWD | all-wheel drive |
BEV | battery electric vehicle |
BiSG | belt integrated starter generator |
BMEP | brake mean effective pressure |
BMS | battery management system |
BOL | beginning of life |
BOP | balance-of-plant |
BP | bipolar plates |
BSFC | brake-specific fuel consumption |
C-V2X | cellular vehicle to everything |
CAA | Clean Air Act |
CAE | computer-aided engineering |
CAFC | corporate average fuel consumption |
CaFCP | California Fuel Cell Partnership |
CAFE | corporate average fuel economy |
CAN bus | controller area network |
CARB | California Air Resources Board |
CAV | connected and automated vehicle |
CCM | catalyst coated membrane |
CCS | carbon capture and sequestration |
CCUS | carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration |
CDCS | charge depleting/charge sustaining |
CEC | California Energy Commission |
CEM | compressor-expander-motor |
CF | carbon fiber |
CFR | Code of Federal Regulations |
CHS | Center for Hydrogen Safety |
CMU | Carnegie Mellon University |
CO | carbon monoxide |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
COPV | composite overwrapped pressure vessel |
CPP | Clean Power Plan |
CR | compression ratio |
CUV | crossover utility vehicle |
CVT | continuously variable transmission |
CVVD | continuously variable valve duration |
DC | direct current |
DCT | dual clutch transmission |
DEAC | cylinder deactivation |
DFMA | design for manufacture and assembly |
DI | direct injection |
DMC | direct manufacturing cost |
DME | dimethyl ether |
DOD | depth of discharge |
DOE | U.S. Department of Energy |
DOT | U.S. Department of Transportation |
DSRC | dedicated short-range communication |
EC | ethylene carbonate |
ECMS | equivalent consumption minimization strategy |
ECSA | electrochemically active surface area |
EERE | Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy |
EGR | exhaust gas recirculation |
EIA | Energy Information Administration |
EISA | Energy Independence and Security Act |
EPA | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
EPCA | Energy Policy and Conservation Act |
EPS | electric power steering |
EREV | extended range electric vehicle |
EV | electric vehicle |
eVMT | electric vehicle miles traveled |
EVSE | electric vehicle supply equipment |
FC | fuel consumption |
FCA | Fiat Chrysler Automobiles |
FCC | Federal Communications Commission |
FCEV | fuel cell electric vehicle |
FCHEA | Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association |
FCH JU | Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking |
FE | fuel economy |
FHWA | Federal Highway Administration |
FMVSS | Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards |
FOV | field-of-view |
FTP | Federal Test Procedure |
FWD | front-wheel drive |
GaN | gallium nitride |
GDI | gasoline direct fuel injection |
GDL | gas diffusion layer |
GDP | gross domestic product |
GHG | greenhouse gas |
GM | General Motors |
GNSS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
GPS | global positioning system |
GTDI | gasoline turbocharged direct injection |
GTL | gas-to-liquid |
GTR | Global Technical Regulation |
GWP | global warming potential |
H2 | hydrogen |
HCCI | homogeneous charge compression ignition |
HD | high-definition |
HEV | hybrid electric vehicle |
HF | hydrogen fluoride |
HOR | hydrogen oxidation reaction |
HOV | high-occupancy vehicle |
HP | horsepower |
HyMARC | Hydrogen Materials Advanced Research Consortium |
ICCT | International Council on Clean Transportation |
ICE | internal combustion engine |
ICEV | internal combustion engine vehicle |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
IGBT | insulated gate bipolar transistor |
IIHS-HLDI | Insurance Institute for Highway Safety/Highway Loss Data Institute |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
ITS | Intelligent Transportation Systems |
LBNL | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |
LCFS | low-carbon fuel standard |
LDV | light-duty vehicle |
LDW | lane departure warning |
LFC | low-fuel-consumption |
lidar | light detection and ranging |
Li-ion | lithium-ion |
LP-EGR | low-pressure loop cooled exhaust gas recirculation |
LRR | long-range radar |
LRR | low rolling resistance |
LTE | Long-Term Evolution |
MEA | membrane-electrode assembly |
MHDVs | medium- and heavy-duty vehicles |
MHEV | mild hybrid electric vehicle |
MOF | metal-organic framework |
MPC | model predictive control |
MPG | miles per gallon |
MPGe | miles per gallon of gasoline-equivalent |
mph | miles per hour |
MPL | microporous layer |
MRR | medium-range radar |
MSRP | manufacturer suggested retail price |
MTG | methanol-to-gasoline |
MY | model year |
NA | naturally aspirated |
NAAQS | National Ambient Air Quality Standards |
NCA | nickel cobalt aluminum |
NEDC | New European Driving Cycle |
NETL | National Energy Technology Laboratory |
NEV | new energy vehicle |
NEXTCAR | NEXT-Generation Energy Technologies for Connected and Automated On-Road-Vehicles |
NHTS | National Household Travel Survey |
NHTSA | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |
NMC | nickel manganese cobalt |
NOx | nitrogen oxides |
NRC | National Research Council |
NREL | National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
NSTC | National Science and Technology Council |
NVH | noise, vibration, and harshness |
O&M | operations and maintenance |
OCV | on-chip variation |
OEM | original equipment manufacturer |
ORNL | Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
ORR | oxygen reduction reaction |
PAN | polyacrylonitrile |
PBI | polybenzimidazole |
PEM | proton exchange membrane |
PEMFC | proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
PEV | plug-in electric vehicle |
PFCV | plug-in fuel cell vehicle |
PFSA | perfluorosulfonic acid |
PGM | platinum group metal |
PHEV | plug-in hybrid electric vehicle |
PM | permanent magnet |
PMSM | permanent magnet synchronous motor |
PS | powersplit |
psi | pounds per square inch |
PTFE | poly(tetrafluoroethylene) |
PtM | platinum metal |
R&D | research and development |
radar | radio detection and ranging |
RE | rare earth |
RFS | Renewable Fuel Standard |
RH | relative humidity |
RON | research octane number |
RPM | revolutions per minute |
RRC | rolling resistance coefficient |
RWD | rear-wheel drive |
SAE | Society of Automotive Engineers |
SAFE | Safer Affordable Fuel Efficient |
SEI | solid electrolyte interphase |
SiC | silicon carbide |
SMR | steam-methane reforming |
SOC | state of charge |
SOH | state of health |
SOP | state of power |
SPaT | signal phase and timing |
SPCCI | spark-controlled compression ignition |
SPEEK | sulfonated polyether ether ketone |
SRR | short-range radar |
SSL | solid-state lidar |
SUV | sport utility vehicle |
TAR | technical assessment report |
TCO | total cost of ownership |
TFSI | turbo fuel stratified injection |
TPO | thermoplastics polyolefin elastomers |
TSI | turbo stratified injection |
UF | utility factor |
UHSS | ultra-high-strength steel |
U.S. DRIVE | U.S. Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability |
V2B | vehicle to buildings |
V2G | vehicle to grid |
V2I | vehicle to infrastructure |
V2V | vehicle to vehicle |
V2X | vehicle to everything |
VAT | value added tax |
VCT | variable camshaft timing |
VMT | vehicle miles traveled |
VTG | variable turbine geometry |
VTO | Vehicle Technologies Office |
VVL | variable valve lift |
VVT | variable valve timing |
WBG | wide bandgap |
WTW | well-to-wheels |
xFC | extreme fast charging |
ZEV | zero-emission vehicle |
ZLEV | zero- or low-emissions vehicle |