Fire research abstracts and reviews: Volume 14, 1972 (1972)

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ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 265 TRANSLATION SOVIET ABSTRACT JOURNAL: Section 68. Fire Protection Series (Notes and translation of March 1972 issue)* Translation by B W Kuvshinoff and L J Holtschlag Among abstracting services the world over, the Soviet Referaitvnyy Zhumal [Abstract Journal], abbreviated RZh, is outstanding in its scope of coverage of scientific and techmcal hterature I t ranges over all subjects from "Avtomatika" (automation) at the top of the Russian alphabet to "Yadernaya Fizika" (nuclear physics) at the bottom RZh IS published by V I N I T I [Vsesoyusnyy Institut Nauchnoy i Tekhmcheskoy Informatsu], the AU-Umon Institute of Scientific and Technical Literature, on a monthly cycle (semi-monthly for chemistry) in 25 major subject fields e g , auto- mation, astronomy, physics, etc (The medical literature is covered by a special abstracting journal, the Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhumal [Medical Abstracts Journal], in 16 categones, each individually subscribable, pubhshed monthly by the Mimstry of Pubhc Health of the USSR ) Each field is divided into a number of subsections Abstracts appearing in such subsections can be obtained as separates without subscribing to the complete issue covering the entire field In addition, there are 39 different series in narrow or specific technical subject fields One of these, available on subscription, is "Pozharnaya Okhrana" [Fire Protection] This series can be obtained either with or without an annual subject index No author index is available In order to assess the methodology and coverage of the "Fu-e Protection" separate of the Soviet abstracting journal system, five of the 12 monthly issues (Nos 3 thm 7) for 1972 were surveyed statistically and reviewed The entries are numbered successively m each issue, according to the following system issue number (cor- respondmg to month of j'ear), abstract journal section number (Section 68 in this case), and sequential number of the abstract (1,2, • • •, n ) , e g , 3.68 1, mean- mg issue 3, section 68, abstract No. 1 The entnes are further charactenzed by letters P, B, and S, meamng, respectively, patent, book, or standard, e g , 3 68 128 P indicates that abstract No 128 of issue No 3 is a patent In mformation content, the entries range from a simple title hsting to a full- fledged review In all cases the entry begins with a Umversal Decimal Classifica- tion number and a telegraphic Russian descriptive phrase, followed by the title m the original language, or, as in the case of Japanese, in Cynllic transhteration Almost always the abstract is the original work of the abstractor, often signed In no case was a simple translation of an existing original-language abstract detected Of the 803 entnes reviewed in this survey, 144 were title listings only Interestingly enough, half of these 144 title-only citations refer to Finmsh, Japanese, and Russian ' This IS a sample translation of the new Soviet abstiacts journal "Fire Protection " The present plan IS to translate 6 issues to deternune its usefulness to the English-speaking fire community Work was supported in part by the RANN Program of the National Science Foundation and in part by the APL Central Laboratory Library Translations Service Complete translations avail- able from Fire Problems Program, APL, The Johns Hopkinb University, 8621 Georgia Avenue, Silver Spnng, Maryland 20910, Attention B Kuvshinoff

266 F I R E R E S E A R C H articles, specifically, 5 of 27 Finmsh, 4 of 18 Japanese, and 4 of 33 Russian The few papers in these languages treated beyond title citation only, were sparingly abstracted From the scant information at hand at this time, no logical reason comes to mind why this should be so From a selfish viewpoint, i t is especially unfortunate that the Soviet hterature is not covered in greater depth, for i t is evident that a substan- tial amount of research is in progress in the fire sciences m that country and interest m the subject area is high We can only speculate on this point, because it is possible that Soviet literature is expected to be known to readers in that country, or the neglected articles do not contain information considered sufficiently substantive for abstracting With regard to information value, most of the abstracts are quite informative There seems to be a tendency toward enumeration of fire statistics, so that even a brief article, such as "USA Fire Deaths" in the March 1972 issue of Fire Protection Reviews is treated in fine detail No article of a statistical nature seems to escape the attention of the selection board News items, historical reminiscences, per- sonality sketches, visits, editorial comments, letters to the editor, and the like are not cited, unless they contain some indication of present or future trends in fire protection service orgamzation, or the introduction of new eqmpment, codes, or techniques Wherever practical or necessary for clarity, tables and illustrations are provided This is especially true of articles relating to patents and eqmpment To demonstrate the types of articles selected for abstracting, the tables of con- tents of several prominent fire journals with indication of cited articles are given in Exhibit I In proofreading the copy, one of the authors was startled by the value of 50 kg of fallout per m ' m abstract No 51, q v The original reads in part "Firebrand densities were 50 per 100 sq f t although in one locahzed area a density of 500 per 100 sq f t was found " Also in the same abstract a house characterized as a split- level, namely "one half of which was one floor, the other half two-stoned" is m fact a two and one-half story farmhouse Otherwise, this abstract is fair for the first half of the original Several interesting results in the remainder of the original could have been mentioned to give a better representation of the entire paper This discovery led to a spot check of other abstracts to evaluate the general quahty of abstracting Three other articles of a statistical nature were checked, but no discrepancies were noted Worthy of appreciation is the diligence with which the selections board must scan the world literature to cull fire or fire-protection related articles from the mass available The 803 entries found in this survey represented more than 200 journals, plus books, patents, and standards literature Naturally, most of the obvious fire journals are regularly abstracted, as can be seen from Exhibit I I , a list of fire technology journals from Vlrich's International Periodicals Directory, 1971-72 The regularly abstracted journals are denoted by an asterisk Some of the fire journals not indicated as being abstracted regularly may have been, but outside the period reviewed (quarterhes, for example) Most of the journals not regularly abstracted are represented m the review period by only one or two issues, usually one The scope of the technical and scientific journals scanned can be seen from the field-orionted hst given in Exhibit I I I Engineering in all its aspects (general, mechamcal, civil, etc ) is most heavily covered, followed by transportation, chem- istry, technology, safety, aviation, electromcs, electricity, etc

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 267 Close attention is paid to the patent literature, as illustrated in the Exhibit IV. No fewer than 114 of the entries related to patent literature, the U.S. alone being represented by 56 patents abstracts. Also listed in this exhibit are the standards and books reviewed. A listing of the number of journals represented by the various world languages in the review period is given in Exhibit V. The language break- down is consistent with the percentages generally found in other fields, except for Russian, which is significantly less well represented in fire technology than it is, say, in the fields of physics, mechanics, or chemistry. The time lag for the abstracts averages five to six months; some journals are abstracted in two months. Books, conferences, etc., are abstracted with lag times of one to two years. This does not ncessarily indicate inordinate procrastination, but rather that books and conferences are delayed in publication and distribution, to which we attribute most of the delay. Also, more time is needed to review a book than a short paper. The average time lag of four months between receipt of source material and publication of the abstract is an extraordinarily rapid throughput for a large in- formation processing system. Unfortunately, some of the gain appears to be diluted by slow distribution and delivery. Issue No. 9, for September 1972, for example, was received in Silver Spring, Maryland, during the last week of December. Also notable is the fact that traffic- and transportation-related fire articles contained in many fire journals are not cited in Section 68 of the Abstracts Journal. They can be found in the semi-monthly Signal'naya Informatsiya, "Tekhnika Bezopastnosti" [Literature Announcements, Safety Technology], which contains a selective bibliography of occupational safety and health Uterature. One subject category in this bulletin is "Fire and Explosions." Nor are the purely scientific fire-related articles cited in Section 68. These are to be found in other sections of Referativnyy Zhumal, as indicated in footnotes in the appropriate sections of "Fire Protection." Exhibit I . Tables of contents of selected journals cited in Referativnyy Zhumal, Sect. 68, No. 3, 1972. Pozhamoye Delo [Fire Practice]. No. 2 (1972) Article title page * Indicates articles cited. Up-to-date experience for all! 1 B. Yanisov. We meet with "king concrete" in all kinds of building work 4 A. Shklyayev. Let us protect peat 5 V. Karpov. Sources of confidence 5

268 FIHB RESEARCH A. Popovskiy. Be disciplined. Fulfill your service responsibility efficiently.. 7 B. Vasilyevskiy. Economic knowledge for all! 8 A. Zhaleyko. Action once again 9 N . Shchabalov. Awards found their heroes 10 . A. Farbirovich. On the line 10 A. Fedorishko. A scout's career 11 0. Belousova. A hero of the Voronezh area 12 A. Kapustyanskiy and G. Kotov. During the war years 12 1. Ivanishin. I t paid to go to Markushi 13 V. Verskunov. Daily attention to places where masses of people gather.... 14 Reliable protection for the village 16 * A. Tkachenko and N . Kleponosov. Taming a gusher 18 * M . Bezuglov. Investigator at a fire 20 * B. Maksimov et al. Static electrification of aviation fuel 21 N . Sapunov et al. Isothermal permafrost shelters 23 * I . Starokozhev and R. Bibishev. Tunnelling machine 24 * V. Martynenko and V. Sidoryuk. Fire experience in a ship's cabin 25 Tragic days 26 Fire. Vol. 64, No. 798, December (1971) Hotels and boarding houses are first category for FP Act 328 Cunningham inquiry recommendations 329 * The second fire of Tooley Street 337 * Scottish recruiting may become critical 339 * Fire damage control in perspective 340 Fire loss figures 341 * 5,000 gpm of foam in use at Dundee tar plant 342 * Evironmental traffic schemes 347 * River Tyne pedestrian tunnel closed as fire cuts power supplies 348 Buyers'guide 351 * Asbestos suits proved in two recent cases 351 Fire pictorial 352 Letters to the editor 357 Fireman killed at mill fire. 358 Unfounded criticism of Leicester Brigade 359 * 600 evacuated as fire strikes 'vulnerable' theatre at Butlin's Minehead camp 360 Milfom Haven communications exercise 361 Obituary 362 Promoted and retired 363 Fire Protection Review, Vol. 35, No. 377, March (1972) Comment 91 M6 pile-up 92 Rescue at Beachy Head 95 Motorway complex procedures— 96 Readers' forum 98

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 269 * Angus extend at Thames 99 * Fire at Mobil OU 100 * Fire protection for power boats 101 * USA fire deaths 101 Hospital safety 103 Today's topics 104 * New equipment 108 Lancastershire's campaign. 113 People 115 New early warning alarm 117 Fire Engineering. Vol. 124, No. 11, November (1971) The Editor's opinion page 33 * Baltimore Fire Department ambulance service 34 Aid car has raised roof giving 72 inches headroom 36 Rescuers tunnel to free girl in hole 37 Tornado drill tests rescue capability 38 * Three firemen hurt as canopy collapses 40 * Hydraulic-lift tiller cab built by Eugene, Ore., Fire Department 41 Removing trapped auto victims 42 Fund drive pays for rescue truck 43 * Emergency care training for fire instructors [only title listed in RZK] 44 New York urges less combustible office furnishings 45 lAFC give vote to all ranks of chiefs 46 * Lansing's 74 hours of fire 48 Inner-city program 50 * What's new in manufacturers' products [title only] 51 * New ambulances and rescue trucks [title only] 52 * More items to check at six-months inspection [one-sentence abstract given] 55 * Fire deaths, losses rise [title only] 57 * Flammability of turnout coats tested 60 Fire Intemaiimal. Vol. 3, No. 33 (1971) Editorial 17 * Many lessons learnt in skyscraper fire [only title listed in iZZA] 18 New dictionary lists fire terms in 22 languages 32 * Tunnel fire presents serious problems for French fire-fighters 37 * Motor cycles beat Paris traffic jams 46 * How Los Angeles Fire Department dealt with the 1971 earthquake 48 A French methdd of dealing with oil pollution without destroying marine life • 61 * Swiss tests on fire behavior in enclosed and underground car parks [title only] 64 * New appliance 78 * A Swiss method of hose binding 86 * West German tests on fire and explosion hazards of aerosols 89

270 FIRE RESEARCH Exhibit n. Fire technology journals cited by Ulrich's FIRE PREVENTION * Indicates journal cited in RZh, "Fire Protection " A D T TRANSMITTER. 1929 bi-m. Free Ed H L Reed Amencan Distnct Telegraph Co , 155 Sixth Ave , New York, N Y 10013 illus AERIAL APPLICATOR, farm, forest and fire see AERONAUTICS AND SPACE FLIGHT * ANTINCENDIO E PROTEZIONE INDUSTRLA.LE (Text in Itahan, sum- manes m Enghsh and French) 1949. m L 10,000. Ed Pier Roberto Pais Ediziom di Protezione Cisile S R I , Via Piemonte 39A, 00187 Rome, Italy bk rev abstr adv bib 7000 BOSAI (Text m Japanese) 1947 bi-m Yen 510 ($2 00) Ed Shin-Ichi Asami Tokyo Rengo Boka Kyokai, c-o Tokyo Shobocho 11-39, 1-chome, Nagatacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan circ 12,000 BRAND (Koninkhjke Nederlandse Brandweerveremgmg) 1950 m f 17 50 ($4 00) Ed M C van Keule, Vermande Zonen N . V , Ijmuiden, Netherlands bk. rev adv illus circ 8500 BRAND AUS 1892 m S 36 ($11 00) NOE Landes-Feuerwehrverband, Bank- gasse 2, A-1014 Vienna, Austria bk rev bibl charts illus stat mdex circ 12,500. * BRANDFORSVAR 1946 m Kr 15 ($15 00) Ed Ake Stalemo Svenska Brand- fors foreningen, Brunkebergstorg 15, Stockholm C, Sweden adv bibl bk rev illus index circ 16,000 BRANDHILFE, Fachzeitschnft fuer die Feuerwehren des Landes Baden- Wuerttcmberg und des Saarlandes (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Feuerwehrver- baende von Baden-Wuerttemberg) 1954 m D M 9 60 ($2 38) Ed Werner Jauch Neckar-Verlag, Klostemng 1, D773 Vilhngen, W Germany bk rev illus circ. 10,000 BRANDSCHUTZ, Zeitschrift fuer das gesamte Feuerwehr- und Rettungswesen. 1946 m D M 16 ($3 30) Eds Dipl -Ing Heinrich Schlaefer and Dipl -Ing Kurt Klmgsohr Verlag W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Urban Str 14-16, 7000 Stuttgart, W Germany, bk rev adv bibl charts illus stat mdex circ. 18,000 Indexed Chem Abstr BRANDVERHUETUNG, Mitteilungs-blatt der oesterreichischen Brandver- hutungsstellen 1956 bi-m S 20 ($1 00) Ed Siegmund Ausobsky. Landes- stelle fuer Brandverhuetung m Steiermark, Frauengasse 4, A 8010 Graz, Austria, cu-c. 9500.

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 271 * BRANDVERHUETUNG UND BRANDBEKAEMPFUNG q D M 6 50 Feuersozietaet Berlin, Am Karlsbad 4-5, 1 Berlin 30, W Germany BRANDWACHT, Fachschrift fuer Feurrschutz 1946 m D M 9 60 Bayerisches Landesamt fuer Brand- und Katastrophenschutz, Puendterplatz 5, 8 Mumch 23, W Germany adv charts lUus circ 14,800 BRANDWEER 1945. m Ed J Keuzenkamp Nederlandse Veremgmg van Brandweercommandanten, Dutch Association of Chief Fire Officers, 244 Damlaan, Schiedam, Netherlands bk rev adv charts illus tr l i t mdex circ 3000 * CAHIERS DE NOTES DOCUMENTAIRES, secunte et hygiene du travaU see SAFETY EDUCATION CHICAGO FIRE FIGHTER 1951 q $2 50 Ed John Tebbens Chicago Fireman's Assn Local 2, 54 W Randolph, Chicago, 111 60601 adv charts stat tr ht circ 6500 CONDINCENDIE see ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES * DANSK BRANDVAERN (Formerly Brandvaesenet Paa Landet) (Damsh Fire Pretoction Assn ) 1970 m Kr 24 Eds R Serring and E Lau-Nielsen Dansk Brandvaerns-Konute, Nygaards Plads 9, 2610 Roedovre, Denmark F. P A JOURNAL 1948 q 42 s Fire Protection Assn , Aldermary House, Queen St, London E C 4, Eng charts lUus stat index every 2 yrs FACTORY MUTUAL RECORD see INSURANCE FEDERAL FIRE COUNCIL NEWSLETTER 1959 4/yr/ Free to federal personnel Federal Fire Council, 19th and F Sts , N W , Washington, D C 20405 lUus circ 3700 * FIRE (Incorporating Industrial Hazards and Fire Prevention) (British Fire Service) 1908 m 50 s ($8 00) Ed Harry Klopper UNISAF Publications Ltd UNISAD House, Dudley Rd , Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Eng adv tr ht index circ 5295 Indexed Br. Tech Ind FIRE CHIEF (Incorporating Volunteer Fiiefightei and Volunteer Fire Chief) 1956 m $7 50 Ed Wilham Randleman H Marvin Ginn Corp, 612 N Michigan Ave, Chicago, 111 60611 bk rev adv charts lUus * FIRE COMMAND (US) Vol 37, 1970 m $7 00 Ed Warren Y Kimball National Fire Protection Assn, 60 Battervmarch St, Boston, Mass 02110 adv bibl Charts illus tr ht circ 50,000 FIRE CONTROL NOTES, devoted to the techmques of forest fire control (US Forest Service) 1936 q $0 75 ($0 20 per No ) Supt of Documents, Gov't Printing Office, Washington, D C 20402 charts illus index * FIRE ENGINEERING, the journal of the fire protection profession 1877 m. Ed James F Casey Reuben H Donnelley, 466 Lexington Ave, New York, N Y 10017 adv bk rev charts illus stat tr l i t index circ 23,920 Indexed Eng Ind

272 FIRE RESEARCH FIRE FIGHTING I N CANADA 1957 bi-m $3 00 Ed Jack Gubbins Parkins Publishing Co L t d , 1215 Greene Ave, Montreal 215, Canada adv. tr l i t . circ 3898 * FIRE INTERNATIONAL, the journal of the world's fire protection services. (Text, title and contents page in English, French and German, summanes in Spanish) 1964 q 40 s ($7 00) Ed Harry Klopper. UNISAF Publications L t d , UNISAF House, Dudley Rd., Tunbndge WeUs, Kent, Eng adv bibl charts illus * FIRE JOURNAL 1907 bi-m Membership Ed Chester I Babcock National Fu-e Protection Assn, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass 02110 adv bk rev charts film rev illus index in each issue circ 24,406 Indexed Chem Absir, Eng Ind FIRE NEWS 1916 m $30 00 Ed. Deuel Richardson National Fire Protection Assn, 60 Batterymarch St, Boston, Mass , 02110 bk rev illus circ 24,000 FIRE PREVENTION BULLETIN m Membership. Ed S J Murphy New York State Hotel and Motel Assn , Inc , 141 W 51st, New York, N Y 10019 • F I R E PROTECTION REVIEW (Incorporating Accident Prevention) (Directory) 1938 m 45 s ($6 00) Ed J L Eades Benn Brothers Ltd., Bouverie House, 154 Fleet Street, London E C 4, Eng adv bk rev illus mkt Stat t r l i t cure 4229 * FIRE RESEARCH ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS see ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES FIRE SERVICE INFORMATION 1970 bi-m Ed Keith Royer Iowa State Umversity of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa 50010. bk rev stat FIRE STATION DIGEST 1931 bi-m $7 00 for 2 years , Ed E A Hoefer Fu-e Station Digest and North American Firemen's Assn , Box 25541, Seattle, Wash. 98125. adv illus circ 10,500 * FIRE TECHNOLOGY (Society of Fire Protection Engineers) 1965. q $5.00 Ed George H Tryon National Fire Protection Assn, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass 02110 abstr bk rev charts illus index in each issue Indexed Chem Abstr , Eng Ind FOREST FIRE CONTROL ABSTRACTS/PRECIS DE REPRESSION DES FEUX DE FORETS see ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES FROM THE STATE CAPITALS FIRE ADMINISTRATION. 1946 14/yr (approx) $26 40 Ed Ralph W Ernst. Bethune Jones, 321 Sunset Ave, Asbury Park, N J 07712 (Processed). Covers developments relating to state and local fire prevention regulations and operations of fire departments through- out the nation I M S A SIGNAL MAGAZINE (International Mumcipal Signal Association) see TRANSPORTATION—TRAFFIC INSPECTIE VOOR HET BRANDWEERWEZEN MAANDELUKSE MEDE- DELINGEN. 1948 m f 5 ($150) Inspectie voor Het Brandweerwezen, Spui 47-49 The Hague, Netherlands, bibl stat index circ 1000

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 273 * INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS QUARTERLY 1941 q Ed Peter Lush Institution of Fure Engmeers, Publications Dept, 61 Broadmeadow Rd , ' Wyke Regis. Eng bk rev. abstr adv. bibl. charts illus cum mdex circ 5600. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CHIEFS NEWS LETTER Vol 37, 1971 bi-m International Assn of Fire Chiefs, 232 Madison Ave, New York, N Y 10016 adv charts illus. stat. INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER see LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS LABOR UNIONS * JOURNAL OF FIRE AND FLAMMABILITY 1970 q $45 00 Ed Carlos Hilado Technomic Pubhshing Co , Inc, 750 Summer St, Stamford, Conn 06901 bk rev. charts illus cum index circ 1000 (Processed) Indexed Eng Ind., RAPRA KYOTO SHOBO/FIRE PREVENTION (Text m Japanese) 1948 m Yen 1140 ($3 25) Ed Hideo Funjino Kyoto-shi Shobo Gakko, Echigoyashiki-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyotoshi, Japan bk rev adv charts, illus stat index (Processed) MINNESOTA FIRE CHIEF (Minnesota State Fire Chiefs'Assn ) 1964 bi-mEd. Frank Oberg Ramco Pubhshing, 287 E Srxth St, St Paul, Minn 55101 adv charts illus. circ. 3800 NATIONAL AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER AND FIRE CONTROL ASSOCIA- TION NEWS BULLETIN q Free to qualified personnel Ed E G ReiUy. National Automatic Sprinkler and Fire Control Assn , 2 Holland Ave , White Plains, N Y 10603 charts illus OESTERREICHISCHE FEUERWEHR (Oesterreichischer Bundesfeuer- vernamde fuer Brandebekaemfung Brandverhuetung, Technischen Hilfdienst und Feuerwehrdienst im Zivilschutz) 1957. m S 84 Bohmann Verlag Cano- vagasse 5, AlOlO Vienna 1, Austria adv charts illus circ 4500 * PALONTORJUNTA—BRANDVARN, the trade journal of the fire safety field in Finland. (Text in Finnish and Swedish, summanes in Enghsh and Swedish) 1950. 10/yr Fmk 20 ($5 00). Ed Laun Santala Suomen Palon- torjuntalutto r y, Iso Roobertinkatu 7 A, Helsinki 12, Finland adv charts illus •PALONTORJUNTATEKNIIKKA, the trade journal of structural fire safety (Text in Finnish, summaries in English and Swedish) 1971 3/yr Fmk. 18 ($4 50) Ed. Laun Santala Suomen Palontorjuntahitto r. y, Iso Roobertmkatu 7 A, Helsinki 12, Finland adv charts illus circ 5000. POZARNI OCHRANA (Cesky Svaz Pozarm Ochrany) 1894 m 42 Kcs ($2 00). Ed Milan Sedo Bonvoyova 21, Prague 3, Czechoslovakia POZARNI TECHNIKA Vol 13, 1965 m 16 80 Kcs. Ed Milan Sedo. Blanicka 13, Prague 2, Czechoslovakia PROTEZIONE CIVILE see CIVIL DEFENSE

274 FIRE RESEARCH S. A. BRANDWEER INSTITUUT KWARTAALBLAD/S. A. FIRE SERVICES INSTITUTE QUARTERLY. (Text in Afrikaans and English) 1961. q. Membership. Ed. E. S. C. Barber. South African Fire Services Institute. Nigel, Transvaal, South Africa, circ. 1000. • SAPEUR-POMPIER. 1889. 6/yr. 10 F. Federation Nationale des Sapeurs- Pompiers Francais, 27 rue de Dunkerque, Paris (lOe), France, adv. bibl. charts, mkt. stat. index. SENTINEL (US) 1945. bi-m. Free. Ed. F. C. Powers. Factory Insurance Assn., 85 Woodland St., Hartford, Conn. 16102. charts, illus. index cum. index: 1945-1965. circ. 38, 000 (controUed). SIGURNOST U POGONU. see SAFETY EDUCATION SOUTH AFRICAN FIRE SERVICES INSTITUTE QUARTERLY/SUID AFRIKAANSE BRANDWEERINSTITUT KWARTAALBLAD. (Text in Afrikaans and English) 1960. q. Membership. Ed. E. S. C. Barber. South African Fire Services Institute. Fire Dept., Nigel, South Africa, circ. 1200 (controlled). Tabloid format. W.N.Y.F. (With New York Firemen) 1940. q. $2.00. Ed. Bernard Neer. New York Fire Dept., Welfare Island, N.Y. 10017. charts, illus. circ. 18,000. House organ. * WESTERN FIRE JOURNAL. (Western Fire Chiefs' Assn.) 1950. m. $3.00. Ed. Warren Desimone. 9172 Greenback Lane, Orangeville, Calif. 95662. adv. illus. circ. 3747. Exhibit m. Technology fields covered by the journal literature scanned in Referativnyy Zhumal sample reviewed Fire Protection 24 Engineering (General, Mechanical, Civil, etc.) 30 Transportation (Automotive, Maritime, Rail, Air, etc.) 23 Chemistry (Research and Development) 24 Technology (Including Plant Management) 17 Safety 13 Electronics and Electricity 11 Aviation 10 Textiles 10 Construction (Including heating, cladding materials, air conditioning,etc.).. 10 Fuel and Lubricants 8 Forestry 6 Mining 6 Physics 5 Metrology, Instruments, Automation 3

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 275 Exhibit IV. Patents abstracted in RZh, by nation U.S 56 Great Britain 19 France 15 Soviet Union 10 Germany 3 Czechoslovakia 3 Switzerland. .'. 2 Sweden 2 AustraUa 1 Denmark 1 Japan 1 Norway 1 Standards abstracted in RZh, by nation Soviet Union 6 Romania 2 Hungary 1 Great Britain 1 Books listed in RZh, by nation Soviet Union 2 France 1 Exhibit V. Number of items cited in RZh, by language (Books, Journals, Patents, and Standards) Enghsh (Includes U.S., Great Britain, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, etc.) 119 German (Includes Austria and German S\vitzerland) 45 French (Includes French Belgium and French Switzerland) 21 Russian 14 Japanese 10 Danish 8 Swedish 8 Italian 6 Dutch 3 Polish 2

276 FIRE BESEARCH Spanish 2 Finnish 2 Czech • 2 Bulgarian 2 Norwegian 1 Hungarian 1 Romanian 1 ABSTRACT JOURNAL Section 68. FIRE PROTECTION (First Year of PubUcation) Pubhcation editor: A. A. Novobytov Editorial Offices: Moscow, A219 Baltiyskaya Street, 14. Abstracts 3.68.1-3.68.113 No. 3 March 1972 Contents Fire Protection 3.68. General Section 3.68.1. Fire Service and Fire Protection Training 3.68.7. Fire Prevention. Fire Protection 3.68.16. Fire Technology 3.68.62. Fire Extinguishment. Fire Tactics 3.68.85. FIRE PROTECTION General Section UDC 614.841.001.57 3.68.1. [Application of optimal control theory to the study of large-scale fires] Kato, Ken. THE APPLICATION OF CONTROL THEORY TO THE STUDY OF LARGE-SCALE FIRES. Doct. Diss. Univ. South. CaUf., 1971, 101 pp. Ref. Diss. Abstr. Int., 1971, B32, No. 1, 244-245 (English)

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 277 A mathematical model describing the process of controlhng fire protection forces IS studied The mathematical tool is optimal control theory, usmg ordinary differential equations The model permits consideration of a large number of different factors of practical importance (varying geometncal configurations of fires, urban and rural fires, natural obstructions preventing fire spread, e g , nvers, highways, weather conditions—wind, humidity, temperature, topography) The model is capable of representing simultaneous fires The study of actual fires m real time can be combined in the model mth hypothetical predictions of their spread. The development of fires and the control of their extinction is described as a nonlinear dynamic system, discrete in space, and continuous in time A numerical algorithm is worked out for the solution of this problem, using optimal control theory, especially Pontryagin's Maximum Pnnciple Use of these methods yields optimal allocations of fire-fighting eqmpment and personnel for the most effective fire protection, minimizing the overall cost of maintaimng the service UDC 614.84:681 3 3.68 2. [The use of a computer m fire protection] Gaade, R P R COMMENT L'ORDINATEUR PEUT AIDER LES SERVICES D'INCENDIE Rev techn feu, 1970, 11, No 1, 102, 11-15 (French) Some aspects of fire protection activity in which computers may be of substantial assistance are analyzed Such aspects are the control of fire protection umts (the dispatch of fire-protection "first aid", additional forces, the standby coverage of neighbormg areas, etc ) , the processing and storage of operational and admimstra- tive information (the location of fire bngades, the current status of fire fighting equipment, etc ) Various forms of interaction between the duty operator at a fire protection commumcations center and a computer in solving operational problems are examined UDC 614 8 3 68 3. [A new law on fire safety measures in England] Maxwell, J C A DIFFERENT APPROACH TO THE FIRE PROTECTION ACT Fire, 1971, 64, No. 797, 294, 297-298 (Enghsh) The new fire protection act is the most comprehensive of Enghsh legislative documents. The chief inspector of the British fire protection service has announced that the provisions of the new act will become effective gradually, considering the fire hazard level of various occupancies and the practical capabibty of the fire protection service to make inspections The fire protection service will carry out fire inspection and prevention work along with building code agencies In fire protection agencies i t is necessary to set up an inspectorate which should co- ordinate techmcal documentation (certification), perform preventive work, and venfy compliance with fire safety codes and standards Instead of the existing organization, a structure similar to that of the National Aeronautics and Space Admimstration m the U S is recommended About 400 more people are needed to set up the fire inspection service (calculated on the basis of 150 surveys per officer for each of the mne years during which i t is expected to complete the work of brmging all premises into comphance with the new requirements) Implementa- tion of the act will make it possible to reduce the number of deaths in building fires, as well as material losses In addition to enforcing fire safety codes in new construction, the act provides for inspection of how occupancies are used from the viewpoint of compatibihty of the fire safety codes with the conditions of use I t

278 FIRE RESEARCH IS recommended that the work of day-to-day inspection and prevention be entrusted to jumor officers and fireman ranks The British center for traimng and retraimng fire specialists at Moreton-on-Marsh can train the necessary personnel needed for the inspectorate To date, the knowledge of the fire protection personnel in fire prevention in the construction industry and especially theu- knowledge of legislative measures m this field is highly deficient The assistance of legal speciahsts is not often sohcited The extra cost of fire protection under the new fire act will amount to 0 25 milhon pounds in the first year, and will reach a maximum of one milhon pounds per annum The financing will not be a burden on the fire service, but on mumcipal authorities Note is made of the lack of information and pubhcity in the press with regard to the problems and needs of the fire service I t is assumed that It will take three to five years to strengthen the fire service to fulfill the tasks posed by the new law A A Rode UDC 614 841 45 3 3 68 4 [Limiting the hazard of fire spread] Kimball, Warren Y CONTROL- LING EXPOSURE HAZARDS Fire Commandl, 1971, 38, No 11, 16-17 (Enghsh) The 1970 NFPA Standard 80A, "Protection from exposure fires," distinguishes between two types of exposure effects on new buildings (1) the effect from the facade of a burmng house as a result of intense burmng of the outer facing or of substantial eruption of flames from window opemngs, and (2) the effect from the roof of a burmng house in the presence of a column of flame of great height The permissible safe distances between buildings, their mutual location, and various forms of fire stops are specified m the standards as a function of a number of factors, including the height and width of the erupting plume, the number, size, and loca- tion of window opemngs, the intensity of the fire as a function of the calorific power of the combustible insulation and its specific gravity per square meter of surface area But the standard specifications presume that a preliminary estimate has been made of the fire hazard, which cannot always be established in advance due to the lack of sufficient and reliable data This deficiency in the standard often leads to excessive development and spread of fire beyond the confines of a burmng building, resulting m disastrous fires m cities, towns, and large adjacent wooded areas In order to hmit the danger of fire spread, i t is proposed that preventive measures be taken, such as water coohng of outside surfaces of adjacent buildings within the range of dangerous thermal radiation and reduction of heat formation in fire centers by carefully directed streams of water Also discussed are certain aspects of preplanmng for fire fighting V G Olimpiyev UDC 614.841:577 7 3 68 5 [Reducing the number of hre victims in Scotland] FEWER DEATHS FROM FIRE I N SCOTLAND Fire Prot Rev , 1971, 34, No. 373, 437 (Enghsh) Comments are made on the report of an inspector who surveyed 11 fire bngades in Scotland in 1969 and 1970 In 1969, 127 persons died from fires (7 fewer than in the preceding year), in 1970, 119 people died (8 fewer) The principal reasons for fire deaths are defective heaters and electrical devices, the negligence of smokers, and children playing with matches In 1969, losses from fires amounted to 12 2 milhon pounds, and 10 3 milhon in 1970

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 279 UDC331 94 3.68 6 [Industrial inspection section m the Ministry of Trade and Industry] OUila, Olh TARKASTUSTOIMISTO KAUPPAJA TEOLLISUUSMINISTER- lOSSA Palontorjuntatekmikka, 1971, No 1, 19-21 (Finmsh) Fire Service and Fire Protection Traimng UDC 614.84 3 68 7. [Speciahzation in the fire service] THE CASE FOR SPECIALIZA- TION Ftre Prot Rev , 1971, 34, No 373, 444 (Enghsh) In addition to fighting fires, the British Fire Service is called on for ever-expand- ing activity m saving human and ammal life in the most diverse situations In 1970, for example, the fire service answered 2,335 calls to aid people trapped in elevators 1,641 calls to help clean up after highway accidents, 690 calls to take part in rescue work in water-flooded buildings; 420 calls to participate in rescue work in collapsed buildings Because of this broad scope of activity, the fire service works with a large variety of equipment The greatest load rests on the shoulders of the fireman Not only must he study and learn how to handle this eqmpment expertly, he must also know how elevator systems are built, buildings and highways are constructed, and about chenustry, underground commumcations, etc I t is proposed that the fire service be broken down into two speciahzed departments an emergency rescue service and a fire fighting service proper The two departments must be interrelated The personnel of each must go through a course of study to learn the special eqmp- ment and modes of operation under specific conditions In view of rapid technolog- ical progress, the traming program must be contmuously upgraded, i t must provide for interchangeabihty of team and bngade members Speciahzation in the fire service will further improve the emergency rescue system of the country I I Myagkov UDC 752 19 3 68.8. [New fire brigade in Pon, its equipment and commumcations] Syrja, Lauri PORIN UUSI SIVUPALOASEMA JA SEN PALOILMOITUS—JA HALYTYSLAITTEET PdLmtorjunta, 1971, 22, No 1, 18-19 (Swedish) A new fire brigade was formed 20 km west of Pori, i t became operational in January 1970 The fire house is standard The area is 533 m*, 1980 m' The cost was 540,000 Finmsh marks The outer walls are of fire bnck, the inner walls and partitions are of limestone sand bnck All of the walls are stuccoed The roof is made of Siporex elements, the traimng tower, 15 m high, is made of concrete The premises are all on one floor They consist of a garage for 3 fire trucks and one ambulance, a drying area, laundry, toilet, hose area, spare eqmpment and work- shop area, duty station, entrance hall, and three two-man rooms There are also hving quarters, kitchen, bath, cloak room, and dirty clothes hamper The boiler IS located in a basement Notification of a fire in the Pon area is given by fire bell, fire commumcations telephones, and automatic fire alarm systems The number of such systems and commumcations links has been increased The handhng of fire commumcations and calls is descnbed 2 figs V G Fukalov UDC 658 386 3 68.9 [Traimng of firemen] Norvanne, Marti KTV n PALOHENKILOSTO- JARJESTOJEN YHTEISTOYOSTA JA SEN KEHITTAMISMEHDOLLISU- UKSISTA Palontorjunta, 1971, 22, No 4, 200-204 (Finmsh)

280 FIRE RESEARCH UDC 658 386 3.68 10 [Physical traimng of firemen] Jaakkola, Erkki. KUNTOURHEILUN MERKITYKSESTA Palontorjunta, 1971, 22, No 4, 196-198 (Finnish) UDC 658 386 3 68 11 [Requirements for physical traimng of firemen] Rikkonen, Pekka. PALOMIEHEN A M M A T I N FYYSISELLE KUNOLLE ASETTAMAT VAATIMUKSET Pdmtorjunta, 1971, 22, No 4, 198 (Finnish) UDC 621 398:654 924(088 8) 3 68 12 P [System for deternumng the location of mobile emergency (and alert) radio commumcation umts] MOBILE EMERGENCY UNIT LOCATING SYS- TEM (John Peter Chisholm) British pat class H 4 D (G 01 s 5/06), No 1248066, appl 5 Dec 1968, granted 29 Sep 1971 A system is proposed for the continuous identification and exact deternunation of the location of special vehicles equipped mth radio sets in large urban areas. The system is designed for operational control of mobile pohce forces. Often pohce dispatchers do not have information on the exact location of pohce patrols in urban areas and on the nature of their activities at a given instant For successful appre- hension of criminals i t is necessary to reduce as much as possible the time between receipt of an alert signal and the arrival of police at the scene or at possible points of capture of criminals m hiding The proposed invention, which is a pulsed hyper- bohc system in which fixed receivers pick up signals from mobile transmitters, ensures exact determination of the location of a large number of vehicles in an urban area with a fix error of less than one block, calculation of the coordinates of the vehicles relative to the system in brief time intervals during which police cars may travel extremely short distances, identification of each vehicle whose location has been determined from the time distribution of the sequence of signals broad- casted from the mobile transmitters, determination of the time the information is received from the vehicles along with subsequent transmission to the central computer, immumty from false pulse signals reflected from buildings, which ensures unambiguous and exact determination of the location of the vehicles, the reception of alarm signals from taxis, buses, etc , being attacked, with rapid determination of their location and the location of the nearest police car, which can be sent immediately to the point of reception of the alarm signal, etc The important feature of the system is the use of only one frequency commumcation channel, e g , in the range of 150 to 1500 MHz for about 1000 vehicles The fre- quency of approx 450 MHz is considered optimal The output from the poUce car transmitters is about 10 W per pulse 6 figs Yu N Veideman UDC 658 155:614 841 3 68 13 [Loss from fire (m Austria) in 1970] BRANDSCHADEN I M JAHR 1970 Industrie (Austria), 1971, No 44, 32 (German) According to Austrian statistical data there were 9,302 fires in 1970, with over- all loss amounting to more than 500 milhon shillings An annual increase in the average loss per fire is noted In 1968, for example, the average loss from a fire amounted to 46,915 shilhngs, while in 1970 it reached 54,420 shillings. The tendency toward an increase in fire loss is particularly evident in industry. The total cost of fire loss amounted to 150 million shillings, 18 2% of all instances of fire occurred

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 281 from electrical faults The loss from these fires amounted to 13 5% of the total loss Fire, hght, and heat sources made up 25% of all fire mcidents, with losses amounting to 13 9% of the total Losses from fires caused by lightnmg amounted to 48 milhon shilhngs, that is, almost 10% of the total I t was found that most fires are due to violation of fire safety codes UDC 658 155:614 841 3 68 14. [Problems involved in reducing fire losses] Harris, WUham PLAN NOW TO MINIMISE LOSSES I N THE EVENT OF FIRE Mot Trade Exec, 1971, No 143, 18-19 (English) In 1970, 12 major garage and filling station fires in Great Britain resulted in about 10,000 pounds of direct loss The cause of these fires was the failure to observe fire-safety codes (including smoking); faulty eqmpment (especially electrical equipment), efforts on the part of the entrepreneur to reduce expenditures in the design and construction of garages, fillmg stations, and auto paint shops In addi- tion to direct losses of equipment and biuldmgs, indirect losses must also be noted (interruption of busmess and production, expenses for repairs, purchase of re- placement equipment, etc) The total losses for businessmen engaged in selhng fuel and vehicle services amount to about 100 milhon pounds per year To reduce the losses, the fire protection service of the Central Fire Liaison Panel plans to conduct a broad campaign among businessmen and firms to unite efforts toward improving industnal and fire fighting equipment and the planning of technical premises, mtroducing controls over the conditions of filling stations and garages, analyzing the causes and consequences of fires, accumulating statistical data for the development of recommendations aimed at reducing losses. The imtiative of the fire protection service is supported by the Minister of Trade and Industry Yu N Veideman UDC 634 043:368 1 3.68 15. [Insurance m the forest fire service of New Zealand] Shuttleworth, P FOREST FIRE INSURANCE I N NEW ZEALAND NZJ Forestry, 1971, 16, No 1, 69-76 (Enghsh) Fire Prevention Fire Protection (Publications on combustion and explosion problems can also be found in issue 19ABV "General Aspects of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Inorgamc Chemistry " Pubhcations on fire safety, fire protection, and fire hazards of substances and materials can also be found in issue 191, "General Aspects of Chemical Technology " UDC 699.81(088 8) 3.68.16 [Flame retardants] Touval, I and Waddell, H . H . WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT FLAME RETARDANTS. Plast Tech , 1971, 17, No. 7, 29-31 (Enghsh) A study IS made of the problem of increasing the fire resistance of a number of polymer materials by introducing fire-retardant additives. Various chenucal

282 FIRE RESEARCH substances can be used as additives Suggested m particular are substances con- taimng water of crystalhzation (hydrated aluminum oxide, borates, etc ) The fire-retardant effect of these substances is based on the pnnciple of heat removal from the igmtion source by the evaporation of the water contained in the retardant Also considered are a number of substances whose decomposition products are capable of interacting chemically with the material being protected, vnth the formation (primanly) of relatively inert carbon and a small quantity of hot gases Among such substances are antimony oxide, chlorinated products, and phosphates The use of large quantities of antimony oxide m the composition of the material being protected has a negative effect on its mechamcal properties and comphcates its manufacture Most mteresting in this regard are phosphorous compounds, since they not only increase the fire resistance of a matenal, but also improve its physical and mechamcal properties by polymenzation But in use, they exhibit a tendency to nugrate, which has a negative effect on the fire retardant effectiveness of the polymer Phosphates are somewhat cheaper than antimony oxide A number of polymer matenals of low combustibihty have been obtained on the basis of these flame-retardant additives polyethylene with a content of 8-16% by weight of antimony oxide and 8-16% weight of 70% chlorinated paraffin Polypropylene of low combustibihty can be obtained only by using fire-retardant additives in the form of a mixture of antimony oxide with a cycloahphatic product contaimng chlonne Chlonnated paraffin cannot be used for the given polymer because it is not stable in the temperature range (450°) of the industnal process used to manu- facture polypropylene Twenty-three parts by weight of chlorinated substance and 40 parts by weight of antimony oxide are required for 100 parts by weight of polypropylene Polystyrene of low combustibihty can be obtained by adding 10% tris-2,3-dibromopropylphosphate In use, however, this substance tends to migrate, which affects its fire protection effectiveness More rehable protective systems are compounds of chlorine with antimony oxide The most effective fire retardant additives for rigid polyurethane foams are phosphorus (15%), chlonne (18%) and bromine (2 to 14%) The fire resistance of polyurethane foam can be enhanced by introducing halogens and phosphorous compounds Antimony oxide IS not effective for this material, i t has a negative effect on the industrial process of foam formation M N Kolganova UDC 666 765 3 68 17. [Fire protection methods for metal structures enclosing industnal eqmpment] Ermmi, Luigi METODI D I PROTEZIONE ANTINCENDIO DELLE STRUTTURE METALLICHE D I SOSTEGNO D I APPARECCHIA- TURE CHIMICHE Secuntas, 1971, 56, No 5, 357-373 (Itahan, French, Enghsh, German, and Spanish summanes) The safety codes in the design of metal structures (especially steel trusses) around mdustnal eqmpment are not consistent with the codes of the oil and chemical industnes except for fire protection problems In fact, special conditions (huge fires, etc ) prevail m chemical plants, and these make i t necessary to use pro- tective measures m steel frames, e g , they must be covered with an insulating matenal (concrete, hght-weight fillers, bricks, etc ) or they must be cooled using water spray or jets from nozzles. The various fire protection methods are analyzed and their operational qualities are compared 9 figs , 4 tables, 13 refs

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 283 UDC 669 81:678 5 3.68 18 [Fire protection mechamsms for fluid (dripping) thermoplastic com- pounds] Gouinlock, E V , Porter, J F , and Hidersinn, R R THE MECHANISM OF THE FIRE RETARDANCE OF DRIPPING THERMOPLASTIC COM- POSITIONS J Fire and Flammability, 1971, 2, July, 206-218 (Enghsh) Tests are made of the fire retardancy of three compositions of sclf-extinguishing thermoplastics that drip during fire tests Two methods are used polypropylene contaimng phosphorus bromide compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbon, poly- styrene containing brominated aliphatic hydrocarbons and peroxide, polystyrene and brominated salts of phosphoric acid The specimens were analyzed according to the method in ASTM D653, in which the melted matenal flows through the burmng spot Comparison of the results leads to the conclusion that the drops have a substantial effect on the fire retardancy of materials For each of the three melting compositions studied, i t is concluded that a melted drop of material is an important component of the self-extinction mechamsm In the given case, the drop of melted material removes a part of the thermal energy from the burmng zone of the composition being tested This is well confirmed by the fact that when the compositions were igmted without the effect of dripping, i e , in the melt, despite the additives, the fire-retardancy deteriorated In the case of two systems based on polystyrene, the tests showed that the additives lead to a high degree of decomposition of the burmng polymer 6 tables V L Sushchinskiy UDC 699 81.678 5 3 68 19. [Treatment of polyolefines with fire-retardants] Hofmann, Alfred AUSRUSTEN VON POLYOLEFINEN M I T BRANDSCHUTZMITTELN Kunsistoife, 1971, 61, No 11, 811-814, 1, 3, 2, 2 (German, English, French, and Spamsh summanes) There are a number of methods of protecting polymer materials from hre Among them are chemical modification of polymers (graft polymerization), coating of plastic parts with various fire retardants, additives of various substances which increase the fire retardance of polymers The last method is the most suitable for polyolefines Formerly a large number of fire-resistant additives had been proposed Thus, a combination of antimony oxide (SPO') with chlorinated paraffin contaimng 70% by weight of chlorine had been recommended for polyethylene Similar com- bmations are used for polyvinyl chloride and also for some polyesters Instead of chlormated paraffin, a large number of chlorinated or brominated alkyl or aryl esters, and halogenated amines have been recommended for polyethylene, they are apphed m the form of films Halogenated cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes are not bad fire-retardant additives to polyethylene Hexabromocyclohexane, which is used as an additive to polypropylene and polystyrene, is preferred among this class of compounds See also Engineering Digest, "Fu-e Protection" series, 1972, No 7, review 42 UDC 541 125 3 68 20. [The danger of acylating 3-ethyl-4-hydroxy-l,2,5-oxadiazole] Barker, M D THE DANGERS OF ACYLATING 3-ETHYL4-HYDROXY-l,2,5- OXADIAZOLE Chem and Ind, 1971, No 43, 1234 (English) I t IS reported that in the process of acylating 3-ethyl-4-hydroxy-l,2,5-oxadiazole an Na salt was obtained by mixing an alcohol solution of the hctcrocycle with a

284 F I R E K E S E A H C H corresponding quantity of an aqueous solution of alkali (NaOH) The solvents were removed in a rotating evaporator at a temperature of SO'C. Before drying the residue by separation wi th benzene in Deane and Stark traps, an attempt was made to loosen the sohd residue on the walls of the flask Almost immediately after the scoop (spatula) touched the wall, the sohd residue exploded The protective glass and two protective glass shields 1 2 m away were shattered as a result of the explosion The exact cause of the explosion was not estabhshed, but i t is prob- able that the amon is thermodynamically unstable and regroups spontaneously to more stable products I t is noted that such compounds must be handled wi th care U D C 666.767 3 68.21. [Fu-e-resistant fluid] F IRE-RESISTANT F L U I D S Mming Mag, 1971, 125, No 4, 373 (EngUsh) A fire-resistant water-glycol fluid has been developed for electric furnace control systems in the steel-castmg industry The fluid does not igmte even on direct con- tact wi th molten metal of up to 1630°C temperature U D C 66 097.7 3 68.22. [Composition inhibitmg burmng] C H E M I C A L LOWERS A N T I - M O N Y L E V E L FOR R E T A R D I N G F L A M E Plast World, 1971, 29, No 8, 95 (English) I t is reported that the newly developed composition Oncor 75 RA, which is intended as a flame retardant for plastics, contains less antimony than the com- positions stipulated for use by the A S T M standard The new chemical product can be used effectively m polyester, nylon, and polyolefine resins, as well as i n polyvmyl chloride U D C 667.767 3.68.23. [Intumescent fire-resistant coatmgs] I N T U M E S C E N T C O A T I N G S - F O A M I N G F I R E F I G H T E R S Plant Eng (USA), 1971, 25, No 16, 76 (Enghsh) Data are presented on the composition and fire resistant effect of intumescent coatings The coating begins to swell at a temperature of f rom 135 to 176°C. The deposited film, under the effect of the heat, mcreases its original thickness by a factor of 150 to 200. U D C 614.841.3:666 765 3.68 24. [Behavior of intenor finish matenals dunng a fire] Christian, W J and Waterman, T E. F I R E B E H A V I O R OF I N T E R I O R F I N I S H MATERLA.LS Fire Technol, 1970, 6, No 3, 165-178, 188 (Enghsh) Research is being conducted at the I I T R I research institute (U.S A ) on the fire behavior of new structural materials used for intenor finishing of occupancies in various buildings as well as on the determination of the level of their effect on the evolution of heat, smoke, and gas A full-scale section of an expenmental building 9 15 m long, 4 57 m wide, and 4 88 m high, included a room wi th an area of 4 57 by 3 05 m wi th a ceiling 2 44 m above the floor where the fires were simu- lated, and a corridor 15 25 m long, 1 83 m wide, and 2 44 m high, which commum- cated wi th the bum room through a double door The test structure was made of steel and reinforced concrete blocks A l l of the walls exposed to the fire were made of firebnck The ceihngs m the burn room and the corridor were faced wi th nonin- sulated asbestos cement panels and test samples of the seven finishmg materials

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 285 under study The behavior of the finishes during the fire was monitored at four points distributed on the ceding and the upper half of the burn room and corridor I n all, 88 natural fires were simulated, including 18 real fires onginating in the bedroom, kitchen, study, anteroom, and pantry of an ordmary house, and 19 standard fires to determine the degree of influence of burn conditions on the finishes U D C 666.974.2 3 68.25. [Use of asbestos cement to increase the fire resistance of building structures] B R A N D S C H U T Z I M H O C H B A U D E R WERKSTOFF AS- B E S T Z E M E N T I N S E I N E R A N W E N D U N G FUER F E U E R H E M M E N D E U N D F E U E R B E S T A N D I G E K O N S T R U K T I O N E N Hock- und Ttefhau (Fed Rep Germ ) , 1971, 24, No 10, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 (German) Modem building practice is characterized by less massive structures, higher density of housing, and taller buildings, which makes i t impossible to predeter- mme the fire resistance of structures Building materials such as steel, concrete, and wood are used pnmanly for bearing members A description of theu- behavior to the effects of high temperatures is given Steel structures heat up very fast and, beginmng at 200°C, the strength properties of the steel drops, the modulus of elasticity decreases appreciably, and considerable deformation develops I n as l i t t le as 20 minutes, open metal structures heat up to critical temperatures Rein- forced-concrete structures heat up much more slowly than steel structures The protective concrete layer of the reinforcement has a substantial fire-resistance l imit The percentage of reinforcement has an effect on the fire-resistance hmit of reinforced-concrete structures When the percentage of reinforcement exceeds 3%, the fire-resistance l imit decreases Concrete is different f rom steel in porosity The concrete pores are filled wi th moisture When concrete is heated above the temperature of boiling water, the moisture evaporates I f the heating occurs very rapidly, especially in structures wi th a thin cross section, the vapor pressure can exceed the tensile strength of the concrete and the structure wi l l collapse Tests of th in partitions have shown that at critical vapor pressures reinforced-concrete structural materials can be demolished explosively Wood is a combustible building material, but the thermal conductivity of wood is considerably less (0 6 to 0 8 ) X 10"' m ' per hr than that of steel and concrete, which are 42X10" ' m* per hr and (1 8 to 2 5) X 1 0 ~ ' m ' per hr, respectively The complexity of the analytic solution of the differential Fourier equation makes i t necessary to conduct fire tests of structures The use of asbestos cement (Etermt) to increase the fire-resistance hmit of structures is discussed Asbestos cement in accordance wi th D I N 724 wi th a bulk weight of 1800-2000 kg per m ' behaves like concrete at high temperatures This deficiency is corrected by decreasing the bulk weight to 800 kg per m ' and by increasing the porosity considerably Comparative data on asbestos cement wi th bulk weights of 1800 and 800 kg per m» are given The specifications of D I N 4102, technical solutions wi th regard to the facing of steel beams, columns, rein- forced concrete coatings, partitions made f rom Etermt of varying thickness, and fire-resistance hmits of these structures are presented 12 figs 4 tables I L Moskalov U D C 623 454.76 3 68.26 [Protective fabrics] Fournicre, Nicole LES TISSUS D E PROTEC- T I O N Rev. Secur, 1971, 7, No 73, 1-11 (French) Various kmds of hazardous work require the use of various kinds of protective

286 F I K E R E S E A H C H clothing Special clothing is needed for protection against fire and high tempera- tures, low temperatures, corrosive chemicals, radioactive radiation, and mechamcal damage The characteristics are given of various materials that can perform one or more of the above-mentioned protective functions simultaneously Several methods are described for determimng the extent to which these materials fit the special purpose, their inadequacy is noted, and i t is pointed out that a special committee of the International Standards Orgamzation (ISO) is engaged in developmg such methods 6 figs U D C 623 454 76 3 68 27 [Fire-resistant treatment of fiber materials] Aenishanslin, Rudolf B R E N N B A R E FASERSTOFFE U N D F L A M M H E M M E N D E AUSRUSTUN- G E N Text Ind ( B R D ) , 1971, 73, No 11, 760-765 (German) Almost all textiles, including materials made from different synthetic fibers, are combustible to some extent and are a major source of fire hazard About 12,000 people perish in fires annually in the U S A Of these, one-tenth die f rom textile fires I n Great Britain up to 10,000 textile matenal fires occur annually Of these, about 300 involve deaths and about 1,000 result m senous aftereffects I n Switzer- land about 50 people die annually f rom textile fires I n order to determine the degree of fire hazard of fiber materials, i t is necessary to have rehable test methods One of the methods which permits classifying various fiber materials by their degree of fire hazard is the "hmi t oxygen content" method, which is used in the Federal Repubhc of Germany I t consists in determimng the oxygen concentration in an O ' — m i x t u r e necessary to maintain continuous burmng of the specimen The fiber specimen is stretched vertically and is igmted f rom the top, the flow rate of the O'-N^ mixture is held constant f rom top to bottom Limit oxygen concentration for some fiber materials and plastics Name of fiber Limit content Rayon 15-19 Polyacrylic 18-18 6 Cotton 18 6-19 Polyamide 20 Polyester • 20 6-22 Wool 23 8-26 Cotton impregnated with fire resistive Kovyl 55 37 Poly ben z imidiazole 40 6 Plastics Plastic Limit 0* content Cellulose acetate 16 8 Propylene 17 4 Polyamide 6, 6 24 3 Polyamide 36 5 Polyvinylchlonde 60 0 Teflon 95 0 See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series, 1972, No 7, summary 41

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 287 UDC 536 46:677-48 3 68 28 [Burning of textile articles in homes] Potter, H B R A N D E V O N T E X T I L I E N I M H A U S H A L T Textilveredlung, 1971, 6, No 10, 671-674 (German, English summary) Clothing, curtains, and bedding burn most frequently in homes Particularly hazardous are light and th in textile fabrics and kmtted articles made either of natural or artificial fibers and mixtures of them The fire hazard depends in large measure on the density and thickness of the material and the way i t is handled, rather than on the type of fiber The larger the cut of the clothing, the greater its fire hazard The igmtion sources are usually burmng matches, cigarettes, flame f rom gas burners, candles, etc The ignition of clothing often leads to serious injuries, especially when synthetic fabrics burn, since they melt, causmg intense pain and bnng about poorly-heahng injuries I n an insufliciency of air, a dangerous concentration of carbon monoxide may build up More than 400 cases of burmng clothing have been recorded in Switzerland in the last decade, more than 100 people were killed This led to the introduction in 1964 of a ban on the manufacture of clothing made from readily igmting textile materials Special types of fabric treat- ment must be used to reduce their fire hazard in the home I t is also suggested that the fire hazard of fabrics can be reduced by selecting appropriate compositions Several generally known rules for safety and for first aid to the injured are given The degree of fire hazard of fabrics is determined i f i t burns even after the igmtion source is removed, i t is classified as "combustible", but i f the fabric does not burn independently, but only smoulders or melts, i t is considered to be "diflScultly combustible", i f i t flames up instantaneously, i t is defined as "readily flammable " A V Ivanov UDC 541 125:661 92 3 68 29 [Compressed air and the risk of explosion] Munck, John L ' A I R C O M P R I M E E T LES RISQUES D ' E X P L O S I O N Equip mec Carrteres et mater , 1971, 50, No 106, 69-71, 73 (French) The occurrence of fires and explosions when using compressors is discussed The fire source is a layer of soot generated by lubricant Lubncants are usually a mixture of viscous oil ( > 0 centistokes at 50°C) and of low-viscosity oil ( < 1 0 centistokes) A t 50°C the mixture has a viscosity of 3 8 ± 4 centistokes During the operation of a compressor, the low-viscosity component volatihzes, while the high-viscosity component oxidizes due to the effect of atmospheric air, forming soot The effect of viscosity on the evaporation rate is determined experimentally I t was found that the viscosity of lubricating oil mus ,̂ be as low as possible, the oil must be homogeneous, and not a mixture of components of different viscosities, the oil must consist of naphthene hydrocarbons I f these recommendations are observed, the soot formation will be low and, consequently, the risk of spontaneous Igmtion and fire can be avoided U D C 541 125 3 68 30 [Reduction of explosion hazard] Lewis, D J R E D U C I N G E X - PLOSION HAZARDS Chm Process (Gt B r i t ) , 1971 17, No 10, 65-67, 69 (English) Imperial Chenucal Industries L t d (Gt B r i t ) is implementing a number of measures to increase operational safety at chemical plants These measures are

288 F I R E R E S E A R C H based on a thorough study of fire and explosion hazard in production, along wi th the development of recommendations to reduce the hazard to a tolerable level. I t is necessary to analyze not only new, but also old technological processes, since wi th the expansion of production they are subject to frequent and fundar mental change I n some plants major disasters occurred after th i r ty years of normal operation, and i t is practically impossible to set any defimte penod of operation beyond which safety would be fu l ly guaranteed I n the recommended methods of estimating hazard, particular attention is devoted to a broad study of normal and emergency production conditions After determimng the hazardous situa- tions, i t is necessary to estimate the probability of occurrence and the possible consequences of each situation The basic aim of prevention is ehmmation of hazards f rom working areas The company is conducting systematic laboratory investigations of the fire-hazard indexes of flammable flmds, gases, dust, and condensed systems The test methods being used are varied and not yet stan- dardized The rehabihty of a method is being estabhshed by testing a number of substances wi th well-known igmtion hmits The igmtion hmits for a high imtial pressure are determined in a closed vessel made of stainless steel The vessel has an inner spherical cavity wi th a volume of 6 hters and is capable of withstanding pressures up to 350 kg/cm* I n order to ensure safety in case of leaks through the joints, the vessel is placed in a ventilated chamber and is remotely controlled A n analogous apparatus is used to determine the self-igmtion temperature and other hazard indexes When i t is necessary to determine the effectiveness of dilution of a flammable system by inert additives (mtrogen, carbon dioxide, steam), a diagram consisting of three components is drawn of the igmtion hmits of the mixture See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series, 1972, No 2, summary 11 U D C 536 46 3 68 31 [Study of the fire hazard of aerosols] WEST G E R M A N TESTS O N F I R E A N D EXPLOSION HAZARDS OF AEROSOLS Fire Int, 1971, 3, No 33, 89-92 i i (Enghsh, French, German; Spanish summary) Studies are being made in the Federal Repubhc of Germany of the fire and explosion hazard of aerosols in cyhndncal containers having a capacity of 1000 cm' I n some cases the aerosol components are fuels, e g , butane or propane Freon, a halogenated hydrocarbon, is frequently used as the propellant The flame length f rom a bunsen burner was measured, the nature of its propagation wi th respect to the atomizer and the presence or absence of burmng when this burner was removed were determined Aerosols wi th an igmtion temperature below 600°C were considered flammable The flash point does not necessarily characterize the fire hazard of an aerosol For instance, a jet of suntan oil wi th a flash point of 180°C is safe unt i l i t is finely atomized Then an explosive gas-air mixture forms More dangerous are aerosols which continue to burn after the igmtion source is removed Less dangerous are aerosols whose flame length does not exceed 20 cm I n order to determine the fire hazard of atomizmg large quantities of aerosols in a confined space, a 200-liter vessel and an igmtion source in the form of a hot plate were used Aerosols were forced into the chamber through a narrow, valved opening The aerosol was considered to be flammable i f a combustible mixture formed in one mmute. Aerosols wi th a flash point above SO^C exploded after various time inter-

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 289 vals, depending on the plate temperature Aerosols igmted f rom contact wi th the plates The explosive power of the vessels was appreciable Fragments penetrated concrete barricades of 10 to 15 cm thickness Vessels exploding m a vertical position rose to heights of 50 m I n the horizontal position, fragments traveled up to 50 feet Sometimes explosions were accompanied by the formation of a fire ball of several meters diameter Fires do not occur when careful storage and use of aerosols are observed The extinction of aerosol fires m plants is hindered by strong ex- plosions I I Myagkov U D C 536 46 3 68.32 [Temperature fields during the propagation of a fire i n a mine] Kennedy, M T E M P E R A T U R E D I S T R I B U T I O N S D O W N - W I N D OF M O V I N G M I N E FIRES J Phys D- Awl Phys, 1971, 4, No 10, 1493-1498 (Enghsh) Results are presented of an experimental and analytical study of temperature fields dunng the propagation of a fire along the wooden planking of a ventilation duct 9 1 m long and wi th a cross section of 63 5 mm' See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series, 1972, No 2, summary 8 U D C 536 46 3 68 33 [Combustion of premixed laminar graphite powder flame at atmos- pheric pressure] Bryant, James T T H E COMBUSTION OF P R E M I X E D L A M I N A R G R A P H I T E DUST F L A M E S A T ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Combust Sci and Technol, 1971, 2, No 5-6, 389-399 (Enghsh) Considered is the combustion of fine sohd particles of laminar graphite [s ic] in an air and oxygen medium m pure form and in the presence of natural gas, as well as wi th additions (up to 2 5% per vol) of chlorine and (up to 4 75% per vol) of lead acetate The study is a continuation of the previously pubhshed re- search (1-10) conducted m the U S A from 1949 to 1969 The pnncipal aim of the research is to find methods of increasing the operational properties of sohd and liquid propellants for ramjet engines. See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series, 1972, No 2, summary 7 U D C 536 46 3.68 34 [Enthalpy of combustion and formation of cyclopropylamine] Good, W D . and Moore, R T. T H E E N T H A L P I E S OF COMBUSTION A N D FORMA- T I O N OF C Y C L O P R O P Y L A M I N E T H E C - N T H E R M O C H E M I C A L B O N D E N E R G Y J Chem Thermodyn , 1971, 3, No 5, 701-705 (Enghsh) The value of the standard enthalpy of combustion, 532 2 0 ± 0 . 1 0 kcal/mole, reduced to 25°C, gaseous CO' and N ' and hqmd H'O is determined in a B M R I I calorimeter wi th a rotating platinum bomb for a specimen of liquid cyclopropyl- amine (99 8 5 ± 0 . 0 1 % mol) of 808 k g / m ' density and 0 616 cal/g-deg heat capacity. The standard enthalpies of formation of hqmd cyclopropylamine, 10 9 5 ± 0 1 2 kcal/mol; and of gaseous cyclopropylamine, 18 .42±0 16 kcal/mol, and also the value of the thermochemical C - N bond energy [which does not differ f rom the value recommended by the All-Union Refractories Research Inst ] were calculated f rom this va^ue, taking into account the enthalpy of evaporation at 25°C (cal- culated f rom the vapor pressure), equal to 7 4 7 ± 0 10 kcal/mol. 19 refs

290 F I R E R E S E A R C H U D C 620.1.05:536.46 3.68.35. [ A heat-flux meter] Wraight, H A. A ROBUST H E A T F L U X M E T E R FOR E X P E R I M E N T A L B U I L D I N G FIRES J Phys E: Set. Instrum , 1971, 4, No 10, 786-788 (Enghsh) A t the fire Research Station in Boreham Wood (England) a heat flux meter has been designed which is widely used in the study of expenmental fires i n various buildings W i t h this meter i t is possible to measure the rate of radiative and con- vective heat transfer in the 1 to 80 k w / m ' range wi th an accuracy of up to 1 k w / m ' The meter is rehably designed, making i t possible to place i t directly in burning or very smoky areas, which is very important i n simulating large-scale fires The meter is made in the following versions to measure combined convective and radiative heat fluxes and to measure only a convective heat flux Simultaneous use of two meters makes i t possible to measure the two types of heat flux separately I n order to exclude the distortion of hot gas heat fluxes, the meter is mounted flush wi th the heated surface being studied, through which the heat transfer occurs This method guarantees obtaimng rehable results across an arc of 180° The meter, which IS designed to momtor convective heat fluxes, is practically insensitive to the ventilation conditions or to wind drafts The response time to heat-flux effects does not exceed 10 sec The meter can also work at relatively low temperatures (below 150°C) observed wi th weak convection during a fire A description is given of the construction of the device and of methods of using i t i n practice 2 figs 1 table 5 refs V G. Olimpiyev U D C 614.841.3 3 68 36 [Industnal standards w o r k ] Husson, Jean L A P R E V E N T I O N DES RISQUES D T N C E N D I E E T SES I N C I D E N C E S SUR LES PROJETS D E CONSTRUCTION Alio 18, 1971, No 266, 18-24 (French) Industrial standards work earned out by the Pans fire brigade is described A list and brief contents of the basic standards documents used as a basis for this work are given A statistical mquiry is made as to fires in a protected sector over vanous years U D C 614.841:351 824 1 3 68 37. [Fu:e protection measures m enterprises] Fernandez-Baldor Tnieba, Jose Ramon. I N C E N D I O S M E D I O S D E PROTECCION D E L A EMPRESA Ecm Ind (Spain), 1971, 8, No. 92, 77-85 (Spamsh) Fire protection of industnal enterprises requires preventive measures and effective fire-extingiushing equipment I n Spain, the general occupational safety and health standards set up contradictory codes for the storage and transporta- t ion of highly flammable hquids and sohd combustible materials, they specify safe distances between fire-hazardous production sites as well as the number of floors for industnal bmldings and then- height; they provide for the construction of earth embankments between dangerously explosive manufactured products Vanous measures are aimed at fire prevention during the storage of flammable wastes, while operating heating devices, for pipes carrying flammable hquids, etc The rules require comphance wi th certain building standards (the presence of emergency exits and ladders, the number and dimensions of door and window openings, the distance between them and the work area) to ensure the safe evacuation of people

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 291 during a fire Moreover, they require the installation of warning systems and fire- extinguishing equipment in areas where personnel are endangered in case of fire Fires are classified by types of flammable materials, and the general principles of their extinction by modern equipment are considered Attention is devoted to the physical-chemical features of extinction by concentrated water streams, spray and fog, snowy and gaseous CO', chemically and mechanically produced air foams, various dry powders and bromoethylene compositions E D Roev U D C 614 841 3:351 824 1 3 68 38 [Fire prevention in industry] Kirschner, Ulrich B R A N D S C H U T Z I N I N D U S T R I E U N D V E R W A L T U N G Werkstatt und Belt, 1971, No 10, 785- 790, 5, 6, 7 (German, English, French, Spamsh summaries) U D C 614 84:351 824 1 3.68 39 [Fire protection in industrial plants] SECURITE P R O T E C T I O N I N C E N D I E - D O C U M E N T A T I O N CUm pemt, 1971, 34, No 10, 399 (French) U D C 614 841 3:533 2 3 68.40 [Fire protection of plants for the refining and storing of hquified natural gas] Walls, W L F I R E P R O T E C T I O N FOR L N G PLANTS Hydro- carbon Process , 1971, 50, No 9, 205-208 (English) Basic trends in the fire protection of plants for the refinmg and storing of liquified natural gas reduce to the prevention of gas leakage from equipment and to the provision of effective protection in the case of spills The requirements for L N G tanks and products are analogous to those specified for the tanks and manufactured products of liquid petroleum gas, but they can be less stringent Damage occurs mostly to piping Particularly dangerous is the piping between the inner cavity of the tank and the first valve regulating the flow of gas from the tank I f the pipes are laid horizontally, damage can drain the entire contents of the tank The leakage rate can be reduced considerably by laying the pipes through the upper part of the tank or by inserting valves in the lines Leakage is accompanied by L N G evaporation, wi th the formation of cold vapor or the accumulation of liquid gas Contact of the cold vapors wi th the air causes atmosphenc moisture to con- dense and form fog When L N G contacts water, unstable solid compounds form, but their nature has not yet been adequately studied Flammable gas-air mixtures form at the same time When they are ignited, they very rapidly engulf near-by structures, buildings and commumcation lines Protection f rom such events con- sists i n preventing contact of the flammable mixture wi th an ignition source and in the insulation of structures f rom the thermal effect of the fire Protection f rom gas leakage is achieved primarily by the correct design of industrial equipment and by installing the equipment in conformity wi th the design Limitat ion of the size of the leak, the volume of flammable mixture formed, and the size of a fire can be achieved by using automatic or remote-controlled valves in the piping, by installing drainage channels and collectors for the detour of leaking L N G away from ignition sources and from structures sensitive to change (increase or decrease) in temperature The size of a fire is also limited by establishing suitable barriers between structures The means used to combat an accident on L N G spill is called secondary fire protection Its systems and methods are essentially passive and should correspond to the particular conditions of an accident The reliability of

292 F I R E R E S E A R C H the secondary fire protection system depends on a correct evaluation of the circum- stances attendmg the accident See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series. No 2, summary 12 U D C 614.841 3:665.66:553.982 3 68.41 [Fire protection of oil-well platforms and traimng of workers] Bleakley, W. B PROTECT P L A T F O R M WORKERS W I T H F I R E F I G H T I N G K N O W - HOW Od and Gas J , 1971, 69, No 37, 97, 100-101 (Enghsh) The Shell Oil Company has developed a fire-protection system for oil-rig plat- forms in Cooke Bay, Alaska I n view of the severe weather conditions, the ma- chinery of the platforms is enclosed in shelters, raismg the risk of filhng them wi th smoke, makmg visibihty poor, and inhibitmg breathing when a fire occurs The seawater in the bay is cold or is ice-covered, comphcating evacuation and creatmg a high nsk. To protect the platforms, therefore, a stationary system is used, provid- ing for centralized supply of hght-water solution to all sites having flammable liqmds and gases A light-water solution on a burmng Uqmd forms a molecular layer which decreases evaporation and isolates the surface of the l iqmd f rom atmos- pheric oxygen A t the same time the light water cools the hot metal structures The prepared solution is stored m a steam-heated container. The system is de- signed for the supply of the necessary amount of solution for 5 nun to the most highly protected site I n addition, powder-type fire extmgmshers and hand-operated fire extmguishers are provided on the platforms A l l the personnel workmg on the platforms go through a three-day training course in the fire school in California Particular attention is devoted to acquiring practical skill m fire extmguishment m special training buildings and on the testing range Typical actual situations are simulated in the exercises burmng of diesel fuel m a building, gasoline flow along a vertical wall, and burmng of gasoline flowing through a leaky flange joint 5 figs O M Volkov U D C 614.841.3:621.64 3.68.42. [Demohtion of a storage area] D E M O L I T I O N OF P E T R O L E U M STORAGE T A N K S Fire Prot Rev , 1971, 34, No 373, 440-441 (English) I n 1971, 20 months after the inactivation of a petroleum storage area m Coventry, the tanks were removed I n order to ensure fire safety during the disassembly work, the following precautions were taken before disassembly, the fuel pipes were washed out wi th a non-flammable, non-toxic flmd, the absence of a hazardous concentration of vapor was verified periodically, the absence of gas in the tanks was determined by chemists, i f necessary, the tanks were streamed out, when gas cutting was used, the tanks were filled wi th foam; disassembly of the tanks started at the roof, a safety service specialist and firemen in fire-protection suits and protective respiration masks were on constant duty in the tank area Pref- erence was given to the dismanthng of tank structures without cutting Among the duty eqmpment were a pumper, a tanker, and a 141 m'/rmn foam generator. Two grass fires occurred during the gas cutting process A total of 10 tanks were disassembled, 6 for gas-oil, the rest for oil . U D C 614.841.3 3.68 43. [Data on industrial fire load] Peukert, Joachim E R M I T T L U N G D E R TECHNOLOGISCHEN B R A N D B E L A S T U N G Dtach Textd-techn , 1971, 21, No. 10, 633-638, 594, 596 (German, Russian and English summaries)

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S ~ 293 U D C 614 841 3 3.68.44. [Protective measures after polyvinylchloride fires] SCHUTZMAS- S N A H M E N N A C H P V C - B R A N D E N Kunststoffe, 1971, 61, No 10, 774 (Ger- man) U D C 614.841.3 629.12 3 68 45. [Organization of fire protection on a passenger ship] Thepot, J -P L ' O R G A N I S A T I O N D E L A SECURITE I N C E N D I E A B O R D D U PAQUETBOT M E R M O Z D E L A C O M P A G N I E PAQUET Rev techn. feu, 1971, 12,No 111, 6-8, 10-11 (French) The fire safety of a ship is ensured by means of a patrol service, warmng eqmp- ment, and fire-fighting equipment Among the measures taken to prevent fire are the choice of appropriate materials, their fire resistance, partitioning of the ship into compartments by fire-resistant partitions and firestop doors (the M E R M O Z has about 120 doors) Sixtj'-three dampers have been installed i n the ventilation shafts A l l three fire-defense methods have been used m the ship Places where specific fire load does not exceed 4 kg/m* are considered to be non-flammable The patrol service is provided continuously m the daytime by a team, at mght two shifts patrol, wi th a shift of two hours duration and clock-punchmg at 29 stations A sprinkler system has been installed A smoke warmng system has been set up in difficultly accessible places (holds, between decks) The extmguishmg system m these places is CO* The fire fighting equipment is handled by the survival team Also provided for is a support team The techmcal team is responsible for covering the ventilation ducts I n a difficult situation, the restaurant personnel are also mobihzed to form a fighting team. The action team takes care of passenger safety all the way to placmg them in the Me-preservmg equipment The bow, nudsection, and stern of the ship each contain one set of fire-fighting instruments The mam fire line makes i t possible to supply water to any part of the ship The first mate directs the fire fightmg The second mate, who is m charge of ship-safety problems, directs the individual fire-fighting sectors He is responsible for traming the personnel, for the status of the equipment, and for activation of fire-extin- guishing equipment Passenger exercises are held during the first few hours afloat 3 figs V G Fukalov U D C 614 84:629.12 3 68 46. [Fire protection of a gas tanker] Wettench, W FEUERSCHUTZ A U F G A S T A N K E R N Hansa, 1971, 108, No 20, 1971-1973 (German) Special safety requirements are imposed for tankers transporting liquified natural gas, methane or petroleum gases, propane, butane, and also ammonia The specffic weight of methane in the gaseous state at a temperature of — 161°C IS 0 7168 kg/nm', and m the liquid state 0.415 k g / d m ' I n the combustion of one nm« of methane, 9,500 kcal of heat are developed, and when one kg is burned, 13,000 kcal are given off One m ' of methane develops 5,400,000 kcal These figures characterize the potential fire hazard of a tanker wi th a capacity of more than 120,000 m» of gas Even wi th the small gas losses resulting f rom natural evapora- tion, gas escapes The specific \\ eight of gaseous methane is less than that of air. More dangerous are propane and butane, which are heavier than air The require- ments of the various safety codes on gas tankers are not identical. I t is best to extinguish a gas fire, especially pressurized gas fires, vath. powders The fire extin- guishing effect of powders is due to the absorption of heat by the large surface

294 F I R E R E S E A R C H area of the powder particles, to decomposition (this effect is not produced by all powders, e g , sodium hydrocarbonate decomposes m flame to sodium carbonate, water vapor, and carbon monoxide), and to anti-catalysis, i e , to deceleration of the combustion reaction The latter effect plays a decisive role To protect the deck of a tanker, i t is possible to use a small self-contained powder device (PLO) wi th a capacity of 250 1 of fire-extmguishmg agent Also one or several stations w i th 500 to 6000 kg of fire-extinguishing powder at each are descnbed Each powder container has two starter bottles of an inert gas (usually mtrogen) wi th a capacity of 50 1 at a pressure of 200 atm The length of the piping is up to 150 m, the pipe dia is 1 5 m Certain points are set aside as powder tapping stations, consisting of a waterproof case, a hose, a pistol nozzle, and a starter flask wi th a pressure reducer The number of pistols m a case depends on the number of tappmg points Each station has no fewer than two pistols The output of a pistol is 3 5 kg/sec wi th a throw of 8 to 10 m I n the mtrogen devices, the duration of operation is 10 to 30 sec The devices can also be actuated by compressed air and electric power For large tankers the output of the pistols can be mcreased to 20 to 40 kg/sec I n ordinary powder extinguishers i t takes 15 to 20 hters of gas to expel one kg of powder I n the tropics the properties must be constant at temperatures up to -|-350°C The powder is silicomzed and is thus suitable for extmgmshing fires together wi th foam 5 figs V G Fukalov UDC 614 841 3:629 735 33(088.8) 3 68 47 P [Fu-e-safety ramp] F I R E PROTECTION S H I E L D (Brown Engmeermg Co Inc ) U S . Patent, Class 14-71 (B65g 11/00), No 3581331, apphed for 1 Oct 1968, granted 1 Jan 1971 The device is intended for fire protection of airplane passengers leavmg the cabin An extensible ramp housing that fits t ightly against the air-plane fuselage IS used The housmg is a continuation of the ramp that leads to the main airport building The device consists of a hft-and-rotation chamber wi th a telescopic passage havmg a transfer bridge wi th a sealmg section, which fits up against the aircraft fuselage in the workmg position An extensible housing is provided for the transfer bridge I n closed position the housing is supported by a cable system connected to a fusible insert Springs are held in the compressed position During a fire the fusible insert is destroyed, the housing moves forward by spring action to press the sealing section against the fuselage The rate of motion of the housing IS controlled by a hydraulic damper The surface of the sealmg section is coated wi th an intumescent pamt to ensure t ight contact m the case of a fire The system ensures a fuselage inner-surface temperature of no more than 177°C for 5 nun at an outer temperature of up to 982°C A A Rode U D C 614 84:658 75 3 68 48. [Fu-e protection of warehouses] L A PROTECTION I N C I N D I E DANS LES ENTREPOTS PALETISES Rev iechn feu, 1971, 12, No 111, 35-36 (French) A t the present time almost every firm has large w arehouses for palletized goods There are huge warehouses of up to 30 m in height, thousands of m ' of floor space, \n th automated warehousing Vertical storage of goods creates conditions favonng fire development Fires m automated warehouses result in losses not only from damage to goods, but also from damage to equipment, which, as a rule, must be

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 295 completely replaced after a fire, since deformation of the frames make i t impossible to use automatic load-handling equipment I t is considered necessary to construct a fire-warning and an automatic fire-extinguishing system, general rules for the construction of such systems are outhned 3 figs U D C 614 841 3.814 3:537 2 3 68 49 [Reduction of the electrostatic hazard] Redding, R J ELEC- TROSTATIC H A Z A R D R E D U C T I O N Chem Process, (Gt B r i t ) , 1971, 17, No 10, 59 (English) The possibihty of an electrostatic charge occurring during the operation of two materials wi th differing physical properties formerly m contact wi th each other is examined I t is noted that charge accumulation is promoted by the high elec- trical resistance of a material Very hazardous systems occur when an electncal charge is observed accumulating in a volume wi th a flammable or explosive material Attention is devoted to the fire hazard f rom static electricity i n hospitals, where flammable anesthetics are used I t is proposed that, i f possible, they be replaced by nonflammables, and also that the use of materials for flooring and piping for gases and liquids be studied 1 fig U D C 614 841 3:621 316 36 3 68 50 [Fire safety of electrochemical apparatus] Frischmann, Pilz B R A N D - S I C H E R H E I T I N E L E K T R O T E C H N I S C H E N A N L A G E N EM -Prakt, 1971, 25, No 11, 378 (German) The content of three reports by 0 H Blaum on the fire safety of electromechani- cal equipment is discussed The first paper reports on methods of evaluating the combustibility of plastics used in insulation; the other two papers report on possible precautionary firefighting measures in such installations (Fed Rep Germany) U D C 536 46:614 841 41 001 57 3 68 5 1 . [Field study of urban fires] Vodvarka, F J U R B A N B U R N S - FULL-SCALE F I E L D STUDIES Fire Res Abst and Rev, 1970, 12, No 3, 209-212 (English) The results of a study of urban fires artificially reproduced in f u l l scale in the field are presented The experiments were earned out on structures to be demohshed for urban renewal The fire was simulated in five- and two-story frame houses, one cement-block building, a brick diner, and a cement-block filling station I m - portant information was obtained as a result of the experiments data on fire spread, on the radiation level, on the number of dr i f t ing deposits in the form of t iny un- burned particles, soot, cinders, and smouldering brands, on the pressure in the fire center, on the composition of the gases evolved, on the wind speed during a fire; on the intensity of the convective fluxes formed, and on the temperatures in the vanous fire zones The first experiment was earned out in an old stnpped farm house, one half of which was one floor, the other half two stoned The fire was characterized by intense development 5 min after igmtion Because of holes in the walls and roof of the building and because i t was open to ventilation, the height of the flame plume above the roof level was about 18 m The fall-out of brands downwind was observed in a radius of 45-60 m ; the mean density was about 5 kg/m' , wi th a maximum of 50 k g / m ' [ s ic ] The second test simulated a fire i n the main hall of a one-floor diner 11 by 10 by 3 m, where mock-up wooden tables and vanous combustible furmture were used as fuel for the fire I n the case of closed

296 F I R E R E S E A R C H wall apertures the fire spread over the whole volume m one hour I n the next 10 mm the fire penetrated through the roof, fed by the asphalt, generating a large quantity of thick, black smoke The maximum concentration of CO and CO2, respectively, was 1 3 6 and 3 7 % , the oxygen content was less than 1 7 % , the gas pressure beneath the roof was approximately 3 5 mm HjO The third experiment in a service station showed that roof panels caved in considerably as a result of fire action and cement blocks exhibited numerous fractures, ruhng out any further use of these structures Interestmg results of fire effects m barrier structures of urban-type buildmgs under study were also obtained in the rest of the tests, Nos 4r-8 V G Ohmpiyev UDC 6 1 4 . 8 4 1 . 4 5 3 3 . 6 8 5 2 [Fundamental principles of fire protection] Witteveen, J. and Twi l t , L U I T G A N G S P U N T E N B I J D E B R A N D P R E V E N T I E Bouw , 1971, 26, No. 3 8 , 1 3 4 8 - 1 3 5 2 (Dutch) Recently the possibihties have been enhanced for determimng the elements of fire protection of structures by computation, similar to the way in which i t is possible to determme their beanng capacity But too-low fire-protection specifica- tions can lead to the formation of an unavoidable hazard for persons m a buildmg and/or to excessively high losses f rom a fire Too-high fire-protection requirements make fire protection excessively expensive Fire-protection requirements are divided into primary and secondary fire protection categories Primary fire protection embraces all measures whose cost cannot be equated wi th material return Primary fire-protection measures are aimed at protecting human life, humamtanan values, and social interests Secondary measures take in expenditures comparable wi th the matenal benefit The cost of secondary measures should not exceed the anticipated reduction m losses f rom fires. A fire hazard for people m the buildmg arises when timely and safe evacuation of persons f rom the fire zone is impossible because of a deficiency or absence of satisfactory and rehable evacuation routes and exits, and also i f the design of the buildmg prevents people in the buildmg f rom leaving i t m time Of the 4 ,000 fires occurrmg m residences annually m the Netherlands, in 4 0 0 cases i t is probable that the hazard increased because of structural collapse See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series, 1972, No 2 , summary 13. U D C 6 1 4 . 8 4 1 3 3 . 6 8 5 3 . [Desigmng for fire protection] Drews, Robert B F I R E PROTECTION B Y D E S I G N Fire Eng , 1971, 124, No 8 , 2 9 - 3 0 (Enghsh) The particular features of ensurmg structural fire protection of a residential complex for 8 ,000 people m the suburban belt west of Chicago are discussed One of the features consists m supplying the sprmkler system with, water f rom the pressurized water-supply pipes in the stairwells of 11- to 15-story residential buildings Spnnkler nozzles are located not only on each floor, but also \vithm each individual apartment, which is provided wi th a self-closmg entrance door The water main has a diameter of 25 4 cm, and the distnbution pipe hues leadmg to the buildings are 20 3 cm in diameter Electric fire pumps in each buildmg deliver the pressure necessary for normal water supply and simultaneous opera- tion of the garage sprmkler system over an area of about 12 m ' A t the end of the corridor leadmg to the landmg in each floor there Is a special recess contaming

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 297 the fire valve providing a fire-hose connection even i f the stairwell door is closed I n steel-shell buildmgs the ceUings are equipped wi th suspended cement-plastic slabs, providing for a two-hour fire resistance l imit in the complex The cement- plaster-clad steel columns and walls separatmg the corridors and apartments have the same fire resistance The remforced-concrete beams, columns, and walls of the garage provide four-hour fire resistance, the walls of the stairwells and the elevator and smoke-ventilating shafts have a two-hour resistance, and the main doors along evacuation routes 1 5 hours 1 fig V G Olimpiyev U D C 614 841 3:69 032 3.68 54. [Fire safety in ta l l buddings] F I R E S A F E T Y I N B I G B U I L D I N G S News Eng , 1971, 43, No 4, 6-8, 14 (English) I t is noted that regardless of the capital invested in the construction of ta l l buildings, they cannot be made fu l ly (100%) fire proof, since the expenditures for this purpose are based, as a rule, only on consideration of the most probable fire situations The question is, do the fires that occur just ify the probabihty of the anticipated hazard As an analysis of the causes of fires occurring in two ta l l buildings in New York in 1970 shows, the real hazard m each of them exceeded the anticipated level But this is not determined by imperfect building standards, rather, i t is the consequence of low-quahty design, unsatisfactory construction, and poor inspection Of rather great importance are the observed cases of the death of people in elevators during the fire evacuation period There is not a building standard which does not permit the use of elevators as evacuation routes during a fire A t the same time, instructions on elevator use permit their operation during fires, both manually and automatically The New York building standard provides, as an exception, for the operation of one elevator during a fire I t is necessary to orient the residents and service personnel toward less expectation of using an elevator for evacuation to avoid fatalities As before, the problem of smoke m tal l buildings during a fire remains insoluble Within a building smoke propagates primarily along shafts, stairwells, and the air ducts of the ventilation system I n order to prevent or l imit the movement of smoke, i t is necessary to keep closed all doors connecting adjacent floors or main hall areas on each floor But this is not possible, smce doors serve as passages for firemen, who have to lay fire hoses through them to extinguish a fire wi th water The possibility of smoke spreading through the ventilation system has not yet been adequately studied, and greater attention must be devoted to i t I t is emphasized that rehable fire protection of tall bmldmgs cannot be achieved solely by constructing a complex ventilation system, by the installation of spnnklers, or by the presence of smoke-removmg shafts Much depends on reducmg the combustible content of bmldmgs, on reducing the fuel load, and on building standards conforming to the fire standards V G Ohmpiyev U D C 614 841.3 3.69 55 [Evacuation of people from buildings durmg fires] Spehler, Remo A and Peissard, Werner G L ' E V A C U A T I O N D T M M E U B L E S E N CAS D ' U R G E N C E Bull techn Suisse rom , 1971, 97, No 21, 499-502 (French) Experimental data and the resultant conclusions are considered for obtaining theoretical principles of architectural planmng expedients and the necessary

298 F I R E R E S E A R C H devices to ensure rapid evacuation of people without pamc I f i t is required to evacuate certain numbers of people m a rigorously specified penod of time, i t is necessary to have an adequate number of evacuation routes and building exits, but i t must be considered that even when rapid evacuation is necessary, a crowd of people does not move toward exits immediately, but only after the lapse of a certam response-time interval During this period the evolution of smoke may lead to pamc Evacuation phases consist of the following stages the estabhsh- ment of an imtial fire build-up level, e g , by automatic pick-ups, the alarm needed to bring the fire-extinguishmg equipment into action, preparation of evacuation measures without pamc, evacuation proper A calculation of the speed of evacua- tion IS made, using a large store building as an example, on the basis of the follow- ing data floor area of 1,000 m' , people located on al l three floors, on the first floor the exits are located at floor level, commumcation to the upper floors is via side stairs, the traffic capacity of the stairs is 45 people per mm per umt width of 0 6 m , the traffic capacity of the first floor is 6 0 people per min for the same umt width at a speed of 60 m per sec, the length of the evacuation route in the stairwell for one floor is 10 m The number of people to be evacuated from the various floors is determined from 0 2 to 1 0 person/m' of floor area, dependmg on the height of floor location The total width of staurwells, evacuation routes, and building exits are determined as a function of the number of floors in the bmlding (by a nomo- gram) See also Engineering Digest "Fire Protection" scries, 1972, No 2, summary 18 U D C 697 9 3 68 56. [Study of the propagation of gases f rom smoke flues along the ventila- tion system] Lindqvist, Bengt-Goran T U T K I M U S SAVUKAASUJEN L E V I A - MISESTA I L M O N V A I K T O H O R M E I S S A Palontorjunlatekniikka, 1971, No 1, 10-18 (Fmrash) U D C 614 841 3:614 844 3 68 57 [Inspection of private fire extinguishers and fire alarms] Schmalor, Guntram P R U F U N G E N P R I V A T E R FEUERLOSCHUND M E L D E E I N - R I C H T U N G E N Brandverkut-Brandbekampf, 1971, 21, No 3, 37-40 (German) Considered are the requirements imposed by regulations on private fire extin- guishers and fire alarms durmg periodic inspections Schedules for performing inspections are given According to the Berlin ordinance on pubhc occupancies dated September 15, 1970, effective f rom January 1, 1971 (par 124), the owners of pubhc estabhshments must inspect smoke ejectors, fire extinguishers, and fire detectors, as well as fire alarms, fire screens, and lightmng rods annually, but ventilation systems at least once every two years The program for testmg these devices mcludes tests of above- and below-ground hydrants, measuring the quantity of water delivered, wet and dry pressurized pipes wi th their hydrants, hoses, and nozzles, sprinkler systems m theaters, stores, and joinery shops, and sprinkler screens Fire detection devices are tested in accordance wi th the specifications of Standard 14675 and the regulations of the Society of German Electricians, V D E - Vorschnft 0800 Fu-emen participate in the inspection of private fire-extinguishing and detection devices (Fed Rep Germ ) I S Taubkin

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 299 U D C 697 9 (088 8) 3 68 58 P Maybury, John Will iam I M P R O V E M E N T S I N OR R E L A T I V E TO A D A M P E R A R R A N G E M E N T FOR V E N T I L A T I N G OR O T H E R DUCTS [Amberley Engmeenng Co L t d ] Bntish patent Class A5A (A 62 c 3/14), No 1246513, applied for 25 Jul 69, granted 15 Sep 71 A damper arrangement capable of blocking the propagation of flame or smoke through ventilating or other ducts has been patented I n existmg designs, the damper panel is mounted on a shaft that rotates freely on ball bearmgs mounted on the walls of air ducts The panel is held in imtial position (parallel to the longi- tudinal axis of the duct) by a fusible hnk, which melts when exposed to flame or hot gases, When the hnk parts, the panel rotates to a position perpendicular to the duct axis and blocks the passage of fire This design is unreliable because the shaft hangs up m the beanngs under high temperatures The proposed design is free of this problem because i t is based on an entirely different pnnciple of opera- tion I n this design the panel is held at one end, i n open position by a flexible weight and a fusible hnk, and at the other by two sloping l imi t stops of different lengths that are mounted on the sides of the rectangular duct and press against the surface of the damper panel f rom above and below at a distance f rom each other When the link melts, the damper drops under the force of gravity and, turmng freely in the space between the asymmetrically positioned hmit stops, t ight ly closes the cross section of the air duct due to the pressure of the moving hot gases 3 figs V G Ohmpiyev U D C 614 841 001 4 3 68 59 Burgi, H SWISS TESTS O N F I R E B E H A V I O R I N ENCLOSED A N D U N D E R G R O U N D PARKS Fire Int, 1971, 3, No 3 3 , 64r-77 (Eng , Fr , Ger ) U D C 697 9 (088 8 ) 3 68 60 P Green, John Charies I M P R O V E M E N T S I N F I R E DAMPERS FOR H E A T I N G A N D / O R V E N T I L A T I O N SYSTEMS [Andrews-Weatherfoil L t d ] Bntish patent Class ASA (A 6 2 c 3 / 1 4 ) , No 1247798 Applied for 3 Mar 69 , granted 2 Mar 70 I n order to reduce the size of the system, a blower wi th motor and directional sleeve are mounted on a damper at the outlet to a room A t normal temperature, the ventilator blows air through the sleeve into the room When the air temperature increases, a fusible hnk that holds the damper in upnght position melts and the assembly drops by force of gravity onto the flange, seahng the duct U D C 643 0 4 3 3 . 6 8 6 1 . [Forestf i res igmtedbyl ightmng]Torvinen,JohtajaV J A J A T U K S I A M E T S A P A L O N T O R J U N N A N T I E D O T T A M I S E S T A Palontorjunta, 22, No. 4, 1 9 4 - 1 9 5 (Finnish)

300 FIRE RESEARCH Fire Technology (For pubhcations on stabihty, maneuverability, reliability, loading, and safety of fire vehicles, see also issue 02A "Automobile Con- struction " For fire equipment and fire apparatus, see also separate issue No 33, "Communal, domestic, and commercial appliances ") UDC 614 844 1/.9 3.68.62 MODERN FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT USELESS WITH- OUT PROPER TRAINING Plant Adnim and Eng, 1971, 30, No 10, 36-38 (English) Training of personnel m fire prevention and extmguishment is extremely im- portant in plants usmg complex technological processes, especially those engaged in petroleum and chemical production Experience obtamed m theoretical and practical traimng of personnel m a petroleum refinery complex in Canada is de- scribed The complex is equipped with powerful modern foam, water, and dry powder extinguishers Water dehvery volume can reach 350 to 500 1/sec Foam generation rate reaches 700 m'/min Permanent deluge nozzles are mounted m hazardous locations The necessity of applying engineering techmques to fire prevention problems is stressed 6 figs UDC 614 844 4 3.68.63. [Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers] COj-BRANDSCHUTZAN- LAGEN Textilveredlung, 1971, 6, No 10, 682-684 (German) Typical stationary, automatic carbon dioxide fire extinguishers used m various installations are exammed The parameters of apphcabihty are given for such extmguishers, and their advantages over water are evaluated. Water is not a universal extingiushant because it can cause certain combustibles to explode and in many cases severely damages materials durmg extinguishment From the mid- luneteenth century, carbon dioxide gas has been the fire extingiushant when water could not be used Carbon dioxide is stored m hqmd state under high pressure in sealed steel tanks, which are located adjacent to a given fire hazard Discharge of the carbon dioxide absorbs approximately 3000 kcal of heat, which plays an im- portant role m fire extmguishment A typical system consists of a battery of mter- connected tanks feeding into a conduit that cames the carbon dioxide to the fire hazard The condmt has several branches at its end, each with a special nozzle that directs the flow of the gas A special mechanism opens all of the tank valves simultaneously when tnggered by a smoke or heat detector Manual operation is also provided Carbon dioxide systems are efficient and economical Insurance compames offer up to 50% reduction m rates for plants equipped with such systems Carbon dioxide is an effective extmguishant for flammable materials (ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether, ethylene, ethylene oxide, acetylene, carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen), for closed compartments, for transformers, textile machinery, drying ovens, etc 2 figs (FRG) I S Taubkin UDC 621 647 24 3 68 64 [Fire extinguishing sprinkler system] SPRINKLERBRANDSCHUTZ- ANLAGEN Textilveredlung, 1971, 6, No 10, 648-686 (German)

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 301 UDC 614.846.6 3 68 65. [ U S fire and emergency vehicles] VEHICULES D'INCENDIE ET DE SECOURS AUX ETATS-UNIS Prot mr el aecur tnd, 1977, No 201, 67-70 (French) Technical characteristics are outhncd 7 figs UDC 614 846 6 3 68 66 FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE HOSE-LAYER FORMS PART OF HEATHROW AIRPORT BACK-UP Ftre, 1971, 64, No 794, 128 (Enghsh) UDC 614 846.6 3 68.67 CARMICHAEL INTRODUCE A N AIRFIELD TENDER FOR THE JUMBO JET AGE Ftre, 1971, 64, No 797, 309 (Enghsh) The Tetrander 300 airfield tender manufactured by Carmichael and Sons (Gt B r i t ) satisfies the techmcal requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization The tender is equipped to use 6% foam solution Models are avail- able with a 635 bhp turbine engme Engine performance is constant from sea level to 3000 meters The six-speed hydrauhc gear box is semiautomatic With the 700 bhp engine, the power ratio is 20 8 bhp per umt weight Water pumping capacity IS 5500 to 6800 l/min, and foam for hand lines and hydrauhc turret nozzles is generated at the rate of 22,700 to 61,300 1/min Foam stream throw is 58 to 76 meters The tender has four side outlets The two forward ones can produce 7,560 1/min foam Total foam generating rate is 26,400 to 58,600 1/min Acceleration is 0 to 80 km/hr in 30 to 35 sec Simplicity of operation guided the design of this vehicle Most parts can be removed and replaced easily and quickly I I Myagkov UDC 614.846 6:725.95 3.68.68. [Fire apparatus for work in tunnels] Achilles, Ernst FEUER- WEHRFAHRZEUGE FUER EINSATZE I N U-BAHNEN Int Verkehraw, 1971, 23, No 7, 81-82 (German) A fire apparatus for fighting fires and performing rescue work in urban under- ground rail hnes is described For passability, the apparatus is mounted on a type 230 D16FA (Deutz) chassis and has a 230 hp engine The apparatus weights 16 t. The umque feature of the apparatus is that i t can travel on ordinary roads (85 km/hr) as well as on rails (30 km/hr) Upon arriving at a tunnel entrance, a special rail truck is lowered onto the tracks, the front axle is raised, while the rear traction wheels remain on the rails The hydrauhc l i f t for lowenng and raising the rail truck can be operated from the drivers' cab or remotely The apparatus has fire fightmg and digging equipment, a crane, a welder, cuttmg torch, and a trailer hitch A hydraulic l i f t is provided for loading and unloading heavy digging equipment Three 1000-watt flood-lights are supphed by a 20 kw generator All controls are located m an instrument compartment in the central part of the vehicle Gangways 560 mm wide are provided on each side of the control compartment. Doors lead to the operations compartment, allowing personnel to move from one compartment to the other without alighting from the vehicle I t is noted that buildmg the vehicle required extensive research on the appropnate engine, and the design and construction of the cab, chassis, and other features, specifically

302 FIRK RESEARCH With respect to rail travel, effect of bank angles, traction, stability, cornering, etc I f i g L M Kuznetsov UDC 614.846.6 3 68.69. [Apparatus] NEW APPLIANCE Fiie Int, 1971, 3, No 33, 78 (English, French, and German, Spanish summary) Albert Ziegler KG (FRG) has built an apparatus designed to fight large hquid fuel fires The apparatus has a 24,000-liter tank, divided into four compartments and a separate tank of 1000 hters for foam solution A Ziegler pump with an auto- matic priming system is used to deliver the extmguishing agents The pump delivers 300 1/min at a pressure of 80 meters hydraulic head The apparatus has a combina- tion momtor, two hydraulically rewmding reels each with 30 m of foam sleeve and foam nozzles, and four underbumper outlets The momtor, operated remotely with an electrohydraulic drive, produces an aqueous foam stream of 2000 1/min With a nozzle pressure of 100 m hydrauhc head, the throw of a water stream is 70 m and for a foam stream 45 m The apparatus can be used to transport flammable liquids, which are loaded by a special pump that has a capacity of 800 1/nun 1 fig UDC 614 846.6 3 68 70 WATER TENDERS ARE BOTH VERSATILE AND VALUABLE FOR CITY BRIGADE WORK Fire, 1971, 64, No 797, 273 (Enghsh) UDC 629 113 3 68.71 MOBILE MEDICAL UNITS FOR LAND AND SEA Fire Prot Rev , 1971, 34, No 373, 443 (English) Information is given on the activities of Ibis 3H, a British firm that manu- factures vehicles and medical umts specially equipped to cope with epidemics m the wake of natural disasters. The firm is desigmng several types of vehicles, including a transporter for wheel-chair patients This umt has a lifting device for the chairs Another model is equipped for restoration of body functions A list IS given of countries interested in the firm's models, which range from small cars to large mobile vans The firm is bmldmg x-ray umts on Land-Rover chasses for Turkey and air-conditioned mobile umts for Iran The chmc umts, having quarters for SIX persons, are mounted on Mercedes 6608 chasses All of the models are designed for maximum utility and mimmum need for maintenance specialists The firm has medical and shipbuilding speciahsts on its staff 1 fig UDC 614 84:629 118.6 3.68.72 MOTORCYCLES BEAT PARIS TRAFFIC JAMS Ftre Int, 1971, 3, No 33, 46-47 (Enghsh, French, and German, Spanish summary) Owing to the rapid increase in street traffic, the Pans fire service has established a new first-response motorcycle force A tactical umt consists of four fire fighters and two BMW R50 493-cc motorcycles The mission of these umts is to get to fires as qmckly as possible and begin first aid fire fighting operations before the arnval of large, less maneuverable fire apparatus At the height of a traffic jam, a motorcycle umt arrived at a scene 2 5 km away in six minutes 3ifter receiving an alarm A motorcycle, two fire fighters, and equipment weigh 417 kg Equipment includes gas suits, flashhght, blanket, hydrant key, hose roll, 16 liters of liqmd extmguishant, canvas pails, etc 4 figs

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 303 UDC 614 843 8 3 68 73 A FOAM ANSWER TO YOUR FIRE PROBLEM Ftre Prot Rev , 1971, 34, No 373, 431 (English) The fire apphance company is oflfering new models of equipment An aqueous foam momtor capable of throwing a stream 21 3 m vertically at the rate of 173 hters/sec, a water stream throw of 59 3 m or foam stream of 50 m A medium (100 to 150:1) or low-expansion (8.1) foam generator using 4 53 liters/sec of water or 453 to 690 hters/sec foam Stream throw for low-expansion foam is up to 24 3 m A hand nozzle throws a flat low-expansion (7 to 8:1) foam stream 24 3 m at a pressure of 9 1 atm A generator for feeding up to 66 5 hters/sec of foam through a sleeve to a distance of up to 122 m A hand nozzle for 6:1 foam at 83 hters/sec and pressure of 10 5 atm UDC 621 647 24 (088 8) 3.68 74 P Juhano, Richard F SPRINKLER ACCELERATOR SYSTEM WITH PRESSURE CHANGE DETECTOR [The reliable automatic sprinkler] USA Patent Class 169-17 (A 62 c 35/00), No 3589445, applied for 21 Apr 69, granted Jun 71 The system consists of a pipe with a sprmkler filled with pressurized air The pipe IS connected to a chamber which has a normally closed valve shutting off a water pipe containing water under pressure and an annular cavity This cavity is connected to the chamber by pipes through a valve The valve is connected by a pipe to an accelerator, which is also connected to pipes through a branch with a reverse valve One valve is open and connects two pipes In the event of a hre the sprinklers open, the pressure m one pipe falls, and the accelerator switches on to release compressed air through a pipe into a cavity The drop in pressure in the chamber and the rising pressure in the cavity causes a valve to open Compressed air in the pipe is also present in the upper chamber of the valve, closing it, shutting off water flow to the accelerator Water m one pipe is fed to the open sprinklers A branch serves to bleed air from the system during charging A A Rode UDC 614 844:629 12 3 68 75 FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS FOR TANKER SHIPS Ackerman, Guenter Hansa, 1971, 108, No 20, 1962-1968 (German) The status of fire protection aboard ships is described, as well as methods of accident prevention and protection The range of required fire equipment for various ships is given A fire protection system for a 150-thousand-ton tanker is described Measures are recommended for mimmizing damage to the fire protec- tion system in case of accident (explosion or colhsion) Conditions attending a deck fire are analyzed The principles of use of various foams (20 to 1000:1) m fire protection systems are given for different combustibles (low-expansion foam is recommended where long throws are required) I t is recommended that empty tanks be filled with inert gas to prevent explosions, and for optimum fire protection the most rational combination consists of foam, fog, hand lines, and carbon dioxide Foam or fog systems are most practical for engine compartments Large engine rooms should be protected by high-expansion foams Likely places where fires can start are mdicated, as are fire fighting problem.s resulting from smoke I t is asserted that cost is insigmficant when compared w ith possible losses resulting from accidents

304 FIRE RESEARCH UDC 629.735.45:614.842.6 3 68.76. [HeUcopter fire equipment] AIRCRAFT, EQUIPMENT A N D CHEMICALS Aqr Avtat., 1971, 13, No 4, 123-124 (Enghsh) A Bell-47G4 Model H-75 helicopter has been equipped m Canada to extinguish fires from the au- A 340-hter waterproof fabric contamer easily collapses and expands This contamer is filled by two pumps that have a combined capacity of 4 5 1/sec Water or chemicals are expelled through an elastic tube The water mtake and expulsion system are completely automatic Manual operation is provided if the automatic system fails Dependmg on flight speed, the water spray track is 1.5 to 9 m long UDC 614 847.7 (088.8) 3.68 77.P [Improvements m devices for savmg hves m fires] IMPROVE- MENTS I N OR RELATING TO FIRE ESCAPE MEANS OR APPARATUS [Stephen Francis Flannagan] British Patent Class EIS (E 06 c 9/14), No 1249153, apphed for 6 Dec 69, granted 10 Jun 71 The patented device, an improved flexible fire-resistant ladder for savmg people from fire, is stored compactly m a metallic contamer that is installed at the pomt of probable use The ladder and container are mounted m a preselected safe place, for example, on the wall below a wmdow of an upper-story room In case of fire, the case lid is opened, the free end is tossed out the mndow, and the ladder is used to escape from the room The container has side walls, a bottom, and a rear and a front wall that swing on lunges In addition, the contamer has a removable hd with side flanges and handle The hd retains the front wall m closed position When the lid is removed, the front wall drops open automatically The rear wall has bolt holes for attaching to the wall below wmdow sill The flexible ladder has two side chains, the top ends of which are bolted, welded, or otherwise rehably attached to the rear container wall. Each tread is an oval-shaped tube Rods attached at each end to the chains, pass through the tubes, holdmg them in place The lower ends of the side chains are attached by bolts to the side brackets of the stiffener, welded to the hd To keep the ladder away from the bmlding wall, one or more of the treads have spacers, which can be short metal bars bolted to the chains For stowing convemence, the side walls have guide flanges 5 figs O M Volkov UDC 623 454.76 3 68 78 [Industrial fire protective clothing] PROTECTIVE C L O T H I N G - INDUSTRY'S FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE I N FIGHTING FIRE Chm, Process (Gt B r i t ) , 1971, 17, No 10, 71 (Enghsh) The first protective clothing was made of asbestos in 1926 During World War I I protective clothing was used in fightmg fire-bomb fires and flanung gas Follow- ing the war, many new fire-resistant materials were found and extensive use was made of protective clothing in mdustry Requirements of protective clothmg and its use are given I f protective clothmg has insufficient ventilation, heavy physical labor can be performed only briefly Duration of use depends not only on the properties of the clothing but on external conditions and the characteristics of the user Thus, the fire resistance of the clothing matenal is not a govermng factor Protective clothing is recommended as one means of fire protection in the chemical industry At least two persons should work together when dressed m protective

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 305 clothmg to evacuate people in case of accident, turn off machinery, and turn on the fire extinguishmg eqmpment UDC 614.843 8 3 68.79 [High-expansion HS-2000 generator foam] Hiltunen, Erkki KEVYTVAAKTOTUISKO, HS-2000 PAKKASKAYTTOON SOVELTUVA SUURITEHOINEN VAAHTASAMMUTIN Palontorjunta, 1971, 22, No 3, 146-147, 118 (Finnish, Swedish and English summaries) A new foam generator, HS-2000, has been developed with the foUowmg char- acteristics 2000 hters of water per min at 6 kg/cm* pressure, 1 20 1/imn foam con- centrate at water pressure of 1 5 to 6 kg/cm*, and foam generation rate of 160 mVmin The generator, which can operate at extremely low temperatures, is recommended for use in the open as well as in compartments UDC 614.843.4 (088.8) 3 68.80 P [Deflector for fire nozzles] Fuller, Eric Robert Alfred DEFLECTOR FOR FITTING TO NOZZLES FOR DIRECTING FIRE EXTINGUISHING FLUIDS [The Sun Engmeering (Richmond) Ltd ] British Patent Class B2F (B 05 b 3/08), No 1248153, applied for 5 May 70, granted 29 Sep 71 To provide a greater angle of spread on a fire, a deflector is attached to the nozzle The deflector consists of a frame and clamp for attachment to a hand nozzle The deflector, hinged to the frame, is a plate, bent to an angle of 105 deg, with an operating handle, spring, and hmit stop for adjustmg the maximum angle of the deflector during operation Optimum bend radius of the plate is 0 1 to 1 0 d of the nozzle tip The distance between the nozzle tip and the water stream impact pomt on the deflector is 0 5 to 0 75 d Durmg operation the deflector is held down by the nozzle man for dehvenng a sohd stream To deliver a flat stream, the nozzle man releases the handle and the deflector is raised by the spring to the position determmed by the setting of the limit screw, producmg a fan-shaped stream that reaches approximately the same distance as the solid stream because the deflector directs the stream forward and upward A A Rode UDC 614.843 2 (088 8) 3.68 81.P [Improvement of fire hoses] PERFECTIONNEMENT AUX TUYAUX D'INCENDIE [George Angus and Co Ltd ] Belgian Patent Class A 621, No 700701, apphed for 29 Jun 67, granted 7 May 71 A process is given for making fire hoses from a woven sleeve with a bonded water- impervious rubber liner or its substitute that does not twist under water pressure Two methods are proposed for manufactunng the sleeves UDC 614 843.2 3.68.82 [A method of attachmg couphngs to hoses] A SWISS METHOD OF HOSE BINDING Fire Int, 1971, 3, No 33, 86-87 (English, French, German, Spanish summary) A method developed by Oetiker Metallwarenfabrik (Switz) is described for attaching couphngs to hoses The hose is inserted between the nipple and a zmc- coated steel bushing A nylon ribbon passes through an opening in the bushmg. The ribbon is pulled tight by a tension tool Hermetic tests show absolute tightness for various types of hoses and prove the rehability of the method. 1 fig

306 FIRE RESEARCH UDC 614 845 1.2 3 68 83 [Hand extinguishers] FIRE EXTINGUISHER RANGE Garage and Transp Equip , 1971, 17, No 10, 58 (English) Isabella International Co (Denmark) manufactures hand extmguLshers for Class A and B and electrical fires The extmguishant does not stain clothing or corrode metals Model 2, carrying a charge of 1800 g of powder extinguisher, is 33 cm tall, and costs £9 25 Model 12, carrying 10 8 kg of powder is 60 cm tall and costs £19 25 Model PIGE with 900 g of powder is 25 cm tall and costs £4 5 A one-time extinguisher. Model 600 VN, charged %vith 600 g of hqmd is 22 8 cm tall and costs £ 1 3 Rechargeable Model 6, with 5 44 kg of powder is 40 6 cm tall, and costs £13 75 Rechargeable extinguishers are equipped with manometers 1 fig UDC 614 845 3 68 84 P [Device for breaking the membrane of an extinguisher and dis- pensing an extinguishing agent] Bower, James C SEAL RUPTURING AND DISPENSING FIXTURE FOR NORMALLY SEALED PRESSURIZED TANKS USA Patent Class 169-31 (A 62 c 13/00), No 3589446, apphed for 4 Aug 69, granted 29 Jun 71 The fixture consists of a fixture head with a self-seatmg type valve, handles for opemng the valve, flexible hose for conducting the extmguishant The handles have chps that clamp on the hose to prevent inadvertent operation of the valve The head is attached to the extinguisher by a threaded adapter that has a cutter for breakmg the seal The assembly screws into a fitting of the extingmsher m which an opemng is hermetically sealed by a membrane, a washer, and a threaded retainer that has a slot The extinguisher is filled with extinguishing agent, after which i t IS pressurized and the seal is seated by tightemng the retainer To operate, the head assembly is screwed all the way in On the last turn the blade on the adapter cuts the seal around its perimeter (an arc of 270°) The internal pressure bends the seal upward, creating a passage for the extinguishmg agent The discharge valve can be opened only after the hose is removed from the safety chps A A Rode Fire Extinguishment Fu-e Tactics UDC 536 46 3 68 85 [Radiation of heat from lammar diffusion flames] Pfenmng, Dwight B RADIATIVE TRANSFER FROM LAMINAR DIFFUSION FLAMES Doct diss Umv Okla 1970, 221 pp Ref Diss Abstr Int, 1971, 31, No 11, 6592 (Enghsh) An annotated abstract is given of a doctoral dissertation on the investigation of natural gas and acetone flames at atmospheric pressure Honzontal and vertical dimensions are established for the reaction and radiation zones, frequency char- acteristics, and maximum radiation The latter are equal to 0 871 and 1 35 W/cm«- ster , respectively, for natural gas and acetylene UDC 532.61 3 68 86 [Correlation of surface tension between various hquids] Papazlan, Harold A CORRELATION OF SURFACE TENSION BETWEEN VARIOUS LIQUIDS J Am Chem Soc, 1971, 93, No 22, 5634-5636 (Enghsh)

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 307 UDC 614 842 615 (088 8) 3 68 87 P [Additives to foaming agent] Rodriguez, Alan FOAMING AGENTS [George Angus and Co L t d ] Bntish Patent Class ASA (A62 d 1/100), No 1245124, apphed for 5 Aug 69, granted 8 Sep 71 Hydrolized protein is offered as an additive to foaming agent to increase the extinguishing effectiveness of the foam, perfluorohydrocarbon surface active sub- stances (PSA) When 0 05 to 10% by weight of PSA is added to the foam agent, shear stress is decreased and thermal stabihty is increased As a result, less foam IS needed for extinguishing fires The PSA should be soluble in water and be nomomc or amomc, since catiomc PSA can produce a deposit in the agent To provide solubihty in water, special functional groups are introduced In experiments testing the effectiveness of additives to foam agents contaimng 20% by weight of hydrolyzed protein, 0 1% by weight of ammomum perfluorocaprilate was added By comparing the properties of foam from 4% aqueous solutions, foaming agents with and without additives using the same foam generating equipment, showed that shear is de- creased by 25%, and 20% less foam is required In another series of tests the properties of 0 5% by weight of PSA formula 5 were evaluated against a 1 7 m* petroleum fire With the additive, foam effectiveness was doubled Antifreeze can also be added without penalty, as can salts of iron or other metals for increasing the thermal stabihty of the foam Salts lead to the formation of deposits in foaming agent A N Baratov UDC 541 125 628 511 3.68 88 [Dust explosion foUowmg a fire] Hannunen, Kauno VIIDELLE PALOMILHELLE PALOVAMMOJA TULIPALON JALKIT LANT EESSA TAPAHT UNEESSA POLYRAJAHDYKESSE A Palonlorjunta, 1971, 22, No 5, 226-228, 238, 222 (Fmmsh, Swedish and English summanes) Small stones and sand grams embedded in wood surfaces produced sparks during cutting operations mth multiple circular saws This resulted in a large dust fire m a sawnull at Kotka The flame spread through a scrap removal duct Fire fighters extinguished the blaze and watered down the duct When the air blower was turned on, 43 minutes after the alarm, an intense dust igmtion occurred m the blower The fire travelled along the duct to the bm under the blower and raised a cloud of sawdust A strong explosion resulted from the second fire, and flames 10 m long erupted from the bin and burned five fire fighters UDC 614 84:550 34 3.68 89 [Work of fire fighters m copmg with the results of an earthquake] Hill , Raymond M HOW LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT DEALT W I T H THE 1971 EARTHQUAKE Fire Int, 1971, 3, No 33, 48-52 (Enghsh, French, German, Spanish summanes) I n February 1971, following the Los Angeles earthquake, the Fire Department handled 30,000 calls (compared to a normal daily 3,500 calls) Withm 30 imnutes foUowmg the quake, the Department dispatched 963 fire and rescue personnel, 110 pumpers, 42 trucks, 27 first aid umts, as well as hehcopters, emergency trucks, and fire boats Primary tasks involved clearing rubble at two wTecked hospitals and evacuating residents living below a weakened dam Fire fighting was hampered by lack of water due to broken mains Water was supphed by tankers Rubble was removed with the aid of construction tools Earthquake casualties were evacuated

308 FIRE RESEARCH by hehcopters, which were also used as mobile command posts, to transport doctors and equipment, etc City water tank trucks were widely used The cost of Fire Department operations was $133,000, mcludmg salaries and overtime pay, amortiza- tion of apparatus and equipment, and replacement of damaged eqmpment. Repay of Fu-e Department buildmgs is estimated at $140,000 UDC 614.841 45 3.69 90 [Lessons from a skyscraper fire] Powers, W Robert MANY LESSONS LEARNED I N SKYSCRAPER FIRE Fire Int, 1971, 3, No 33, 18-31 (Enghsh, French, German; Spanish abstr ) UDC 614 841 725 4 3 68 91 [Large fire at the Halls Works plant] Jantti, Auhs and Wecksten, Erkki SELOSTUS K Y M I N OSAKYEHTION HALLAN TEHTAITTEN LAJITTELN JA RIMOITUSHUONEEN SUURTULIPALOSTA 24-1-1971 Palmtorjunta, 1971, 22, No 4, 172-174, 179, 168 (Finnish Swedish and Enghsh abstracts) UDC 614.841 (-21) 3.68 92 [Two convergmg fires m four hours] Lappe, Kenneth G TWO MUTUAL A I D FIRES I N 4 HOURS Fire Eng , 1971, 124, No 8, 26-27 (Enghsh) In New Bntam, U S A , a commumty of 80,000, a large mght-time fire occurred The fire grew to large proportions when two mutually dangerous fires merged One started in a wood-products warehouse, the other, a few hours later, m a textile factory building located on the adjacent block Arson is suspected m both fires The first fire was brought under control m four hours by the jomt efforts of paid and volunteer compames as well as by many private brigades Many brick and small wooden homes approximately 90-years-old were destroyed A layer of ash approximately 15 cm deep was found at a distance of 5 km from the seat of the fire Half of the total personnel of the city fire department suffered from smoke inhala- tion and mmor injuries Water was used at the rate of 72 thousand 1/min for a total of 24 6 milhon liters The fire fightmg forces used 28 tankers, 2 aenal ladders, 4 elevating platforms, a rescue truck, and 4 first aid umts V G Ohmipyev UDC 614.841.3:666 765 3 68.93 [Warehouse fire] 10 JUIN 1971 LES ENTREPOTS "NATALYS" DETRUITS PAR UN INCENDIE Alh 18, 1971, aout-sept, 24r-33 (French) A fire in a warehouse complex consistmg of five very old bmldings of wood frame construction having four to five stones and 1900 m' area is described The facade of one building was of red brick The exterior walls of the other buildmgs were wood frame filled \vith brick Roof rafters and sheathmg were of wood, surfaced with zinc or plastic sheets A large number of windows admitted natural hght to all floors Floor supports were also of wood. The large quantities of goods m storage were not separated by protective bamers There were only a few hght- weight partitions of wood or plasterboard Access to all bmldmgs was from one street only Many floors could be reached only by unprotected wooden stairs Two buildmgs were mterconnected at the third and fourth floor levels by elevated wooden corridors Goods on all floors were stored on wooden pallets in cardboard or plastic boxes A large amount of this material consisted of children's toys, blankets, baby clothes, bedding, etc Much of this was made of polyvinyl, polyure-

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 309 thane, and nylon The loading platform with driveway was located inside the entrance The basements of two buildmgs contained a dimng room and kitchen, archival files, children's bicycles, chairs, tables, etc V P Smirnov See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" section, 1971, No 2, abstract 17 UDC 614.841:629 12 3 68 94 [Ship fire] Hemila, VUjo PARI VIIKKOA KETANYT LAIVAPALO RAUMALLA Palontorjunta, 1971, 22, No 4, 175-179, 168 (Fimush, Swedish and English summaries) UDC 614.841:629 12 3 68 95. [Fire aboard the ship Anne Bewa] BRANDEN PA M S ANNE BEWA O R Dan skibsfart, 1971, 62, No 8, 11 (Danish) UDC 614 842 6:725 95 3 68 96. [Extinguishment of a complicated fire m a railroad tunnel] TUNNEL FIRE PRESENTS SERIOUS PROBLEMS FOR FRENCH FIRE-FIGHTERS Fire Int, 1971, 3, No 33, 37-45 (English, French, German, Spanish summary) In the northern department of Loire, in France, on 20 March 1971, at 4:20, a fire started m a tunnel 226 m long when two freight trains collided One freight had 17 petroleum tanks and 7 gasoline tanks The other had 46 boxcars and flat- cars The fire quickly spread to major proportions There were no means for ven- tilation m the tunnel, so the hot combustion products could not be vented From the distortion of the tank cars, the temperature inside the tunnel was estimated to have reached 1500 to 2000°C Flames erupted from both ends of the tunnel Intense fire continued to burn for more than 24 hours, whereupon the tunnel collapsed in two places, and both ends of the tunnel were blocked Since i t was not possible to enter the tunnel to reach the seat of the fire, fire fighters were hmited to cooling structures outside the tunnel Inside the tunnel, petroleum product vapors exploded repeatedly Because of the danger from explosion, nearby residents were evacuated Approx 150 m' of petroleum products poui;ed out of the ruptured tank cars To limit the spread of the spill, numerous earthen dikes were thrown up and booms were floated on two nearby nvers The spilled fuel trapped by the dikes was pumped out and removed or was burned on the spot See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series, 1972, summary 22 UDC 634 043 3 68 97 [Fire m San Diego County] Wolley, Roy B SAN DIEGO COUNTY'S WORST FIRE Fire Eng , 1971, 124, No 8, 36-37 (Enghsh) See also Engineering Digest, "Fire Protection" series, 1972, No 2, summary 23 UDC 614.842 6:622.248 3 3 68 98. [Exinguishing fires at two gushmg wells] FIRE FIGHTERS WIN BATTLE WITH TWO WILD WELLS Oil and Gas J , 1971, 69, No 38, 89 (English) Fires started on 7 and 12 September 1971 in the states of Utah and Texas, U S A The first began gushing from a depth of 4140 m When the fire started, three workers were seriously burned The wreckage of the ng was removed from the well site, and the fire was extinguished on 13 September by four high-pressure water streams Gushing was stopped by increasing the hydrostatic pressure of

310 FIRE RESEARCH the hquid The preventer at the outlet w as replaced after the gushmg was stopped The second wild well had a depth of 2220 m Igmtion occurred so suddenly that the dnlhng crew could not close the preventer The fire and gushmg were stopped by pumpmg a solution into the well through the drill hole The cause of the fires was not deternuned 1 fig UDC 614 841:678 5 3 6.99 [Two plastics fires] Friend, Dick PLASTICS—TWO FIRE REPORTS Fire Command!, 1971, 38, No 8, 33-34 (Enghsh) On 5 May 1971 in a Cahforma factory producmg plastic products using an ethyl- ated benzene process, an explosion and fire occurred resulting in a loss of six million dollars The explosion occurred when the cooling pumps of one reactor broke down The operation, located outside the production building, which has a floor area of approx 22,500 m ,̂ consisted of three reactors, an evaporator, a storage tank of ethylated benzene, a free tank of benzene, a tank of pressurized oil, a tank of liqmd mtrogen, and four 25-meter silo towers for storing granulated plastic After the explosion, the fire spread to neighboring reactors and storage tanks to a radius of 30 m, penetrating mto the mam bmlding through an open fire door Six sprinkler heads opened directly above the fire in the building Arriving fire fighters imtially began coolmg exterior eqmpment with solid streams, wath little effect Water depth m the area reached 30 cm When they switched to foam with hght water, the fire was extinguished in two minutes and only 28 hters of foam agent were used On 14 May 1971 a serious fire occurred at a plastic products manufacturing plant in Texas The fire began in a new production section m the center of the bmlding, where eqmpment was located for making children's toys, an ice-making machine, and chemical products The portion of the building involved was a structure of unprotected steel and aluminum attached to the old brick bmldmg housing an ice-makmg factory The metal structure failed early from the heat of the fire Inside the bmldmg plastic materials burned in stacks 100 m long The collapsed metal structures formed a shield that concentrated the heat in the stacks and prevented extingmshing agents from reaching the fire Extreme heat and acnd smoke interfered with fiire fighting operations See also Engineering Digest "Fire Protection" series, 1972, No 2, summary 20 UDC 614 841 45 3 68 100 [Fire at a rest camp] SIX HUNDRED EVACUATED AS FIRE STRIKES "VULNERABLE" THEATER AT BUTLIN'S MINEHEAD CAMP Fire, 1971, 64, No 798, 360 (English) At 2020 hours on 16 September 1971 a fire started at Buthn's Minehead Camp The rest camp consists of a complex of recreational buildings, shops, and sports arenas The fire started m the theater dunng the showing of a film Within 1 5 hours 95% of the theater and its interior were destroyed The fire onginated m a storage room on stage Its cause was undeternuned Measures taken by camp adnunistra- tors succeeded m rapidly evacuating the audience of 600 without injury or pamc People in neighboring buildings were also evacuated The alarm was received by the fire bngade house-man 16 minutes after discovery Ten pumpers were used in fighting the fire Water was taken from nearby open cisterns and hydrants By 2400 the fire was completely under control Firo fighting forces remained, however, until 1145 the following day

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 311 UDC 634.043 3 68.101. [Discussion of forest fire fighting methods in the Ministry of Internal Affairs] SISAASIAINMINISTERIO JARJESTI NEUVOTTELNJAIVAN METSAPALONTORJUNNASTA Palmlorjunia, 1971, 22, No 4, 182-186, 191-192, 209 (Finnish) UDC 634 0 43 3.68.102 [Extmgmshment of a large forest fire] Alemus, Aarne JAT-KOA KALAJOEN SUURMETSAPALON JALKIPALAVERIIN Palmtorjunta, 1971, 22, No 4, 193 (Finnish) Technological Eqmpment for the Fire Protection Service (For publications on fire alarms and warmng signals, see also the separate issue No 64, "Electrical Commumcations" and No OlA, "Automation and Remote Control ") UDC 625 748 56 3 68.103 [Automatic signallmg systems] Hemardinquer, Pierre LA PROTEC- TION AUTOMATIQUE CONTRE LE VOL ET L'INCENDIE Electrtcten, 1971, 99, No 2132, 217-219 (French) Automatic systems are required for early fire detection Detectors react to physical or chenucal changes in the environment Each detector can momtor an area of 20 to 70 m* The devices are powered by house current I f they are connected m a protective system, a standby battery power source is provided. Several types of detection are distmguished elevated temperature, smoke or products of com- bustion, and flame Corresponding detectors are heat, smoke, lomzation, and optical Sensitive elements used in detectors are low-temperature fusible hnks (Wood or Dorset alloys), wax, lacquer, rubber, expandmg hquids, bimetallic strips, expanding gas, change in electncal resistance in the presence of heat, change in electrical resistance of photocells when smoke interferes with a light beam, infrared radiation from flames, and change m conductivity and lomzation of air Detectors can switch on systems such as automatic carbon dioxide extmguishers V. G Fukalov UDC 614 842 4:621 357 862 3 68 104 [Laser fire detector] Edwards, Geoffrey LASERS SPEARHEAD THE FIGHT AGAINST FIRE Design Eng (Gt. B n t ) , 1971, Nov , 73 (Enghsh) British fire losses between 1957 and 1968 have increased fourfold, and in 1971, according to the insurance industry, losses amounted to 120 milUon pounds sterling Early detection is thought to be one of the most important factors in fire extinguish- ment Early detection is possible with sensitive detectors The solution to this problem m large warehouses, which are becommg even larger, involves large and expensive systems As lasers become cheaper, laser detectors will soon be more economical than traditional detectors A laser detector operates on the principle of interference When the coeflScient of refraction of air changes under heat, a laser beam is affected and a photocell detects the change and triggers an alarm If a laser detector is installed below the ceding of a large open buildmg, the time between the start of a fire and its detection depends on the vertical distance between the fire and the level of the beam I f the laser and photocell are installed at opposite

312 FIRE RESEARCH ends of a bmlding, the system is more sensitive to a fire that occurs closer to the laser Sensitivity is smoothed out if the laser and photoelement are mounted on the same wall, with a mirror reflector on the opposite wall The mirror must be rigidly fixed to avoid false alarms A comer reflector mcreases reliability and simplifies the installation and use of the system Compared with traditional de- tectors, the laser system is more highly sensitive to smoke and heat and has a larger area of coverage New fire resistant materials are discussed (1) an agent combimng carbon dioxide with bromochlorodifluoromethane and (2) honeycomb paper coated with mtumescent paint that expands when exposed to heat, seahng the openings and releasing a gaseous extmguishant The paper develops a hard surface 1 fig Yu N . Veydeman UDC 625 748 56 3 68 105 -3 68 106. [Automatic fire alarm] Peissard, W G WIE M A N DAS FEUER ERKENNT BEVOR ES BRENNT AUTOMATISCHE FEUER- MELDER Textilveredlung, 1971, 6, No 10, 679-682 (German), Schrader, E. SELBSTTATIGE FEUERMELDER I N FEUERMELDE- UND FRUH- WARNSYSTEMEN Hansa, 1971, 108, No 20, 1977-1980 (German) UDC 614 842 4:634 0 43 3 68 107 [System for detectmg hidden forest fires] Maden, Forrest H. A NEW SYSTEM FOR DETECTING LATENT FOREST FIRES Con/. Rec : Eng Conserv Mankind IEEE 6th Req Cora/, Sacramento, Calif, 1971 New York, N Y , 1971, 6B 2/1-6B 2/8 (Enghsh) Results are described of the experimental investigation of a double spectral instrument (DSI) of an infrared system for detecting latent forest fires and their cartography under conditions of various illununation and atmospheric haze. In contrast to monospectral ir systems (having one antimony-indium detector in the 1 5 to 5 5 mm range) the DSI has two double spectral transmitters an In-SB transmitter m the 3.4 mm range (hot target detector) and a germanium-mercury detector in the 8 5 to 11 mm range (background detector) The target is detected by radiometric comparison of the ratio of the Ge-Hg and In-Sb signals with the aid of two heater elements adjusted m the range of 0 to 20°C and 40 to 55°C A video signal from the elements contains mformation on the target and back- ground Noise m the electrical and navigational systems of an aircraft are screened out by a pulse length selector The number of false alarms decreases by comparing pulses on two sequential Imear representations of the target The pulse from the representation appears on a recording strip and a video screen This is recorded by a camera on positive film 7 refs I A Trunov UDC 625 748 56 3 68 108 [Miniature contact temperature detector] Gnmnunger, H MES- SUNGEN VON OBERFLACHENTEMPERATUREN M I T EINER A N - SPRECHZEIT VON WENIGER ALS 1 MIKRO-SEKUNDE GIT, 1971, 15, No 10, 1125-1126 (German) To speed up the operation of heat detectors, their heat capacity is decreased One way to do this is to use metal foils 0.5 to 1X10"' mm The heat detector is made of two metal foils which are thermally and electrically insulated from each other at one end Their other ends are joined, fornung a junction resting on a flat

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 313 washer The thermal conductivity of this washer is insigmficant Therefore the maximum value of a change m temperature is reached in less than 20 microsec Thermal detectors of this type make it possible to read time-temperaturc char- acteristics of surfaces and all thermal calculations are made by usmg one-dimen- sional theory of thermal conductivity Rhodium and platinum thermoelements can be used m a wide range of temperatures and have a long lifetime 3 figs UDC 625 748 56 3.68.109 [Investigation of the effective distance of infrared radiation from flames for long-range fire detector systems] Matsui Matsunaga, Tsutsumi Suteo, and Takagi Tom A STUDY ON THE OPERATING WAVELENGTH REGION OF INFRARED REMOTE FIRE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM Bunko kenkuyu (J. Spectroscopy Soc Japan), 1971, 20, No 3, 149-155 (Japanese, English sum- mary) The optimum effective detection region of ir radiation for fire detector systems IS investigated I t was found that 4 4 to 4 8 m waves, which are radiated by carbon dioxide in flames, are suitable for detecting fires because the atmosphere passes radiation especially well m this region and there is a low level of noise from earth radiation The automatic system pernuts rehable detection of fires up to 5 km distance under moderate atmospheric conditions UDC 621 398:654:924(088 0) 3 68 110 P [Protective alarm system] RESEAU D'ALARME A PROGRAM- MATION AUTOMATIQUE [Pauli, Georges] French pat class G08b 13/00, No 2049507, applied for 10 Jun 1969, granted 26 Mar 1971 A patent was issued for a relay contact system which, according to a prepared program, performs a senes of operations necessary to generate signals of various forms (light, sound, verbal, etc ) The sensitive elements of the system are several normally closed and normally open contacts The change of state of these contacts releases the master relay, which switches on an array of signalling devices (signal hghts, telephone, speaker) and opens a communication hne to the police depart- ment 1 fig UDC 621 398:654.924 (088.8) 3.68.111 [Alarm system for protectmg safes] Kato Tomezo ALARM DE- VICE U S pat class 340-276 (G 08 b 13/06) No 3550109, applied for 14 Jul 1966, granted 11 Dec 1970, priority 14 Jul 1965 (Japanese) A patent was issued for the protection of safes and similar objects The first device is a capacitance type that has a thin, flat, current-conducting plate mounted on a movable carrier with wheels made of insulation The plate is placed directly adjacent to a safe or other protected object and is connected to an oscillator in the alarm The oscillator is tuned to 150 kHz When the plate is moved away from the protected object, the frequency changes and an alarm is sounded The protected object is grounded, as is the oscillator The oscillator frequency changes and an alarm is given when a hand reaches for the safe dial The second device has three number accumulators with electrical contacts, vibration detectors mounted on the protected object, a control panel installed next to the protected object, and a remote unit The operatmg pnnciple is the same as that of ordmary digital code devices Yu N Veydeman

314 FIRE RESEARCH UDC 621.398:654.924 (088.8) 3.68.112. P [Electromagnetic device for preventing car thefts] MECHANISME ELECTROMAGNETIQUE A INERTIE POUR CEINTURES DE SECURITE DES VEHICULES [Prostran, Luka]. French pat. class A62 b 35/00, B 60 r 21/00, No. 2050518, applied for 28 Mar 1969, granted 2 Apr 1971. UDC 658.78.006.6:621.398:654.924 3.68.113. [Regulations for protecting storage warehouses] LES DEUX REGLES DE BASE POUR ASSURER LA SECURITE DANS UN CENTRE DE DISTRIBUTION. Transp. Commerc, 1971, 19, No. 9, 12-16 (French) Problems are examined relating to thefts from warehouses: codes for windows, doors, locks, alarm systems, protection of yards and fences, and illumination. Also discussed are ideas on working with personnel: hiring, verification, training, per- sonnel records, and accreditation. 2 figs. CUMULATIVE CATEGORICAL INDEX FOR V O L U M E 14 YEAR 1972 SPECIAL ARTICLES Ignition of Cellulosic Solids—A Review 24 Soviet Fire Information Dissemination Media 227 Survey of Toxic Species Evolved in the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Polymers 1 ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS A. Prevention of Fires and Fire Safety Measures Another Approximation for Spatial Separation 243 Development of a Shelter Blast and Fire Vulnerabihty Data System. . 54 Ensuring Safety in Flammable Atmospheres 107 Expanded Polystyrene Linings for Domestic Buildings 239 Evaluation of Fire Retardant Treatments for Wood Shingles: 113 Fire Loads in Flats I l l Fire Protection in Telephone Exchanges " 113 Fire-Retardant Treatments for Mine Timber. 241 Fire Testing of Electrical Cables and the Benefits of Fire-Retardant Paints 232 Flameproof Enclosures: Maximum Safe Flange Gaps with Gas Mixtures Related to Town Gas • • • 109 Flameproof Enclosures: New Cylindrical Test Vessels of Variable Volumes and Flange Breadth 109

ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 315 Hydrological Investigation on Unconfined Water as a Source for Fire Fighting 110 Inhibition of Methane—Air Mixtures and the Problem of the Safety of Explosives 55 Methods of Evaluating Fire-Retardant Treatments for Wood Shingles.. 233 Optimum Fire Resistance of Structures 54 Prescribed Burning 112 Relation Between Fire Load and Temperature at Tests of Concrete and Wood Partitions According to D I N 4102 236 Safe Distances from Wired-Glass Screening a Fire 236 Simulated Crash Tests as Means of Rating Aircraft Safety Fuels 110 Station Siting in Peterborough and Market Deeping 53 Storage Properties of Four Foam Liquids 232 Visibility through Fire Smoke: Visibility of Monochromatic Signs through Fire Smoke 107 Wooden Laboratory Cupboards for the Fire Protection of Solvents.... 240 B. Igmtion of Fires Experimental Coal Dust Explosions in the Buxton Full-Scale Surface Gallery IV. The Influence of the Dust Deposit and Form of Initiation on Explosives in a Smooth Gallery 60 Further Studies of the Ignition of Methane-Air by Detonating Ex- plosives 117 Ignition Hazard to Urban Interiors During Nuclear Attack due to Burning Curtain Fragments Transported by Blast . . . 59 Ignition of a SoUd Polymeric Fuel in a Hot Oxidizing Gas Stream 57 Ignition of Flammable Atmospheres by Small Amounts of Metal Vapor and Particles 243 Ignition of Fuels by a Hot Projectile 118 Ignition of Gases and Vapours by Friction and Impact 118 Influence de la Structure Moleculaire sur Certaines Proprietes d'Auto- Inflammation des Hydrocarbures 116 Investigation of Fifteen Flammable Gases or Vapors with Respect to Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment 119 Mechanisms of Ignition of Thermally Irradiated Cellulose 56 Multistage Ignition in Hydrocarbon Combustion: Temperature Effects and Theories of Nonisothermal Combustion 58 Preliminary Investigation of the Use of Focused Laser Beams for Mini- mum Ignition Energy Studies 244 Radiative Ignition of Polymeric Materials in Oxygen-Nitrogen Mix- tures 57 Theory of Surface Ignition with Applications to Cellulose, Explosives, and Propellants 114 C. Detection of Fires Fire Detection by Infrared Resonance Radiation 120

316 F I R E R E S E A R C H D. Propagation of Fires Aviation Fuel Fire Behavior Study 61 Characteristics of Full-Scale Fires in Various Occupancies 62 Combustion of Polyurethane Foam in an Experimental Mine Roadway 64 Firebrand Field Studies 123 Flame Propagation of Burning Solid Material with Moisture 247 Flame Spreading Across Liquid Fuels 122 Flammability Properties of Jet Fuels and Techniques for Fire and Explosion Suppression 121 Measurements of the Dynamics of Structural Fires 246 Model of Fire Spread 63 Possibility of the Occurrence of Fuel-Rich Mine Fires 122 Project Flambeau—An Investigation of Mass Fire, 1964-1967 61 Turbulent Burning Rate 245 E . Suppression of Fires Air Drop Tests with Fire-Trol 100 and Phos-Chek 205 Fire Retardants 66 Attempt to Explore the EfiFects of High Blast Overpressure on the Persistence of Smouldering Combustion in Debris 68 Coal Dust Explosions in a Large Scale Vertical Tube Apparatus 67 Contribution to the Selection of Fire Extinguishing Systems and Agents for Aircraft Fires 126 Destruction of High-Expansion Fire-Fighting Foam by the Components of Fuel Pyrolysis and Combustion 124 Development of Halogenated Hydrocarbon Foam (Halofoam) Ex- tinguishants 65 Effect of Hydrogen Bromide on the Structure of Propane—Oxygen Flames Diluted with Argon 70 Evaluation of Aircraft Ground Firefighting Agents and Techniques... 67 Evaluation of Auxiliary Agents and Systems for Aircraft Ground Fire Suppression—Phase I 247 Extinction of Liquid Fuel Fires with Water Sprays 128 Fu-e Extinguishing Measures for Radioisotope Facilities: Extinguishing Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Liquid Fires in Hoods 127 Flammable Liquid Fuels for dlass-B Fire Tests for Portable Fire Ex- tinguishers 130 Inhibition of Hydrogen—Air and Hydrogen-Nitrous Oxide Flames by Halogen Compounds 69 Investigation of Fire Extinguishing Powders by Means of a New Measuring Procedure 126 Mechanism of Flameproof Protection 69 Performance of Metsd Foam as a Flame Arrester When Fitted to Gas- Explosion-ReUef Vents 248 Studies on the Required Quantity of Various Fire Extinguishing Agents: Part 3. The Case of Open Tray 133

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 317 Studies on the Required Quantity of Various Fire Extinguishing Agents: Part 4. The Case of Fire-Fighting Foam 133 Studies on the Required Quantity of Various Fire Extinguishing Agents : Part 5. The Planning of Fire Extinguishing Systems 134 Study of the Inhibition of Hsr-0r-N2 Mixture Flames by Halo Hydro- carbons 125 Use of Water in the Extinction of Fires by Brigades 125 F . Fire Damage and Salvage G. Combustion Engineering Analytical Study of Gravity Effects on Laminar Diffusion Flames 79 Calculation of the Length of Gas Diffusion Flames 140 Chlorine-Fluorine Flame Structures 78 Control of Smoke in Building Fires: A State of the Art Review 71 Crash-Safety Turbine Fuel Development by the Federal Aviation Administration 139 Definition of a Low-Intensity Fire 136 Dimensionless Groups 135 Emulsified Fuels and Aircraft Safety 140 Experimental and Mathematical Study of a Hydrogen—Oxygen Flame 77 Fire and Explosion Protection of Fuel Tank Ullage 138 Rre Hazard Evaluation of Thickened Aircraft Fuels 137 Fire Spread in Paper Arrays 72 Flame Spread over Fuel Beds: Solid-Phase Energy Considerations.... 73 Fuel Preheating in Free-Burning Fires 72 Gas Burning Mechanism in a Fluidized Bed 249 Hydrocarbon Combustion and Physical Properties 80 Laminar Free Convective Burning of Fuel Surfaces 73 Literature Survey of the Chemistry of Flame Inhibition 80 Problems Associated with the Theoretical Analysis of the Burning of Wood 75 Rate of Combustion of Soot in Turbulent Flames 76 Smoke Tests in the Pressurized Stairs and Lobbies of a Twenty-Six Storey Office Building 79 Some Observations on Near-Limit Flames 78 Structure of Some Quasi-Steady Fire Spread Waves 74 Study of the Pyrolysis of Organic Compounds in Laminar Diffusion Flames 136 Theoretical and Experimental Study of Nonpropagating Free-Burning Fires 75 Turbulent Combustion of Gaseous Mixtures 249 Use of a Simplified Mathematical Model for Prediction of Bum Out of Non-uniform Sprays 138

318 F I R E H E S E A R C H H . Chemical Aspects of Fires Absolute Measurements of Rate CoeflScients for the Reactions of Hydrogen and Oxygen Atoms with Hydrogen Peroxide and Water.. 87 Carbon Monoxide Reactions in the Afterflame Region of Ethylene- Oxygen and Ethane-Oxygen Flames 84 Catalji;ic Effects of Metal Additives on Free Radical Recombination Rates in Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen Flames 82 Decomposition Products of PVC for Studies of Fires 144 Exothermic Reactions of Wood at Elevated Temperatures 81 Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Dehydrochlorination of PVC in Air and Nitrogen 144 Experimental Study on Heat Radiation from Oil Tank Fire 145 Expose N° 16—Influences des Promoteurs (Radicaux Libres) et des Inhibiteurs sur les Flammes de Diffusion 141 Fire-Retardance Effectiveness of High-Molecular-Weight, High-Oxygen- Containing Inorganic Additives in Cellulosic and Synthetic Materials 251 Flame Inhibition Chemistry 141 Heat of Reaction during the Pyrolysis of Wood 252 Kinetic Behavior of Intermediate Compounds during the Pyrolysis of Cellulose 143 Nitrogen Containing Products from the Thermal Decomposition of Flexible Polyurethane Foam 143 Radiation from an Ethylene Diffusion Flame 252 Rates of Gas Phase Hydrogen Atom Recombination at Room Tempera- ture in the Presence of Added Gases 83 Structure of Fluorine Support Flames II—Concentration Profiles for Flames of the Systems: Hj-Fj, Hj-Fr-NHj, NH3-F2, CjHj-Fj, and C2H4-F2 250 Studies of the Combustion of Branched-Chain Hydrocarbons 85 Studies on Factors Influencing the Deterioration of Fire Fighting Foam Compounds: I I I . On the Formation of Glycine-Ferric Complexes. . . . 142 Temperature Coefficients of Diatomic Dissociation and Recombination Reactions 86 Thermal Behavior of Carbohydrates 253 Thermal Decomposition of Wood at Temperatures up to 180 C—Part I . Stand of Research 81 Thermal Decomposition of Wood at Temperatures up to 180 C-Part I I . Experiments on Selfignition, Loss of Weight, Calorific Value and Elementary Analysis 82 Three-Body Recombination and Dissociation of Diatomic Molecules: A Comparison between Theory and Experiment 87 Use of the Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction in Determining the Velocity Constants of Elementary Reactions in Hydrocarbon Oxidation 84

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 319 I. Physical Aspects of Fires Electrostatic Charging in the Handling of Aviation Fuels 148 Heat Transfer above a Small Ground Fire 148 Optical Study of Preignition Heat Release 254 Pyrolysis of a Slab of Porous Material 89 Rates of Spread of Some Wind-Driven Fires 89 Spectral Distribution of Radiant Energy of a Gas-Fired Radiant Panel and Some Diffusion Flames 146 Studies on Generating Mechanism of High Expansion Air Foam: I I . Relationship between the Minimum Static Pressure Required to Generate Single Bubble and Hole Diameter 146 Surface Active Considerations in Fuel Fires 149 J . Meteorological Aspects of Fires Effects of Topography on Microclimate in Southwestern Wisconsin... 90 Fire Whirlwind Formation Over Flat Terrain 91 On the Nature, Properties, and Behavior of Bush-Plre Smoke 150 Some Meterological Aspects of Three Intense Forest Fires 149 K. Physiological and Psychological Problems from Fires Candle or Oil Soot as a Cause of Pneumoconiosis in Coalminers 152 Chemical Factors Contributing to Pulmonary Damage in Smoke Poisoning 260 Comparative Toxicity of Thermal Decomposition Products 91 Evaluation of the Toxicity of Combustion Products 155 Evolution of Toxic Gases from Plastics 153 Flammability and Toxicological Characteristics of Isocyanurate Foams, Intumescent Coatings, and Fluorel 153 Respiratory Protection of High Expansion Air Foam 154 Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Fire Victims 259 Study on Injurious Properties of Combustion Products of Building Materials at Initial Stage of Fire 255 Toxic Atmospheres Associated with Real Fire Situations 92 L . Operations Research, Mathematical Methods and Statistics Distribution Model for an Emergency Service 156 Fires in Television Sets 260 Perceived Involvement of Fire Department Officers, Operational and Management Functions 92 Survey of Fires in Hypobaric and Hyperbaric Chambers 155

320 F I R E HBSBAHCH M. Model Studies and Scaling Laws Fires in the Timber Linings of Mine Roadways: A Comparison of Data from Reduced-Scale and Large-Scale Experiments 158 Modeling Individual and Multiple Building Fires 261 Modeling of Ceilmg Fires 93 Model Test of Smokeproof Tower under Enforced Heating 157 N. Instrumentation and Fire Equipment Apparatus for Rate Studies of Vapor-Producing Reactions 159 Burning Velocities of Methane-Air Mixtures Using Hot-Wire Anemom- eters in Closed Vessel Explosions 94 Description of the Buxton Full-Scale Surface Coal-Dust Explosion Gallery and Its Instrumentation 162 Economical Conversion of a Miniature Net Radiometer to an All-Wave Hemispheric Radiometer 95 Interlaboratory Evaluation of Smoke Density Chamber 159 Laboratory Instrument for Measuring the Turbidity of a Suspension of Dust Particles 158 Large-Area Differential Laser Interferometer for Fire Research 261 New Plant for Research and Testing Equipment for -Flammable At- mospheres 163 Optical Method for Measuring the Concentration of Axisymmetric Gas Jets 262 Portable IR System for Observing Fire through Smoke 262 Robust Heat Flux Meter for Experimental Building Fires 163 Studies on Generating Mechanisms of High Expansion Air Foam: I I I . About Practical Fixed Net-Fog Nozzle-Blower Type of High-Expan- sion Foam Generator 160 Tungsten-Wire Resistance Thermometer for Use in Small Gaseous Jets 162 O. Miscellaneous Fire Problems Program (RANN Program) 165 Fire Research in Europe 263 Great Oakland, Los Angeles, and San Diego Fires, September 22 to 29, 1970 95 Research Bulletins (Underwriters' Laboratories) 167 Safety in Mines Research Establishment Bibliography 164 Summary of Prescribed Burning Done in the Lake States during 1970 . 96 Survey of Fire Research Facilities in the United States 96 Technical Report No. 7, Fire Research 164 BOOKS Fires and Buildings 169

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 321 PERIODICALS Fire Research Notes 1957-1967 98 Fire Research Notes 1968-1971 98 Joint Fire Research Organization Fire Research Notes, January 1970- Marchl972 170 National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 498 98 National Fire Protection Association Publications 1972 98 National Swedish Building Research Institute Publications 1944-1969.. 99 National Swedish Building Research Institute Publications 1970-1971.. 99 Publications of Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings 98 Research and Technical Papers of the Fire Research Section of the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada 98 MEETINGS Colloquia on Fire Problems 1970-1971 104 Proceedings of Conference on Hazard Evaluation and Risk Analysis... 264 Conseiul International du Batiment, W-14 (Fire Problems) 185 International Fire Protection Engineering Institute 195 National Science Foundation Research Program-RANN—Contractors Meeting 199 Symposium on an Appraisal of Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agents. 264 Tenth Annual Office of Civil Defense Research Contractors Meeting... 176 TRANSLATIONS Soviet Abstracts Journal: Fire Protection 265 EQUIPMENT AND PRODUCTS CUMULATIVE INDEX OF AUTHORS FOR VOLUME 14 Y E A R 1972 Adler, J . , 254 Baev, V. K., 262 Albers, E . A., 87 Bailey, T. A., 79 Alger, R. S., 95, 124, 155 Baker, F . E . , 232 Alvares, N. J . , 56, 95, 124 Baker, R. R., 84 Ambs, L . L . , 78 Baldwin, R., 125 Ames, S. A., 248 Baldwin, R. R., 84 Amhrein, T., 96 Barat, P., 85 Andersen, W. H., 114 Baratov, A. N., 125 Appelton, J . P., 87 Bartkowiak, A., 137 Atallah, S., 65, 247 Bartosic, A. J . , 71 Avise, H. J . , 54 Baskakov, A. P., 249

322 F I R E R E S E A R C H Beardshall, D , 162 Beer, J . M., 138 Belton, M , 164 Bennett, J . E , 83 Bentley, R. A., 152 Bergman, I . , 152 Berlad, A. C , 74 Blackmore, D. R., 83 Blackwell, J . R., 122 Block, J . A., 75 Bott, B., 153 Botten, B. P., 121 Bradley, D , 94 Brown, J . M., 95 Buccigross, H. L , 65 Bulewicz, E . M., 82 Burgess, D. S., 78 Butcher, E . C , 79 Carhart, H. W., 96 Castmo, G. T , 71 Chandler, S. E , 260 Chitty, T B., 232 Chodoff, M., 259 Christian, W J , 62 Combourieu, J . , 141 Combustion Laboratory of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, 164 Comeford, J . J , 146 Cook, E . B., 78 Corke, D. G , 149 Corrie, J G., 232 Cottle, T H., 79 Creeden, J E . , 261 Creitz, E . C , 80 Culhs, C. F , 85 Day, M. J . , 69 De Ris, J . , 73, 93 De Soete, G., 116 Dems, G , 141 Dixon-Lewis, G , 69 Drake, W. 0., 153 Eberius, K. H , 77 Edelman, R B., 79 Eickner, H W., 71 Emhom, I. N., 153 Eisner, H. S., 107 Emmons, H. W , 72 Falinower, C , 141 Fang, J B., 136 Ferrer, J . M., 259, 260 Fiala, R , 126, 126 Firth, J . G , 153 Fletcher, E . A , 78 Floch, H F. , 260 Fortune, 0., 79 Fnstrom, R M , 141, 165, 261 Fu, T T , 61 Fulford, G. D., 135 Furno, A L. , 78, 137 Gaskill, J . R , 71 Geyer, G B., 67 Gibson, L , 150 Glassman, I . , 122 Glazkova, A P , 55 Goodale, T., 59, 68 Gray, B F. , 58 Gray, P., 58 Griffiths, D J . , 232 Griffiths, J F. , 58 Gngel, J E , 6 6 Gross, D., 136 Grunfelder, C , 261 Hagopian, J , 247 Haines, D. A., 91 Harris, G W , 158 Hatch, A. B., 150 Hickey, H. E . , 92 Hoffman, H T , 91 Hogg, J M , 53, 63, 156 Holmes, C A , 233 Homann, K H , 250 Hoshino, M , 142 Hosono, Y , 110 Hottel, H C ,72 Houck, L D , 112 Hoyermann, K , 77, 87 Hughes, E E , 92 Hundy, G F , 94

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 323 Inman, L H , 124 Isoda, H , 57 Ives, J M , 92 Jm, T , 107 Jones, D H , 109, 109 Jones, T A , 153 Kalelkar, A S , 247 Kanury, A Murty, 24 Karagulov, F A , 125 Kashiwagi, T , 57 Keck, J C,87 Kim, J S,73 Kmg, N K , 149, 150 Kishitani, K , 255 Khmchik, G V , 262 Kokurm, A D , 136 Kollmann, F F P , 81 Kordma, K , 236 Kroesser, F W , 73 Kuroda, Y , 157 Kuvshinoff, B W , 227, 265 Kutcha, J M , 78, 137 Kwentus, G K , 72 Lastnna, F A , 73 Laughndge, F 1, 95 Law, M , 236 Lawson, D 1, 263 Lee, B T , 95, 261 Lee, T G , 159 Lewis, A , 148 Lie, T T , 54, 169 Lipska, A E , 95, 124, 251 Lord, H , 163 MacArthur, D A , 149, 150, 252 Macdonald, B W , 57 Macdonald, J A., 138 Maciven, R , 122 MacLean, D 1, 250 Magee, R S , 73 Magnussen, B F , 76 Makeev, V 1, 125 Malhotra, H L , 239 Martm, S B , 56 Maxwell, F D , 262 McAlevy, R F , I I I , 73 McCarter, R J , 159 McCracken, D J , 80 McElwain, D L S , 86 McKeo, R G , 95 Mcyer-Ottens, C , 236 Mihlfeith, C M , 153 Miller, R L E , 110 Morikawa, T , 127 Monya, T , 127 Moscley, G E , 240 Murphy, J N., 137 Murray, W L , 117 Nakajima, K , 120 Nakakuki, A , 128 Nayuki, K , 157 Nichols, J R , 95, 155 Nil, R , 146, 160 Nilsson, L , 111 Nuruzzaman, A S M , 138 O'Dell, A , 162 Oettcl, H , 91 Ohlcmiller, T J , 57 Orloff, L , 93 Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 61 Packham, D R , 148, 149, 150, 252 Padley, P J , 82 Pagni, P J , 112 Palmer, K N., 67 Panton, R L , 89 Pearce, N S , 71 PhilUps, H , 69 Pluss, E , 113 Polygma, L G , 136 Powell, F , 118 Pownall, C , 70 Pritchard, H. 0 , 86 Purt, G A , 113 Rae, D , 60, 162 Rittmann, J G , 89 Roberts, A F , 75, 122, 143, 158, 252 Robertson, A F. , 71

324 F I R E R E S E A R C H Rogowski, Z. W , 248 Rothermel, R. C , 74 Russell, R A , Jr , 139 Sadilov, P. V , 249 Sando, R W , 96 Sartz, R S , 90 Sawyer, R. F , 84, 141 Schaekel, F W., 140 Schultz, A. G., 165 Seader, J . D , 153 Shafizadeh, F. , 253 Sharma, 0 P , 118, 122 Shcherbina, Yu A , 249 Shepherd, R E , 232 Shetinkov, E S , 249 Shimada, H , 127 Siddal, R G., 138 Singnano, W A , 118, 122 Shen, T , 72 Shm, V. H , 87 Simmons, R. F. , 70 Smgh, T , 84 Spindonov, V. A , 249 Stamp, D. V , 69 Stark, G W V., 240 Strawson, H , 148 Sumi, K , 155 Summerfield, M., 57, 57 Takahashi, M , 128 Takahashi, S., 154 Taylor, J . K., 92 Taylor, R. J . , 149, 150 Thomas, P. H., 89 Thompson, K , 69 Thompson, W., 162 Thome, P F , 130 Tolson, P., 243 Tonkm, P S., 67 Topf, P , 81, 82 Topf, T , 81 Tsuchiya, Y. , 155 Tucker, D M., 232 Tuve, R L , 149 Updike, G H , 91 Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc, 119, 167 U S D A Forest Service, 113 Vmes, R G , 149, 150 Vodvarka, F J , 123 Vulis, L A , 245 Wadley, A I. , 144 Wagner, H Gg , 77, 87 Wagner, J P., 1 Walker, R. W , 84 Wafis, C. A A , 163 Waterman, T E , 62 Weatherford, W D , Jr , 140 Weilerstein, G , 79 Weinberg, F J . , 244, 254, 261 Weston, G C , 259 White, R W , 240 Wiersma, S. J . , 246 Wilde, D. G , 64, 246 Wilford, G P , 110 WilUams, G. C , 72 Wilhams-Leir, G , 243 Wilson, J R , 244, 254 WUtshire, L L , 95 Wmterfeld, G , 126 Wolfrum, J , 87 Woodhead, D W , 109 WooUey, W D , 143, 144, 144 Wraight, H , 163 Wyeth, H. W G , 138 Yamashika, S , 133, 133, 134 Yarin, L. P., 140 Yasakov, V. A., 262 Ymg, Shuh-Jing, 247 Yudl, C. H , 71 Yumoto, T , 145 Zabawsky, Z., 71 Zikna, B A , 259, 260

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 325 CUMULATIVE INDEX OF SUBJECTS FOR VOLUME 14 Y E A R 1972 Acetaldehyde, 260 Acetylene-fluorme flames, 250 Acetylene-oxygen, 141 Acrolem, 260 Air drop, fire retardants, 66 Air flow, 61 Air temperatures, 246 Aircraft crashes, 110, 139 Aircraft crash fires, 67 Aircraft fires, 126, 247 Aircraft fuel fires, 61 Aircraft fuel safety, 110 Aircraft fuels, 137 Aircraft safety, 140 Ammoma-fluonne flames, 250 Ammomum phosphotungstate, 261 Ammal expenments, 255 Apartment fire load. 111 Aquifier, 110 Array tests, 261 Asphyxia, 259 Atmosphenc diffusion, 164 Atmospheric stabihty, 91 ' Atonuc flames, 141 Auxihary fire fightmg agents, 247 Auxihary fire fightmg systems, 247 Bibhography, Safety m Mmes Research Estabhshment, 164 Blast effects, 261 Blasts, 68 Blowoff hmits, 126 Brands, 123 Breathabihty of foams, 154 Brush fires, 72, 150 Bubbles, 146 Buildmg codes, 243 Buildmg fires, 163, 236, 239 Buildmg materials, 159, 255 Buildmg separation, 243 Buildmgs, 54 Buildmgs, calonmetry, combustibihty, 136 Buildings, construction, matenals, codes, 71 Bum out of sprays, 138 Burmng, 91 Burmng brand test (Class C), 233 Burning rate, 64, 246 Burmng sohds, 247 Burmng velocities, 94, 125, 245 Burmng wood, 75 Burns, prescribed, 112 Butraldehyde, 260 Butane-air flames, 78 Buxton, 162 Buxton, "POLSTAR", 163 CO-Hb, 255 Cable testing, 232 Calonmetry, 253 Candle soot, 152 Carbohydrates, 253 Carbon monoxide, 84, 259 Carbon monoxide concentrations, 246 Carbon monoxide poisomng, 255 Carboxyhemoglobm, 259 Casualties, 259, 260 Ceilmg fires, 93 Ceilmg matenals, 261 CeUulose, 56, 114, 143 Cellulosic matenals, 251 Chain reactions, 58 Char, 251 Characteristics of pool fires, 61 Chemical kmetics, 87, 141 Coal dust, 162 Coal dust explosion, 60, 67 Coal imners, 152 Coatmgs, 241 Colloqma, 165 Combustion m flmdized beds, 249 Combustion, nomsothermal, 58 Combustion rate, 76 Combustion products, 144, 155 Composition measurement, 262

326 F I R E R E S E A R C H Concrete, 236 Convection, 148 Convective columns, 61 Cotton, 251 Cool flames, 85 Cnb fires, 89 Curtains, igmtion by, 59 DIN 4102, 236 DTA, 81 Damage assessment, 54 Damkohker's first number, 126 Deaths, 259 Decomposition, 144 Decomposition products, 251 Defoaming agents, 124 Detection of fire, 120 Detectors, 113 Detonation, 117 Dictionary, 165 Diffusion flame, 79, 140, 146, 252 Diffusion flame structure, 136 Dimensionless groups, 135 Dissociation, 86, 87 Distribution of emergency services, 156 Droplet burmng, 138 Dust, 158, 162 Dust explosions, 60 Djmamic behavior of structural fires, 246 ESR, 253 Education, 165 Effect of smoke on foam, 124 Effects of gravity, viscosity, and inertia, 79 Electnc cable testing, 232 Electrical equipment, 119, 248 Electrostatic chargmg of fuels, 148 Emergency service location, 156 Emulsified fuels, 140 Ethane-oxygen flames, 84 Ethylene-air, 254 Ethylene-air flames, 252 Ethylene-fluonne flames, 250 Ethylene-oxygen flames, 84 Evaporation and flame propagation, 247 Exploding wires, 243 Explosion gallery, 162 Explosion proof, 119 Explosion protection, 138 Explosions, 117, 119, 248 Explosions, coal dust, 60 Explosibihty, 67 Explosives, 55, 114 Extinction, 128 Extmgmshants, 65, 133 Extmguisher, 130 Extmgmshmg, 125, 130 Extingmshing liquid fuel fires, 67 Extmguishmg agents, 126, 232 Extinguishing measures radioisotope fa- cility fires, 127 Extmguishment, 68, 133, 134 Fallout shelters, 54 Fire, 96, 125 Fire accidents in hyperbaric and hypo- banc chambers, 155 Fire behavior, 61, 239 Fire casualties, 259 Fire cause, 260 Fire control, 71, 91 Fire department officers, operational, 92 Fire detection, 262 Fire detectors, 165 Fire extmgmshants, 143 Fire extmguishers, 126 Fire extmgmshmg systems, 126 Fire extmgmshment, 247 Fire fighting water source, 110 Fire hazard, 64, 137, 239 Fire house location, 156 Fire intensity, 136 Fire loads. 111, 236 Fire mappmg, 262 Fire performance, 233 Fire prevention, 95 Fire problem, 165 Fire protection, 54, 71, 113, 138, 240 Fu-e research, 261 Fire research, European, 263 Fire research facihties, 96 Fire resistance, 54, 236 Fire retardant pamts, 232 Fire retardants, 66, 113, 233, 241

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 327 Fire safety, 71 Fire situations, 92 Fire spread, 72, 164 Fire spread model, 63 Fire spread rate, 89 Fire statistics, 260 Fire storms, 61 Fire temperature, 236 Fire tests, 159 Fire victims, 259 Firebrands, 123 Fire-fighting foam, 124 Fires, 62 Fires, brush, 150 Fires in ceilings, 93 Fires in liquid fuel, 128 Fires in mines, 122, 158 Fires in radioisotope facilities, 127 Flambeau, Project, 61 Flame arrester, 248 Flame chemistry, 80 Flame extinction, 80 Flame inhibition, 80, 141, 165 Flame proofing, 69 Flame propagation, 249 Flame propagation theory, 247 Flame spread, 73, 136 Flame spreading, 122 Flame spread waves, 74 Flame structure, 77, 78, 141 Flame traps, 69 Flame zone temperature, 61 Flameproof enclosures, 109, 109 Flames, 84 Flames and radiation, 252 Flaming igmtion, 251 Flammabihty, 121 Flammability, intumescent coatings, 153 Flammabihty limits, 78 Flammability of gases, 119 Flammable atmospheres, 107, 163 Flammable hqmds, 240 Flats, fire load in. I l l Fluidized-bed combustion, 249 Fluorel, 153 Fluonne-supported flames, 250 Fluorochemical, 232 Fluoroprotem, 232 Foam, 133, 146, 232 Foam-breathability, 154 Foam deterioration, 142 Foam generators, 160 Foam, metallic, 248 Foam, poljoirethane, 64 Foams, 65, 153 Foams, mtrogenous compounds, 143 Forest fires, 149 Formaldehyde, 260 Free burning fires, 72, 75 Free convective burning, 73 Free radicals, 82 Friction, ignition by, 118 Fuel beds, 73 Fuel fires, 149 Fuel, liquid, 130 Fuel moisture, 61 Fuel preheating, 72 Fuel safety, 110 Fuel surfaces, burning of, 73 Fuel tanks, 138 Fuel weight loss, 61 Fuel-nch fires, 122 Fuels, 118, 121, 122, 137, 139, 140 Furnace tests, 236 Furnishings, 136 Galleries, 60 Gaps, 109 Gas toxicity, 153 Gases, flammabihty, 119 Gases, ignition, 118 Gas-fire panel, 146 Glass panels, 236 Glycme-ferric compounds, 142 Grashof number, 73 Gray Radiator, 243 Ground fire suppression, 247 Ground water table, 110 Halocarbons, 125 Halogenated hydrocarbons, 65 Halogen inhibition, 69 Heat flux, 61, 163 Heat of reaction, 252 Heat release, 136, 254 Heat transfer, 148

328 F I R E R E S E A R C H Heatmg, 157 High-expansion foam, 124, 146 High-molecular-weight inorgamc addi- tives, 251 Hot oxidizmg gas igmtion of polymers, 57 Hot-wire anemometer, 94 Hydrocarbon-air chemical kinetics, 116 Hydrocarbon combustion, 80 Hydrocarbon oxidations, 84 Hydrocarbons, 58 Hydrocarbons, branched chain, 85 Hydrogen-air flames, 69, 78 Hydrogen atom, 87 Hydrogen atom recombination, 83 Hydrogen bromide inhibition by flame structure, 70 Hydrogen chloride, 144 Hydrogen-fluonne-ammoma flames, 250 Hydrogen-fluorme flame structure, 78 Hydrogen-fluonne flames, 250 Hydrogen-mtrous oxide flames, 69 Hydrogen-oxygen flames, 77 Hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen flames, 82, 125 Hydrogen-oxygen reaction, 84 Hydrogen peroxide, 87 Hydrological, 110 Hyperperoxy radical, 85 IR detectors, 262 ISO-R 1060, 236 Igmtion, 56, 57, 58, 114, 116, 118, 118, 244, 254 Igmtion by curtains, 59 Igmtion of flammable atmospheres, 243 Igmtion of polymers, 57, 57 Igmtion temperatures, 254 Impact, Ignition by, 118 Inflow wmds, 246 Infrared fire detector, 120 Inhibited flames, 70 Inhibition, 55, 125, 141, 141 Inhibition by halogens, 69 Instrumentation, 162 Interferometry, 261 Intermediates of pyrolysis, 143 Irradiation, thermal, 56 Isocyanurate foams, 153 Isothermal pyrolysis of cotton, 251 Jet flames, 140 Jets, 162 Johns Hopkins Umversity, Physics Laboratory, 165 Applied Kerosene smoke, 260 Kinetics, 77, 82, 83, 84, 87, 87, 143 limetics of decomposition, 251 Kinetics of pyrolysis, 253 Laboratory, 263 Laboratory cupboards, 240 Laminar burmng of surfaces, 73 Laminar combustion, 79 Large fires, self-help, 95 Laser interferometer, 261 Lasers, 244 Light water, 133 Lignm, 81 , Long-wave radiation, 95 ' Low-pressure flames, 250 M E S G , 109 Management, 92 Mass fire model, 164 Mass-fire dynamics, 261 Maximum energy release, 246 Melamme, 255 Metal additives, 82 Meteorology, 149 Methane-air, 55, 117 Methane-air flames, 94 Microchmate Wisconsm, 90 Microscale of turbulence, 249 Mme fires, 122 Mme galleries, 60 Mme roadway, 64, 158, 241 Mmimum igmtion energy, 244 Model studies, 156 Model of fire spread, 63 Modehng, 93 Models, 261 Moisture, effect on flame propagation, 247 Molecular structure, 116

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 329 NMR, 253 Net foams, 160 Nonpropagating flames, 75 Nozzle foam, 160 Nuclear blast, 54 Nuclear fire, 54 Nylon, 251 Oil fires, 145 Oil soot, 152 Optical densities, 254 Optical studies, 262 Orgamc polymers, 136 Oxidation of hydrocarbons, 84 Oxygen atom, 87 Oxygen atom and hydrogen peroxide, water, 87 Oxygen-ennched fires, 155 Oxygen-nitrogen atmospheres, 57 PVC, 144, 144, 255 Paints, 232 Paper arrays, 72 Particles, 158 Partitions, 236 Permanent flame retardants, 251 Phosphomolybdic acid, 251 Phosphotungstic acid, 251 Physical properties of combustion, 80 Physical vulnerability, 54 Plant for testmg, 163 Plasma, 244 Plastics, toxic gases from, 153 Pneumoconiosis, 152 Poisoning by CO, 259 Polyester, 251 Polymer attack, 165 Polymers, ignition of, 57 Polystyrene, 239 Polyurethane, 255 Polyurethane foam, 64, 143 Pool fires, 127, 128, 145 Pool fires of aircraft fuels, 61 Powder extmguishants, 126 Predictability, 261 Preigmtion, 254 Prescnbed bum, 112 Pressunzed stairs and lobbies, 79 Projectiles, 118 Propagation of fire, 74 Propanc-argon-air flames, 70 Propellants, 114 Protein, 232 Pulmonary damage, 260 Pulse of radiant energy, 246 Pyrolysis, 75, 81, 89, 136, 143, 143, 144, 153, 159, 241, 252, 253 Pyrolysis products, 124 Pyrradiomcter, 95 Quasi-steady fire spread, 74 Quenching, 109 Quenching distance, 69 RANN, 165 Radiant energy, 146 Radiation, 90, 145, 148, 243 Radiation from flames, 252 Radiative igmtion, 57 Radiative spread of fire, 243 Rainfall, 90 Rates, hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide, water, 87 Rayon, 251 Recombination, 82, 86, 87 Recombination of hydrogen atom, 83 Research bulletins, 167 Resistance thermometry, 162 Resonance radiation detector, 120 Respiration in foams, 154 Retardants, 232, 241 Review, 118, 263 Roadways in mines, 158, 241 Roofing matenal, 251 Room contents, 261 Room fires, 62 SMRE, 164 Safe distances, 236 Safe gap (British standard 229:1957), 69 Safety, 107 Scahng, 158 Schlieren techniques, 262 Schlyter test, 233 Selfigmtion, 81, 82 Selfignition of wood, 81

330 F I R E R E S E A R C H Shmgles, wood, 113, 233 Signs, monochromatic, 107 Single and multiple igmtions, 261 Site preparation, wildhfe management, 96 Siting of stations, Peterborough, Market Deeping, 53 Size, 125 Slab pyrolysis, 89 Smoldermg combustion, 68 Smoke, 71, 150, 259, 262 Smoke chamber, 159 Smoke density chamber, 159 Smoke inhalation, 255 Smoke obscuration, 107 Smoke, optical density, 159 Smoke poisoning, 260 Smoke products, 124 Smoke tests, 79 Smokeproof tower, 157 Snowpack, 90 Soil water, 90 Solar radiation, 95 Solid phase processes in flame spread, 73 Solvents, 240 Soot, 76, 152 Soot formation, 250 Spark ignition, 148 Spatial separation of bmldmgs, 243 Spectral distribution, 146 Sprays, 128, 138 Spread rate of fuels, 137 Stack effect, 157 Station sitmg, 53 Statistical analysis, 159 Storage, 232 Structural engineering, 54 Structural fires, 261 Student fire program, 112 Study of fire extmgmshment, 134 Suppressants, 141 Suppression of aircraft fires, 67 Suppression of explosion, 121 Suppressors of coal dust explosion, 67 Surface activity, 149 Surface ignition, 114 Suspensions, 158 Systems analysis, 165 Tank fires, 145 Telephone exchanges, 113 Television, 260 Temperature, 90 Temperature coefficients of dissociation and recombination, 86 Temperature fluctuations, 245 Temperatures durmg ignition, 254 Test methods, 233, 236, 241 Test vessels, 109 Testing, 107 Testing of electnc cables, 232 Testmg of electrical equipment, 163 Testmg of retardants, 241 Tests, 232 Tests Class-B fires, 130 Theory of cnb fires, 75 Theory of extmgmshment, 133, 133, 134 Theory of flame propagation, 247 Theory of turbulent combustion, 249 Thermal analysis, 253 Thermal decomposition, 81, 82, 91, 143, 164 Thermal degradation, 253 Thermal ignition, 254 Thermal radiation, 61, 136 Thickened fuels, 137 Three body recombinations, 87 Tiles, hning, 239 Time, 125 Topography, 90 Tower, smokeproof, 157 Town gas, 109 Toxic gases, 64, 91, 144, 144, 165, 255 Toxicity, 153, 155 Toxicity, plastics, 91 Toxicology, 153 Transient temperatures, 162 Tray fires, 133 Tunnel furnace test, 233 Turbidity, 158 Turbine fuels, 139 Turbulent burning velocity, 245 Turbulent combustion, 249 Turbulent flames, 76 Ullage, 138

ABSTRACTS AND R E V I E W S 331 Vapor igmtion, 118 Vapor production rate, 159 Vapors and particles, metal, 243 Velocity fields, 254 Ventilation, 157 Visibility, 107 Volumetric fire growth, 246 Vortex, whirls, 91 Wall hmngs, 239 Walls, 236 Wastebaskets, 136 Water, 87, 125 Water sources, 110 Water sprays, 128 Water table, 110 Weathering, 233 Wildland-urban fires, 95 Wind-driven fires, 89 Wired glass, 236 Wood, 75, 233, 236, 241, 252, 253, 255 Wood-frame structures, 246 Wood, pyrolysis, 81, 82 Wood smoke, 260 Wood, thermal decomposition, 81