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ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 301 I t is essential that smoke control measures should be considered at any early stage in the design of the buildmg as they may be diflScult to mcorporate as a later modification. Miller, C. F . (URS Research Company, San Mateo, CaUfomia) "Fire Fighting Operations in Hamburg, Germany Durmg World War I I , " Report under Con- tract No. DAHCW-70-C-OS07 for Office of Cwil Defense (June 1971) Section: O Subject: Fire Fightmg, Hamburg Author's Abstract Information recorded by the Hamburg Fire Department during World War I I has been summarized and analyzed to evaluate several operational parameters relatmg to the performance of the various fire fighting organizations under condi- tions of stress from air attacks on the city. Prior to the large scale attacks, the professional fire fightmg umts fought at about 38 percent of the fire sites while the Self-Protection Service squads fought at about 59 percent of the fire sites. Finally, in the major aor attacks durmg the period 7/25/43 to 8/4/43, when the capabihties of both the professional and Self-Protection Umts were exceeded, a maximum performance or effort level was reached for the Self-Protection Services at about 2 fire sites per squad per attack and, for the Fure Department Umts at 6 fire sites per squad per attack Because of the failure of the municipal water system and the evacuation (forced and voluntary) of large numbers of people, the Self-Protection Service did not function to any great extent after the first of these large scale attacks on 7/25/43 However, at the above indicated rate, the Self-Protection Service was credited with extmguishmg fires in about 20,000 residential bmldmgs over the 11 day period The Hamburg Fire Department umts, on the other hand, performed more or less contmuously over the 11 day period with a contmuously decreasmg efficiency, its umts either extinguished fires or prevented the spread of fires at about 4,300 fire sites Water volume use rates by the Fire Department units was found to increase with fire fightmg effort (i e., m man hours) to the 3/2 power. The major constraint in deploying the fire fightmg units to fire sites, accordmg to the reports, was debris in the streets. Once at a fire site, the most often men- tioned difficulties were those of supplying water, the heat and spark showers and smoke, and of mamtaimng the hose hues The mam difficulties faced by the district headquarters were in locatmg the major fire areas as rapidly as possible and in finding out the whereabouts of the fire fighting squads who, without com- munications assigned themselves to fire sites (as per directive).
